核磁共振技术应用的新领域——探查地下水

利用核磁共振（ＮｕｃｌｅａｒＭａｇｎｅｔｉｃＲｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅ缩写为ＮＭＲ）技术探查地下水仅有二十多年的历史,文中简要介绍了ＮＭＲ找水方法的发展状况,原理和方法特点,重点介绍了中国地质大学（武汉）利用ＮＭＲ找水方法在中国一些地区找水取得的成效,最后指出了ＮＭＲ找水方法的发展趋势。     

利用核磁共振方法探查基岩裂隙水

基岩裂隙水是我国分布最为广泛的地下水类型之一。本文阐述了基岩裂隙水的特点：含水层产状不规则、其赋存空间介质不均匀、同一含水层埋深不同、地下水运动状态复杂等。这些特殊的地质、地球物理特征,给常用的物探找水方法带来许多困难。本文通过对直接找水的新方法一核磁共振（ＮｕｃｌｅａｒＭａｇｎｅｔｉｃ　Ｒｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅ,缩写为ＮＭＲ）测深与间接找水的电阻率测深的对比分析,论述了ＮＭＲ测深直接找水的实质。并以实例说明了ＮＭＲ测深在探查基岩裂隙水中的应用效果。     

SOIL SCOUR RESISTANCE AND ARRANGEMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SYSTEM IN THE CONTIGUOUS AREA OF SHANXI, SHAANXI AND INNER MONGOLIA 1

ＳＯＩＬＳＣＯＵＲＲＥＳＩＳＴＡＮＣＥＡＮＤＡＲＲＡＮＧＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＳＯＩＬＡＮＤＷＡＴＥＲＣＯＮＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＳＹＳＴＥＭＩＮＴＨＥＣＯＮＴＩＧＵＯＵＳＡＲＥＡＯＦＳＨＡＮＸＩ,ＳＨＡＡＮＸＩＡＮＤＩＮＮＥＲＭＯＮＧＯＬＩＡ１ＪＩＡＮＧＤｉ...     

TWO－DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR STUDYING EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION OF A WANDERING STRETCH IN THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER

ＴＷＯ－ＤＩＭＥＮＳＩＯＮＡＬＭＡＴＨＥＭＡＴＩＣＡＬＭＯＤＥＬＦＯＲＳＴＵＤＹＩＮＧＥＲＯＳＩＯＮＡＮＤＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＡＷＡＮＤＥＲＩＮＧＳＴＲＥＴＣＨＩＮＴＨＥＬＯＷＥＲＹＥＬＬＯＷＲＩＶＥＲ￥ＺＨＡＮＧＳｈｉｑｉｒ（Ｓｅｎｉｏｒ...     

COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL WATERSHED FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION IN CHINA

ＣＯＭＰＲＥＨＥＮＳＩＶＥＭＡＮＡＧＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＳＭＡＬＬＷＡＴＥＲＳＨＥＤＦＯＲＳＯＩＬＡＮＤＷＡＴＥＲＣＯＮＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＩＮＣＨＩＮＡＤＵＡＮＱｉａｏｆｕ２Ｉ．ＧＥＮＥＲＡＬＣｈｉｎａｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎ...     

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS IN EUROPE AND MITIGATION MEASURES

ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬＩＭＰＡＣＴＯＦＲＩＶＥＲＴＲＡＩＮＩＮＧＷＯＲＫＳＩＮＥＵＲＯＰＥＡＮＤＭＩＴＩＧＡＴＩＯＮＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＳＧｉａｍｐａｏｌｏＤｉＳＩＬＶＩＯ１１ＰｒｏｆｅｓｏｒｏｆＨｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃｓ,ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＰａｄｕａ...     

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CAPACITY OF HYPERCONCENTRATED FLOW

ＭＡＴＨＥＭＡＴＩＣＡＬＭＯＤＥＬＦＯＲＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＣＡＰＡＣＩＴＹＯＦＨＹＰＥＲＣＯＮＣＥＮＴＲＡＴＥＤＦＬＯＷＩＮＤＩＶＥＲＳＩＯＮＣＡＮＡＬＳ￥ＣＡＯＲｕｘｕａｎ；ＷＵＰｅｉａｎ；ＲＥＮＸｉａｏｆｅｎｇａｎｄＬＩＵＭｉｎｇ...     

APPLICATION OF RELIABILITY THEORY TO ASSESS THE INFLUENCE OF STOCHASTIC INPUT PARAMETERS ON DETERMINISTIC SEDIMENT TRANSPORT FORMULAS

ＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＲＥＬＩＡＢＩＬＩＴＹＴＨＥＯＲＹＴＯＡＳＳＥＳＳＴＨＥＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＦＳＴＯＣＨＡＳＴＩＣＩＮＰＵＴＰＡＲＡＭＥＴＥＲＳＯＮＤＥＴＥＲＭＩＮＩＳＴＩＣＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＦＯＲＭＵＬＡＳ￥Ｗｉｌｈｅｌｍ...     

TOWARDS A NEW APPROACH TO CONSTRUCTING SEDIMENT DISCHARGE RATING CURVES

ＴＯＷＡＲＤＳＡＮＥＷＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＴＯＣＯＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＮＧＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＤＩＳＣＨＡＲＧＥＲＡＴＩＮＧＣＵＲＶＥＳＷｏｌｆｇａｎｇＳＵＭＭＥＲ；ＺＨＡＮＧＷｅｉＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ＴｈｅＳｅｄｉｍｅｎｔＲａｔｉｎｇＣｕｒｖｅ（ＳＲＣ）ｉｓｔｈ...     

直流电阻率法在岩溶探测中的应用

直流电法勘探在灰岩地区探查溶洞或断裂是一种有效的方法，特别是在圈定洞穴或破碎带的延伸以及其中的地下水流向等方面。国内物探工作者作过不少诸如此类的工作，但由于受使用的装置及工作方法和解释方法的限制，探测效果并不显著。本文特介绍印度中央地下水管理局Ｐ．Ｃ．ＣＨＡＮＤＲＡ等人在岩溶探测方面进行现场试验所取得的成果，供国内同行参考借鉴。     

电震联合法在涪陵裂隙溶洞调查中的应用研究

涪陵页岩气勘查开发区内地层以碳酸盐岩为主,地下存在裂隙、溶洞、暗河等是该区要识别、防范的重要地质隐患.本文分析了音频大地电磁法(AMT)探测和浅层纵波反射地震勘探法的特点,明确了不同方法对裂隙溶洞调查的优缺点,认为电震联合裂隙溶洞调查的方法是获得区内异常构造与电阻率、波阻抗对应关系的有效途径.通过两个应用实例,解析区内...     

GEOPHYSICAL METHODS USED IN SOLVING SOME GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TREBIšNJIGA WATER POWER PLANT (in YUGOSLAVIA) *

The design and construction of hydroelectric works, and more particularly of storage reservoirs and dams, in karst areas pose extremely varied and complex engineering, geological and hydrogeological problems, for the solution of which no widely applied techniques have yet been developed. In addition to conventional geological and hydrogeological methods for the study of karst phenomena, the application of more efficient methods of a primarily geophysical nature is called for. These methods, which provide the best means for solving the complex problems encountered in karst, are steadily gaining acceptance. The Miru?e storage reservoir and the Gran?arevo dam are the key structures in the Trebi?njica hydroelectric complex and are located in an area of typical Dinaric karst. Many of the engineering, geological and hydrogeological problems connected with their design and construction were solved with the aid of electrical geophysical prospecting methods (especially the resistivity method). The investigations provided data on the depth of karstification (the relief of the base level of karst erosion), the position of intensively karstified and tectonically broken zones, as well as on the general orientation of the process of karstification. All these data were helpful in providing a more accurate insight into the impermeability of the rocks that formed the storage reservoir (in relation to the proposed impounding level); they also enabled the consolidation structures (impervious curtains), aimed at preventing excessive losses due to seepage, to be designed more economically.     

贵州洪家渡电站水库诱发地震前期研究

本文通过地质构造背景、岩溶条件、光弹模拟实验分析,对洪家渡水库可能存在的诱震条件进行研究。在归纳云贵岩溶地区水库地震诱震条件的基础上,用水库地震类比的方法,对洪家渡水库地震进行预测。研究结果认为,洪家渡水库在蓄水至设计水位的1—5年内可能诱发地震。     

Improved imaging of a karst aquifer using focused source electromagnetic and differentially normalized method: a qualitative analysis

Geophysical investigations using conventional techniques applied to groundwater exploration can often present strong limitations involving high financial costs, complex acquisition logistics and high ambiguity in results. Dispersion of the electric current flow, induced polarization) effects, cultural noises and shallow lateral heterogeneities represent the main problems faced by geoelectric methods in these types of surveys. Moreover, elements such as intrusions and mineralization at different depths may be responsible for signal attenuation as well as high resistivity in unsaturated zones and complex three-dimensional formations or clayey zones cause variations in the electric current. The focused source electromagnetic and differentially normalized method approaches can help to solve some these issues. Aiming at a higher signal-to-noise ratio, the focused source electromagnetic method and approaches of the differentially normalized method, first applied to petroleum exploration, are tested on a groundwater target, in a karst environment sectioned by a diabase dyke. We performed the processing and analysis on real IP resistivity profiling data acquired with two-way dipole-dipole array, guided by magnetic data acquired on the same profile, mapping a diabase dyke. The inversion of focused source electromagnetic method/differentially normalized method was not performed, instead that we converted the induced polarization–resistivity data to a differential signal to qualitatively prove the presence of aquifer. Joint interpretation of focused source electromagnetic method curves and inverted two-dimensional induced polarization–resistivity sections allowed for precise delineation of a conductive zone associated with the karst aquifer, le magnetics allowed for the definition of a neighbour dyke. The techniques have great potential in the aid of groundwater exploration, contributing substantially to the reduction of interpretation ambiguity. Focused source electromagnetic method/differentially normalized method/ approaches show that a simple linear combination of the conventional geoelectric data is able to remove the geological noise and provide the vertical focusing of the electric current.     

萍-乐坳陷带之岩溶发育规律及岩溶水富集特征

萍-乐坳陷带为江西省最主要的隐伏岩溶发育区带之一,岩溶地层发育,地表水、地下水循环交替强烈,地质构造复杂,为岩溶的发育、岩溶地下水的富集提供了良好的条件。查明岩溶发育规律及岩溶水的富集特征,可为地下水资源合理开发与地质环境保护提供科学依据。     

综合地质预报技术在岩溶区隧道施工中的应用

通过对地质分析法、地质雷达、红外探测,超前水平钻孔等超前地质预报技术在某隧道中岩溶预报中的应用研究,对比分析几种地质预报技术的特点,得到由多种预报手段综合而成的预报系统的实用性以及在指导施工方面的作用优于单一地质预报方法的结论,并对照实际开挖情况提出针对岩溶地质条件的施工建议.     

NMR Imaging of Fluid Exchange between Macropores and Matrix in Eogenetic Karst

Sequential time-step images acquired using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) show the displacement of deuterated water (D₂O) by fresh water within two limestone samples characterized by a porous and permeable limestone matrix of peloids and ooids. These samples were selected because they have a macropore system representative of some parts of the eogenetic karst limestone of the Biscayne Aquifer in southeastern Florida. The macroporosity, created by the trace fossil Ophiomorpha , is principally well connected and of centimeter scale. These macropores occur in broadly continuous stratiform zones that create preferential flow layers within the hydrogeologic units of the Biscayne. This arrangement of porosity is important because in coastal areas, it could produce a preferential pathway for salt water intrusion. Two experiments were conducted in which samples saturated with D₂O were placed in acrylic chambers filled with fresh water and examined with NMR. Results reveal a substantial flux of fresh water into the matrix porosity with a simultaneous loss of D₂O. Specifically, we measured rates upward of 0.001 mL/h/g of sample in static conditions, and perhaps as great as 0.07 mL/h/g of sample when fresh water continuously flows past a sample at velocities less than those found within stressed areas of the Biscayne. These experiments illustrate how fresh water and D₂O, with different chemical properties, migrate within one type of matrix porosity found in the Biscayne. Furthermore, these experiments are a comparative exercise in the displacement of sea water by fresh water in the matrix of a coastal, karst aquifer since D₂O has a greater density than fresh water.     

应用核磁共振技术分析干盐湖地区地下卤水空间分布特征——以昆特依干盐湖为例

昆特依干盐湖位于柴达木盆地西北部,为特大型综合盐类矿床.大盐滩是昆特依干盐湖内最大的盐滩,地下赋存有一定量的卤水矿床,但该矿床的水文地质条件差,主要卤水矿层含水性弱,开采难度大.核磁共振找水方法作为当今世界上唯一的直接找水地球物理新方法,具有高分辨力、高效率、信息量丰富和解的唯一性等优点,本文运用该方法对昆特依干盐滩地区地下卤水空间分布特征进行研究,通过对核磁共振数据进行处理与反演,结合已有的地质与钻井资料,对测点进行综合地质-地球物理解释,获得以下认识:1)大盐滩0~130 m深度范围内,共存在3个卤水含水层,主要呈扁平状或漏斗状、近似层状展布,W1为晶间潜卤水层,渗透系数较大,颗粒较粗,单位体积含水量为0.4%~2.7%,W2和W3为晶间承压卤水层,渗透系数较小,颗粒较粗,单位体积含水量分别为0.2%~1.1%和0.1%~0.8%;2)大盐滩地区存在两个卤水富集区,分别为研究区西南部沉积盆地中心的Ⅰ号富卤区和盆地东北部的Ⅱ号富卤区;3)根据区域内卤水富集分布以及构造情况,划定大盐滩向斜沉积中心、大盐滩北侧F1~F8及遥F6断裂发育区和冷湖构造带为区域内主要的找矿找水远景区;4)GMR核磁共振系统在干盐滩地区理论探测深度为130 m,该系统不仅可以有效地探测自由水,而且可以依据束缚水的分布解译地下各类含水盐类矿物和含水黏土矿物的存在与分布.     

广西岩溶塌陷类型、影响因素、成因机制及其防治措施

岩溶塌陷是覆盖型岩溶区最突出的地质灾害问题,是广西重要的地质灾害之一,对经济建设和人民的生活构成严重危害。文章从塌陷的物质组成及成因上讨论了广西岩溶塌陷的类型,分析了其危害、影响因素及其形成机制。在此基础上,提出了岩溶塌陷防治的对策建议。