Overview of the Italian strong motion database ITACA 1.0

The Italian Strong Motion Database, ITACA, was developed within projects S6 and S4, funded in the framework of the agreements between the Italian Department of Civil Protection (Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, DPC) and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), starting from 2005. The alpha version of the database was released in 2007 and subsequently upgraded to version 1.0 after: (i) including the most recent strong motion data (from 2005 to 2007) recorded in Italy, in addition to the 2008 Parma earthquake, M 5.4, and the M ≥  4.0, 2009 Abruzzo seismic events; (ii) processing the raw strong motion data using an updated procedure; (iii) increasing the number of stations with a measured shear wave velocity profile; (iv) improving the utilities to retrieve time series and ground motion parameters; (v) implementing a tool for selecting time series in agreement with design-response spectra; (vi) compiling detailed station reports containing miscellaneous information such as photo, maps and site parameters; (vii) developing procedures for the automatic generation of station reports and for the updating of the header files. After such improvements, ITACA 1.0 was published at the web site , in 2010. It presently contains 3,955 three-component waveforms, comprising the most complete catalogue of the Italian accelerometric records in the period 1972–2007 (3,562 records) and the strongest events in the period 2008–2009. Records were mainly acquired by DPC through its Accelerometric National Network (RAN) and, in few cases, by local networks and temporary stations or networks. This paper introduces the published version of the Italian Strong Motion database (ITACA version 1.0) together with main improvements and new functionalities.     

Performance of the Italian strong motion network during the 2009, L��Aquila seismic sequence (central Italy)

On April 6, 2009, the town of L’Aquila in the Abruzzo region (central Italy) was struck by a seismic event at 01:32 (UTC), of magnitude M_W = 6.3. The mainshock was followed by a long period of intense seismic activity and within seven days after the mainshock there were seven events of magnitude M_W ≥ 5 that occurred from April 6 to April 13. This long seismic sequence was characterized by a complex rupture mechanism that involved two major normal faults of the central Apennines: the Paganica and the Gorzano faults. The strong-motions of the mainshock were recorded by 64 stations of the Italian Strong-motion Network (RAN) operated by the National Civil Protection Department (DPC). Six stations of a local strong-motion array were working in NW L’Aquila suburb area. One of them, located at about 6 km from the Paganica fault surface tip-line, set up in trigger mode, recorded continuously for more than 20 min the mainshock and the aftershocks. Besides the mainshock, the RAN stations recorded in total 78 foreshocks and aftershocks of M_L ≥ 3.5, during the period from January to December 2009. The corresponding waveforms provide the most extensive digital strong ground motion data set ever recorded in Italy. Moreover, the 48 three-component observations of events of magnitude M_W ≥ 5, recorded at a distance less than 15 km from each of the major involved faults, provide a significant increasing of near-field records available for the Italian territory. Six days after the mainshock, the strong-motion dataset, referred to preliminary locations of the events with M_L ≥ 4.0, was made available on the DPC web site () and at the same time it was delivered to the ITACA database (). This dataset has been used by many authors in scientific papers and by engineers, geophysicists and geologists for professional technical works. In this paper, the present-day available strong-motion signals from the L’Aquila sequence and the performance of the Italian strong-motion network in terms of the number and quality of recorded data, the geometry and data transmission system are described. In addition the role of the temporary network that represents an extension of the permanent Italian strong-motion network, supporting the emergency response by civil protection authorities and improving the network coverage has been evaluated.     

九寨沟M7.0地震仪器烈度计算比较分析

地震发生后,强震动观测台网可以获取灾区分布式台站位置的强震动记录,通过基于这些强震动记录得到的地震动参数可以快速地评估地震烈度的空间分布,以迅速判定不同地区的受灾程度,尤其是地震极震区的分布范围,为政府开展应急救援并合理地分配救援力量、物资等提供依据,以保证救援人员及时、准确地到达极震区展开搜救工作,减少人民群众的生命财产损失。本文介绍了国内外7种地震仪器的烈度计算方法,基于四川九寨沟M7.0级地震获取的强震动记录,对这7种方法的计算烈度值进行了对比分析。结果表明,各方法计算的仪器烈度与宏观烈度的差值均在1度误差范围以内,均显示了良好的实用性,且行业标准法和综合判别法两者的计算结果较为一致。     

The ITalian ACcelerometric Archive (ITACA): processing of strong-motion data

The Italian strong-motion database was created during a joint project between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV, Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology) and Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC, Italian Civil Protection). The aim of the project was the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired in Italy in the period 1972–2004 by different institutions, namely Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica (ENEL, Italian electricity company), Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization) and DPC. Recently the strong-motion data relative to the 23th December 2009, Parma (Mw = 5.4 and Mw = 4.9) and to the April 2009 L’Aquila sequences (13 earthquakes with 4.1 ≤ Mw ≤ 6.3) were included in the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA) database (beta release). The database contains 7,038 waveforms from analog and digital instruments, generated by 1.019 earthquakes with magnitude up to 6.9 and can be accessed on-line at the web site . The strong motion data are provided in the unprocessed and processed versions. This article describes the steps followed to process the acceleration time series recorded by analogue and digital instruments. The procedures implemented involve: baseline removal, instrumental correction, band pass filtering with acausal filters, integration of the corrected acceleration in order to obtain velocity and displacement waveforms, computation of acceleration response spectra and strong motion parameters. This procedure is applied to each accelerogram and it is realised to preserve the low frequency content of the records.     

Italian strong motion database relative to the period 1972–2004: motivations and aims

The Italian Accelerometic Archive (ITACA) was created in 2007 during a joint project between the Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV) and the Italian Civil Protection (Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, DPC). The project, started in 2006, had the aim of filling the data gap of existing strong motion databases and facilitating strong motion data users in obtaining good quality waveforms, through the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired during the period 1972–2004 in Italy by different institutions (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica, ENEL, Italian electricity company; Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente, ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization DPC). The compiled database contains 2,182 three-component waveforms generated by 1,008 earthquakes with a maximum moment magnitude of 6.9 (1980 Irpinia earthquake) and can be accessed on-line at the portal denominated ITACA at the site , where a wide range of search tools enables the user to interactively retrieve events, recording stations and waveforms with particular characteristics, whose parameters can be specified, as needed, through user friendly interfaces. A range of display options allows users to view data in different contexts, extract and download time series and spectral data. This article describes the state of the art up to 2006 and the activities which led to the completion of the project.     

Improving seismic hazard approaches for critical infrastructures: a pilot study in the Po Plain

Paper describes the extensive work done in the SIGMA project, aimed at improving knowledge on data, methods and tools to better quantify uncertainties in seismic hazard assessment (SHA). The authors cooperated in the study of potential faults and geological structures, earthquake catalogues, selection of ground motion prediction equations, and methods for site effect evaluation suitable for SHA. All the contributions merged into a probabilistic seismic hazard study conducted for three representative sites of the Po Plain in Northern Italy. Po Plain is a low-to-moderate seismicity region, characterized by some critical features, such as blind faulting and deep alluvium sediments, and by scarcity of strong motion data; these sources of uncertainties in seismic hazard estimation are common to other low seismicity areas around the world. Within SIGMA, special care was devoted to: (a) the use of the single station sigma approach inside the probabilistic SHA, (b) the comparative use of generalized attenuation functions to evaluate the hazard contribution of composite fault systems, and (c) the study of the epistemic uncertainties at play when different modelling approaches to site effects are used.     

中国地震学会团体标准:T/SSC1—2021《基于强震动记录的地震破坏力评估》简介

地震对区域建筑的破坏力对震后应急决策有着重要意义.为满足地震应急管理部门及时了解地震破坏力的迫切需求,充分利用现有强震动台网的记录数据,清华大学等13家单位共同编制了T/SSC 1—2021《基于强震动记录的地震破坏力评估》标准.标准是在国内外100余次基于强震动的地震破坏力评估的成功经验上制定的.标准基于强震动记录和...     

天津简易烈度计地震预警试验区建设

通过建设80个简易烈度计观测点,与天津行政区内具备实时传输能力的测震台站和强震动台站共同组建了天津地震预警观测网络,初步实现了地震预警功能,提升了天津行政区的防震减灾能力,同时开展地震预警信息服务试验,为政府和社会提供地震预警信息。本文介绍了天津简易烈度计地震预警试验区的建设情况、台站分布情况、仪器性能指标、数据处理及数据记录情况,并探讨了简易烈度计在预警台网中的应用,获得了初步认识。     

Ground motion models for the Molise region (Southern Italy)

The aim of this paper is to evaluate empirical attenuation relationships in order to validate peak values and pseudo-velocity spectra to calibrate shaking scenarios for the Molise area, which was struck by two earthquakes of M_w=5.7 (INGV-Harvard European-Mediterranean Regional Centroid-Moment tensor project) on October 31st and November 1st, 2002. Before the earthquake occurrence this region was classified as not hazardous, according to the former Italian seismic code. After the main-shocks, felt in many towns of the Molise and Puglia regions, a strong motion and a seismic temporary network were installed in the epicentral area and surrounding regions. This allowed the collection of a large data set, useful to characterize this area. The joint velocity-acceleration data set has been used to derive ground motion models for peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and pseudo-velocity response spectra for both maximum horizontal and vertical components of the motion.The results obtained for the Molise area have been compared with the attenuation pattern of the Umbria-Marche region (central Italy) and the Italian territory. Remarkable differences have been observed leading to a discussion of the possible regional dependence of ground motion.     

The recording stations of the Italian strong motion network: geological information and site classification

One of the main objectives of the ITACA (ITalian ACcelerometric Archive) strong motion database, promoted by the Italian Department of Civil Protection, was to improve the characterization of the recording sites from a geological and geophysical point of view and to provide their seismic classification according to the seismic norms pertinent to Italy, namely the Eurocode 8 and the National Technical Norms for Constructions. A standard format to summarize the available information for the recording stations was first produced, in terms of a technical report dynamically linked to the database, i.e., some of the relevant information is automatically updated when the corresponding fields of the database are modified. Then, an important activity of collection, qualification and synthesis of available data was carried out, especially for stations that recorded the strongest earthquakes in Italy in the last 40 years, and for which a relevant number of studies have been published. In spite of this activity, among the more than 700 strong motion stations present in the ITACA database, only a limited number of them could be characterized by quantitative information on subsurface soil properties. For this reason, a dual seismic site classification criterion was implemented, either based on the standard V _s,30 scheme, or, in the absence of such information, based on an expert opinion supported by shallow geology maps, mostly at 1:100,000 scale, and when available on the H/V ratios calculated on recordings. Owing to the relevance in the Italian geographic and morphological context, a special care was also given to the topographic classification of stations, based on suitable criteria developed within a GIS environment.     

The contribution of seismic data in microzonation studies for downtown L��Aquila

After the 2009 April 6th Mw 6.3 L??Aquila earthquake (Central Italy) the Italian Civil Defense Department promoted the microzoning study in the ten zones in the epicentral area that suffered major damage. In this paper we present the activities and the results concerning a temporary seismic network installed in the historical L??Aquila city center indicated as ??macroarea 1?? in the microzoning project. Seismic data were collected to investigate the amplification effects in the city and to support the microzoning activities in verifying both geological profiles and 1D numerical modeling of the seismic response of the city. The conventional spectral approaches using both microtremor and earthquake data allowed to determine the fundamental resonance frequencies and the amplification factors within the city respectively. The spatial variability of these quantities can be related to the geological and geomorphologic characteristics of the investigated area. A comparison between the network data and the data recorded by the two strong motion instruments installed in the city was also made. This allows verifying the relative response of the accelerometric stations that recorded in the city the major events of the sequence.     

基于北斗卫星的地震应急现场通信系统应用研究设想

破坏性地震发生后,传统的地面通信网络会受到严重的破坏,甚至会处于瘫痪状态,无法保证前后方应急指挥部之间的数据传输、应急通信、指挥调度等应急需求。为了确保地震应急指挥的顺利开展,需要有一套安全、可靠的通信系统,而我国自主研制的北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）是全球性的卫星导航系统,具有精准定位导航、精密授时、短报文通信等功能,可以在灾害应急指挥中发挥重要作用。因此,从地震现场应急工作的需求出发,在分析各种通信技术的基础上,研究探索一种基于北斗卫星导航系统的地震应急现场通信系统,以满足快速获取灾情信息、精准定位灾区位置、实时传送灾情报告的地震现场应急需求,保障地震现场通信能够畅通无阻,确保应急指挥顺利开展。      

青海玛多7.4级地震烈度快速评估

利用青海地震烈度衰减模型和基于断层最短距离的地震动参数衰减模型对青海玛多7.4级地震的烈度分布进行快速评估,将评估结果与实际烈度图对比分析.研究结果表明:两种模型可以在地震正式速报后1分钟内得到地震烈度分布的快速评估结果,时效性强,可以在最短的时间内为应急指挥和救援工作提供参考;青海地震烈度衰减模型计算结果比较理想化,...     

一种适用于黄土斜坡地震稳定性快速评估的综合判别方法——以宁夏西吉县为例

选取宁夏西吉县为目标区,对区内1920年海原8.5级特大地震所诱发的347处黄土地震滑坡进行野外调查,获取了详实的基础数据.在此基础上结合遥感影像解译,总结了研究区内黄土地震滑坡的分布特征,并依此提出了宏观、定性的黄土斜坡地震稳定性快速判别方法.基于分布特征选取了坡高、坡角、坡向及地震动强度作为基本参数,应用MLP神经...     

Optimal filters application for allocation of seismic signals in long period channel of the gyrotiltmeter

The true or full ground motion information is frequently necessary in seismology to deal with a wide range of urgent scientific and applied problems; this information includes knowledge not only of ground motion along three axes at the recording site, but also the values of tilt or rotations of the surface at the site. This problem is usually attacked using a special type of seismic instrument-tiltmeters. Gyrotiltmeter is one of the many types of tiltmeters in which the gyroscope is used as the active sensor. The main obstacle in the way of developing effective long period seismic instruments, including gyrotiltmeters, consists in various sorts of noise, frequently not of seismic origin, which influence on the instrument increases as its frequency characteristic is extended toward longer periods. The present paper is concerned with problems arising in the use of optimal filters to detect seismic signals in records of a gyrotiltmeter where also noise may be present, e.g., that due to air pressure fluctuations. Examples are provided of tests of the algorithms, which clearly demonstrate that the application of the optimal filters to records of long period gyrotiltmeter channels can significantly enhance the signal/noise ratio to detect seismic signals disguised by induced noise.     

随机方法在地震烈度速报中的应用

我国地震监测台网间距大,很难实现大震发生时地震烈度分布图的快速编制.基于随机方法,利用历史小震数据反演地震动估计模型的参数,参考地震发生时获取的少量强震动数据,选取合适的震源参数,正演地震动场的分布.根据地震烈度与地震动参数的经验关系,实现地震烈度速报.本方法可以模拟大震的近断层地震动特征,对高烈度区的判断较目前常用的烈度速报方法更为合理.研究成果既可以用于首张烈度分布图的发布,还能够用于地震烈度的动态修正.     

汶川特大地震汉源烈度异常原因的初步分析

远离震中的汉源县老县城在汶川大地震中遭到了严重震害,是Ⅵ度区内的唯一的Ⅷ度烈度异常区.汉源的地震烈度异常现象引起学术界的广泛关注.在汉源科学考察基础上,介绍了汉源震害情况,收集和整理了汉源县城及附近有关工程场地的强震和土体力学参数资料.通过背后山滑坡体有限元分析结果与汉源附近强震台记录的比较,从传递函数角度分析了背后山滑坡复活对烈度异常的影响,研究了汉源特殊土层结构对地震动的影响.结果表明,背后山滑坡的复活和特殊土层结构的放大作用等场地条件的影响是引起烈度异常的主要原因.所得结论对进一步分析汉源烈度异常的原因具有一定的参考价值.     

Comparison of Computational Methods for Instrumental Intensities Using the MS7.0 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake Data

After the occurrence of an earthquake, strong motion observation networks can record ground motion at distributed observation stations. Based on the ground motion parameters from these records, the spatial distribution of seismic intensity can be quickly determined, and the degree of damage in different areas can be estimated. This information provides the technical basis for the emergency response, so as to ensure that rescue teams can reach extreme earthquake areas and carry out the search and rescue operation in an accurate and timely manner to reduce casualties and property loss. In this paper, we introduced 7 intensity algorithms and compared the results with the records of the Jiuzhaigou M_S7.0 earthquake. We found that the differences between the instrumental intensities calculated by each method and the macro intensities were within a 1-degree range, which suggested good practicality of these different methods. The results calculated by the industrial standards-based calculation method and the integrated test showed good consistency.     

相对局部区域震源参数随机不确定性经验关系研究

在进行未来破坏性地震的强地面运动数值模拟时,震源参数选取的准确性对地震动预测的结果影响很大。震源参数的确定存在很多不确定性因素,既包含随机的不确定性因素,又包含认知的不确定性因素。本文在大量地震事件及文献调研的基础上,运用统计学方法对具备随机不确定性特征的震源参数进行统计研究,以震源参数经验公式的形态建立解释其随机性和不确定性的数学模型。为了研究局部地区震源参数的定标关系特征,获得更加适用于局部地震密集区域,尤其是包含中国大陆地区在内的局部区域的震源参数的经验关系,本文从GCMT地震目录中选取了1 700多个M_W≥5.5的地震事件,运用统计学方法研究地震密集地区的震源参数经验关系,包括震级、地震矩、破裂面积等,增加了相对较大的局部范围内凹凸体的地震样本数量,从统计学角度计算更加适合局部区域的震源参数的经验关系。统计结果表明:局部区域震例获得的震源参数的经验关系与不限区域震例获得的经验关系存在差异,尤其是涉及到断层破裂面积、凹凸体相关参数时差异较大,局部区域内震例获得的震源参数的经验关系将更具有代表性。应用本文获得的相对局部区域的经验公式计算未来破坏性地震的强地面运动所需的震源参数时,获得的地震动预测结果将更能体现目标区域真实的地震动特征,进而提高地震动预测结果的可靠性。      

江苏省数字强震动台网运行与维护

介绍江苏省数字强震动台网布局、强震动仪器观测环境及技术系统组成,并阐述强震动台网运行以及运行设备存在的常见故障和解决措施。江苏省数字强震动台网布局合理、性能稳定、动态范围大,地震记录信息完整可靠,丰富并充实了江苏省强震动数据库,为工程结构的抗震设计及地震工程学研究提供了宝贵的基础数据。