Seasonal Variation of Environmental Variables and Phytoplankton Community Structure and Their Relationship in Liaodong Bay of Bohai Sea,China

In this paper, systematic studies on the changes in concentrations of the environmental factors and the net-phytoplankton community, and the relationship between them in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea during 2013 are presented. The PCA results showed that higher levels of nutrients and dissolved heavy metals in the river-estuary-bay system were closely related to the river runoff. Since the influences of industrial and anthropogenic activities, the Liaodong Bay coastal areas are facing a huge environmental challenge of nutrients and heavy metal pollution. Net-phytoplankton community structure showed obvious seasonal succession, among which the dominant and (or) key species were the main factors affecting community structure change and stability. Under certain environmental conditions, the dominant species and (or) key species dominated the phytoplankton community structure succession. The Bio-ENV results suggested that the seawater temperature, nutrient, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in Liaodong Bay are important environmental variables that affect the phytoplankton community structure. Anthropogenic activities have significantly contributed to the changes in concentrations of environmental factors and the net-phytoplankton community structure and stability, and the relationship between them.     

Paleosalinity and Its Association with Organic Matter: A Case Study from the Eocene Shahejie Formation,Laizhou Bay Sag,Bohai Bay Basin(China)

Paleosalinity is vital for the paleoenvironmental reconstruction and affects the formation of source rock.The lowermiddle sections of the third member of Eocene Shahejie formation (Es_3~(M-L)) constitute the most important source rock layer in Laizhou Bay Sag.However,the paleosalinity of the depositional water in which Es_3~(M-L) submembers are deposited remains unclear.A series of integrated experiments,including major and trace elements,X-ray diffraction,total organic carbon,and Rock-Eval,was performed to reveal the paleosalinity and its relationship with organic matter (OM).Various inorganic proxies (Sr/Ba,Rb/K,B/Ga,Walker’s paleosalimeter,Adam’s paleosalimeter,and Couch’s paleosalimeter) were employed to determine the paleosalinity of samples.Prominent differences existed in the proxies.Couch’s paleosalimeter is the most reliable and qualitative approach for Laizhou Bay Sag.Samples from the lake center (depocenter) and margin showed paleosalinities from 4.92 wt‰to 9.73 wt‰,suggesting a ubiquitous brackish (oligohaline-mesohaline) water body in the paleolake.Molybdenum enrichment in samples indicates an oxygendepleted (suboxic or anoxic) condition.The increase in salinity has a certain but non-significant positive correlation with oxygen reduction.This condition may be attributed to the weak stratification of the water column in brackish water bodies.Moreover,paleosalinity has a weak and indirect relationship with OM accumulation during the deposition of Es_3~(M-L) submembers in Laizhou Bay Sag.     

Seasonal Variation of Biochemical Components in Clam(Saxidomus purpuratus Sowerby 1852) in Relation to Its Reproductive Cycle and the Environmental Condition of Sanggou Bay,China

Seasonal variation of biochemical components in clam(Saxidomus purpuratus Sowerby 1852) was investigated from March 2012 to February 2013 in relation to environmental condition of Sanggou Bay and the reproductive cycle of clam.According to the histological analysis,the reproductive cycle of S.purpuratus includes two distinctive phases:a total spent and inactive stage from November to January,and a gametogenesis stage,including ripeness and spawning,during the rest of the year.Gametes were generated at a low temperature(2.1℃) in February.Spawning took place once a year from June to October.The massive spawning occurred in August when the highest water temperature and chlorophyll a level could be observed.The key biochemical components(glycogen,protein and lipid) in five tissues(gonad,foot,mantle,siphon and adductor muscle) were analyzed.The glycogen content was high before gametogenesis,and decreased significantly during the gonad development in the gonad,mantle and foot of both females and males,suggesting that glycogen was an important energy source for gonad development.The protein and lipid contents increased in the ovary during the gonad development,demonstrating that they are the major organic components of oocytes.The lipid and protein contents decreased in the testis,implying that they can provide energy and material for spermatogenesis.The results also showed that protein stored in the mantle and foot could support the reproduction after the glycogen was depleted.     

Macrobenthic community in the Xiaoqing River Estuary in Laizhou Bay, China

The macrobenthic community of the Xiaoqing River Estuary and the adjacent sea waters was investigated in May and November 2008, August 2009, and May and September 2010, respectively. A total of 95 species of macrobenthos were identified in the five cruises and most of them were polychaetes (46.39%), mollusks (28.86%) and crustaceans (20.62%). The Shannon-Wiener index of macrobenthos was lower than 2 in 67% sites. Along the stream channel, estuary and the coastal waters, the species of polychaetes reduced gradually, while the abundance increased at first and then decreased. The abundance was the biggest at regions with salinity of 5–20 in the estuary. The species and abundance of mollusks and crustaceans increased gradually. As for seasonal distribution, the species, abundance and biomass were higher in spring and lower in summer and autumn. Contemporaneously compared with Laizhou Bay and Yellow River Estuary, the species of macrobenthos appeared in the Xiaoqing River Estuary were much less, while the percentage of polychaetes was higher. Abundance and biomass were higher in Xiaoqing River estuary, then consequently followed by Laizhou Bay and Yellow River Estuary. The dominant species in Xiaoqing River Estuary was polychaete, and Layzhou Bay mollusk. The community structure characteristics of macrobenthos in the Xiaoqing River Estuary revealed a significant pollution status in this region.     

Spatial Heterogeneity of Marine Environment Changes: A Case Study in Laizhou Bay and Its Adjacent Waters,China

Temporal and spatial heterogeneity identifications of marine environment and its changes have great significances in marine spatial planning and offshore pollution control.In this study,considering the integration of marine ecological environment and sea-land interaction,we built a spatialized evaluation model named Marine Environment Change Spatial Assessment(MECSA)to quantify the marine environment status and changes.In MECSA,we applied the geospatial model and the pressure-state-response(PSR)model for processing and integrating evaluation indicators.A case study in the Laizhou Bay showed that the marine environment quality was generally in a declining state from 2009 to 2015.In 2015,the Marine Environment Index(MEI)had decreased by 0.1 compared with 2009,although the two years all reached a‘Good'level.The spatial MEI layers of the two years showed a same distribution:the southwestern part was in poorer status,with a fan ring shape gradually getting better to the northeast.The Marine Organisms Response Index(MORI)contributed the most to the MEI.Therefore,future marine environmental assessment and spatial planning should focus on the identification the marine environment with its changes from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity and systemicity.Based on single indicators and comprehensive evaluation results,we can propose spatially targeted policies and recommendations scientifically.     

Distribution of Polychaete Assemblage in Relation to Natural Environmental Variation and Anthropogenic Stress

Polychaete are diverse species of the soft-bottom community, and are often used as indicators in environment monitoring programs. However, the effects of anthropogenic activities and natural environmental variation on polychaete assemblage are rarely addressed. The goals of this study are to identify the effects of natural environmental variation and anthropogenic stress on polychaete assemblage, and to explore the relationship between the polychaete assemblage structure and anthropogenic stress without considering the natural environmental variation. Based on the data collected from the surveys conducted in the tidal flat of Jiaozhou Bay, the relationship between polychaete assemblage structure and environmental variables was determined using multivariate statistical methods including hierarchical cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling(MDS) and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). The results showed that the polychaete assemblage was dominated by two species, Amphictene japonica and Heteromastus filiformis, and could be divided into two subgroups characterized by high and low species abundance. CCA illustrated that the natural environmental variables including water temperature and the distance from coast had primary effects on the polychaete assemblage structure; while stress of contaminants, such as As and Hg, had the secondary influences; and stress from the aquacultured species, mainly Ruditapes philippinarum, had a limited effect. Colinearity between the natural environmental variables and anthropogenic stress variables caused a critical divergence in the interpretation of CCA results, which highlighted the risk of a lack of information in environment assessment. Glycinde gurjanovae, Sternaspis scutata and Eulalia bilineata may serve as the ‘contamination indicators', which need to be confirmed in future studies.     

Phytoplankton Assemblage Structure Shaped by KeyEnvironmental Variables in the Pearl River Estuary,South China

Spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton community and their relationships with environmentalfactors were studied in the Pearl River Estuary （PRE）, South China, in three seasons. Salinity was considered as the key environ-mental variable controlling horizontal distributions of phytoplankton community composition. A transition from dominance offreshwater diatoms （Aulacoseira granulata and A. granulata v. angustissima） to estuarine species （Skeletonema costatum and Pseu-donitzschia delicatissima） was observed in the high flow season （summer） along the estuary gradient; in the low flow season （spring）,the inner estuary was relatively homogeneous and some typical estuarine species could be found near the river mouth. In the normalflow season （autumn）, a potentially toxic bluegreen species, Microcystis spp. was predominant in the middle reaches of the estuary,which should be seeded from upstream and transported downstream by river discharges. Phytoplankton abundance was negativelycorrelated with suspended solid content and nutrient concentration in the PRE, suggesting that turbidity and nutrient availability werethe crucial factors regulating the algal biomass. Phytoplankton abundance in the outer estuary was enhanced by increasing irradianceand continued to be enhanced until phosphorus-limitation.     

Benthic Habitat Quality Assessment Based on Biological Indices in Xiaoqing River Estuary and Its Adjacent Sea of Laizhou Bay,China

Based on the macrofauna data(2008-2011) in Xiaoqing River estuary and its adjacent sea, Laizhou Bay of Bohai Sea, China, the AZTI Marine Biotic Index(AMBI) and Multivariate AMBI(M-AMBI) were used for benthic habitat quality(BHQ) assessment. Results showed that BHQ presented an obvious trend of improvement along the direction of stream channel and river mouth, and in the coastal areas. AMBI and M-AMBI were significantly related to environmental pressure gradient data. Therefore, the two indices can well indicate BHQ in the studied area. However, there were significant differences between results of the two indices. In the cases of low taxa number and high abundance of single species, AMBI might overestimate BHQ. We thus adjusted its thresholds to solve this problem. And M-AMBI might overestimate BHQ when benthic assemblage was dominated by the opportunistic species. Then we could raise the weight of AMBI in the calculation of M-AMBI to handle the problem.     

Spatial variation of lipophilic marine algal toxins and its relationship with physicochemical parameters in spring in Laizhou Bay,China

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) are produced by some toxigenic microalgae, which pose a serious threat to marine ecosystem and even human health. The...     

Modelling nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a mesocosm pelagic ecosystem in Laizhou Bay in China

A model of nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in mesocosm experiments was established on the basis of a summary and synthesis of the existing models. The established model comprised seven state variables(DIN,PO4-P,DON,DOP,phytoplankton,zooplankton and detritus) and five modules - phytoplankton,zooplankton,dissolved inorganic nutrients,dissolved organic nutrients and detritus. Comparison with the in situ experimental data in Laizhou Bay at the end of August 2002 showed that this model could properly simulate t...     

Partitioning of grain-size components of estuarine sediments and implications for sediment transport in southwestern Laizhou Bay, China

Sediment transport in estuarine systems has been of increasing interest for scientists during the past few decades. However, the mechanisms for sediment redistribution remain unclear. We characterized in detail sediment transport in the Xiaoqing River estuary using the mathematical Weibull function to partitiongrain-size components of surface sediments in the southwestern Laizhou Bay, Northeast China. Four partitioned components: finer than 4, 4.6–12.5, 23.4–63.3, and 67.1–132.6 μm were interpreted in terms of hydrodynamic conditions. During sediment transport, silt grains were suspended and moved seaward from three depositional centers, whereas fine-grained sands moved generally landward. Overall, sediments are transported clockwise in a generally NNE direction near shore and then turn eastward offshore. The mathematical partitioning method showed a great potential for future estuarine environmental studies.     

Zinc and copper bioaccumulation in fish from Laizhou Bay,the Bohai Sea

Abstract Zinc （Zn） and copper （Cu） concentrations were determined in the tissues （muscle, stomach, liver, gills, skin, and gonads） of five commercial fish species （mullet Liza haematocheilus, flathead Platycephalus indicus, mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius, silver pomfret Pampus argenteus, and sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus） from Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea. Metal bioaccumulation was highest in the metabolically active tissues of the gonads and liver. Bioconcentration factors for Zn were higher in all tissues （gonads 44.35, stomach 7.73, gills 7.72, liver 5.61, skin 4.88, and muscle 1.63） than the corresponding values for Cu （gonads 3.50, stomach 3.00, gills 1.60, liver 5.43, skin 1.50, and muscle 0.93）. Mackerel tissues accumulated metal to higher concentrations than did other fish species, but bioaccumulation levels were not significantly correlated with the trophic levels of the fish. Zn and Cu concentrations in the tissues were generally negatively correlated with fish length, except for a few tissues of sea bass. Risk assessment based on national and international permissible limits and provisional tolerances for weekly intake of Zn and Cu revealed that the concentrations of these two metals in muscle were relatively low and would not pose hazards to human health.     

The Effects of Reclamation Activity and Yellow River Runoff on Coastline and Area of the Laizhou Bay,China

Study on morphological changes of a bay can help to identify the effects of anthropogenic activities on coastal environment and guide the exploration of marine resources. In this paper, morphological data including coastline and water areas in five discrete years between 1968 and 2015 were selected and extracted from the remote sensing images and historical marine charts to study the morphological changes in Laizhou Bay(LZB), one of the bays in the southwest of the Bohai Sea. A systematic analysis on spatial variations of the coastline and the surface areas of different types of waters in LZB was conducted. The results showed that the surface area of LZB was decreased by 1253.2 km~2 in the last half century, which is 17.4% of the total in the 1970 s. The areas of the natural wetland and the intertidal zone were decreased by 17.2% and 56.1%, respectively, and the average water depth varied from 9.05 m to 8.16 m at low tide level from 1968 to 2015. The coastline and shape variations of the bay turned to be complex after the 1980 s, and the shape index of LZB showed an increasing trend in more recent years. The centroid of the bay generally migrated to the northeast direction, i.e., the direction of the center of the Bohai Sea, and the shrinking direction of the bay was consistent with the migration direction of the coastline. The reclamation area during 1968–2015 in LZB was 1201.7 km2, and 94.1% was in the intertidal zone. The overall morphological change of the bay during the last half century was mainly controlled by the coastal reclamation activities, and the Yellow River runoff including the river course change and sediment load variation was also an important controlling factor.     

浙江省森林生态服务价值估算及其逐月变异分析

森林生态服务价值的研究对构建绿色GDP核算体系、制定生态补偿标准、提高人类环境保护意识等有十分重要的意义。本文首先以卫星影像、地理空间数据、站点记录等资料,结合GIS、RS技术,估算了浙江省森林生态系统2010年的NPP、蒸散量、土壤保持量等;然后,采用能量替代法、机会成本法、影子工程法等估算了浙江省森林2010年的固碳释氧价值、有机物生产价值、水源涵养价值、营养物循环价值、水土保持价值;最后,对各种生态服务价值的逐月变异规律进行分析。结果表明：浙江省森林2010年的5种生态服务价值呈现明显的逐月变异规律;固碳释氧价值、有机物生产价值、营养物质循环价值、水土保持价值的逐月变异规律,均可用开口向下抛物线拟合;水源涵养价值的逐月变异规律,可用开口向上抛物线拟合。     

南麂列岛浅海区鱼种组成、分布与环境因子的关系

根据2013年11月、2014年2、5、9月在南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区浅海区域的渔业资源调查资料,研究南麂列岛浅海区域的鱼类种类组成及数量分布,并对其与水文环境因子之间的关系作定量分析。结果表明,南麂列岛浅海区域鱼类有92种,隶属15目、49科、74属,鱼类种数春季(55种)冬季(45种)秋季(44种)夏季(34种),其中优势种为龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)、六指马鲅(Polynemus sextarius)、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys)、凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)和绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu)等6种。鱼类生物量各季节由高到低依次为夏季(825.87 kg)冬季(160.05 kg)秋季(139.14 kg)春季(124.94kg)。典范对应分析认为,底层盐度和水深是影响调查海域鱼类种类组成和数量分布的主要环境因子。     

莱州湾南岸海（咸）水入侵监测技术方法体系构建

海咸水入侵已是一个全球性的普遍问题,大量文献表明,人类活动已经涉及的沿海地段都已不同程度的发生海咸水入侵。在莱州湾南岸以发生咸水入侵为主,通过研究表明,该地区咸水入侵界面已逐渐向南迁移,严重影响该地区地下水资源的正常使用。监测咸水入侵对合理使用该地区的地下水资源意义重大,该文将构建莱州湾南岸咸水入侵监测技术方法体系。     

粤东柘林湾发光细菌法监测生物毒性的周年变化

以发光细菌法监测了粤东柘林湾水体和表层沉积物生物毒性的周年变化。结果表明。所有站位的周年调查中，最低相对发光度为84％，最高为131％。各站位的表层水、底层水和沉积物的相对发光度的年均值都在100％以上。其水体和沉积物均属于低毒或无毒水平。表明该海域尚未被有毒物质污染。由于海水对海洋发光细菌的活化作用。大部分检测样品的发光度都超过对照样品的发光度。监测样品的相对发光度在周年和季节变化上没有规律性。与细菌季节变化的关系不明显。相对发光度的高低与细菌生理群数量的大小没有必然的联系。沉积物样品生物毒性的发光细菌监测方法有待于进一步改善。     

粤东柘林湾发光细菌法监测生物毒性的周年变化

以发光细菌法监测了粤东柘林湾水体和表层沉积物生物毒性的周年变化,结果表明,所有站位的周年调查中,最低相对发光度为84%,最高为131%,各站位的表层水、底层水和沉积物的相对发光度的年均值都在100%以上,其水体和沉积物均属于低毒或无毒水平,表明该海域尚未被有毒物质污染。由于海水对海洋发光细菌的活化作用,大部分检测样品的发光度都超过对照样品的发光度。监测样品的相对发光度在周年和季节变化上没有规律性,与细菌季节变化的关系不明显,相对发光度的高低与细菌生理群数量的大小没有必然的联系。沉积物样品生物毒性的发光细菌监测方法有待于进一步改善。