采动影响下巷道围岩变形与破坏的弱结构面效应

岩体中弱结构面的产状要素和力学参数是影响深部巷道围岩变形和破坏的重要因素。通过对金川矿区地下开采过程中发生的与弱结构面效应有关的巷道变形特征、破坏模式与机理分析得出,在断层附近或穿过断层开挖时,往往会引起断层活化,引发巷道变形和破坏。当在节理岩体中开挖时会使围岩中低强度的节理裂隙等弱结构面正应力减小,抗剪强度降低,从而发生相对滑移、变形。此外,与巷道开挖相比,矿体开采的影响不仅在持续时间上,还是在影响以及程度上都是造成巷道变形和破坏的弱结构面效应更加显著的主要原因。     

Mechanical analysis of a vertical-wall,semicircular-arch roadway and a repair technique using double-shell support

Roadways in coal mines normally have two vertical side walls and a semicircular arch-shaped roof when viewed in cross section, a design conducive to the stability of surrounding rocks. The North 1 main roadway in Duerping Coal Mine has suffered severe damage and the conventional support method employed there is incapable of ensuring long-term stability of the surrounding rocks. This study provides a mechanical analysis of this vertical-wall, semicircular-arch (VWSA) roadway using a mechanical model. Formulas describing stresses in the rocks surrounding a VWSA roadway were derived through complex analysis. The stress distribution in the surrounding rocks was then predicted using the formulas. Based on the results, a double-shell support structure consisting of an internal shell, a flexible interlayer, and an external shell was developed as a new technique to stabilize surrounding rocks. The functional mechanisms of the three parts and the specific construction procedure are detailed in this paper. Moreover, the key technical parameters were optimized through a comparative analysis of the surrounding rock’s deformation behavior for different shell and interlayer thicknesses. After implementation of this technique, the floor heave, relative displacement between two sides, and roof lowering in the North 1 main roadway decreased to 82, 185, and 161 mm, respectively, which meet the requirements for long-term service. This verifies the effectiveness of the proposed technique in surrounding rock control.     

基于克希霍夫偏移的槽波超前探测方法及应用

为查明邢台矿区葛泉矿1199工作面掘进巷前方地质构造,采用井下槽波地震进行超前探测,用线性拉东变换提取来自巷道前方的反射波,在时间域内进行速度分析获得围岩参数信息,通过克希霍夫偏移对巷道前方地质异常体成像。结果显示,掘进巷前方距离G12检波点205 m与237 m存在异常,分别对应采空巷道与SF4断层;通过速度分析提取速度参数,初步判断SF4含水。钻探验证结果表明,克希霍夫偏移方法能对掘进巷前方断层异常体进行成像。      

Seismic identification of geothermal prospecting in Harrat Rahat,Northern Arabian Shield

Influenced by mining activities in adjacent coal seams, stresses on rocks surrounding roadway were redistributed, and the roadways in lower coal seam were subjected to the asymmetrical roof falling and roof sagging. Considering stresses effect on the plastic zone around the roadway, numerical models were carried out by FLAC to investigate plastic zone with respect to stress ratio and direction of stresses. The relationship between the properties of surrounding rock and plastic zone boundary was also investigated by another numerical model and analytical study, whereby the tailgate stability of panel 30,501 in Tashan coal mine was implemented. It is shown that the rocks surrounding a roadway in the lower coal seam were subjected to unequal stresses, and the principal stress direction was deflected from the original direction. High stresses and big stress ratio can produce butterfly-shaped or X-shaped plastic zone. The direction of stresses was deflected, causing the plastic zone around the roadway to be transferred from the shoulder to the roof of the roadway. Consequently, asymmetrical stresses produce asymmetrical plastic zone. On this basis, the tailgate should be assigned conditions of the stresses and stress ratio at a low level. In this way, the tailgate was arranged at the position where the horizontal distance from the roadway in the lower seam to the centre line of the coal pillar in the upper seam (x) is 52.5 m, and was stable relatively.     

矿井深部巷道围岩变形浅析及控制

矿井深部巷道开挖后处于裂隙、塑性、弹性围岩包围范围内。通过计算对包围巷道围岩的3种圈层范围的力学性能进行分析,进而阐述了巷道的变形机制,得出了塑性圈层围岩内的应力应变表述式。对于选择巷道的支护机制,经济有效的控制裂隙化圈层范围的扩大,改善其应力状态,提高其自身的残余强度和承载能力,对深井巷道锚杆综合支护体系的选择,提供了一定的理论支持。     

回采巷道片帮机制及控制技术研究

根据大采高工作面回采巷道帮部围岩的特点,采用断裂损伤理论、弹塑性理论建立了巷帮围岩层裂板结构力学模型,分析了霍州煤电辛置煤矿回采巷道帮部围岩失稳机制,并将注浆锚索支护方式首次应用于巷道帮部围岩的片帮治理。研究表明：回采巷道帮部围岩内部存在大量的裂纹,在高应力的作用下裂纹扩展发育,巷帮围岩演化为层裂板结构,当作用在巷帮围岩上的多重支承压力大于最小临界失稳载荷时即发生片帮;随煤岩体弹性模量、层裂板厚度的增大,层裂板发生失稳时破坏范围扩大;采用注浆锚索支护巷帮时浆液能够填满巷帮围岩深部裂隙,使巷帮围岩成为一个整体,提高了巷帮围岩支护结构的承载能力,控制了巷帮围岩片帮的发生。     

岩土超声波测试研究进展及应用综述

超声波在岩土介质中传播时携带了许多与岩土物理力学性质有关的信息,这些信息可综合反映到声学参数如超声波速、衰减系数、波形、频率、频谱及振幅等的变化上,根据这些参数可反演得到岩土体的物理力学指标及细观结构特征,从而解决一系列的岩土工程问题。首先对超声波无损检测可以解决的岩土工程问题进行了概述。其次系统地阐述了土体和岩石(体)超声试验的研究进展:土体强度参数声学特性的试验研究、土体微结构参数的超声探测、岩石强度参数的超声测试研究、超声波速在岩石破裂方面的应用研究、超声波声波衰减在岩石材料中的应用、超声波速度和衰减各向异性的研究及超声波流体流动试验的研究。最后,笔者将超声波测试拓宽到土石混合体研究领域,探讨了不同含石量试样的波速和衰减规律,以及损伤声学参数对试样在单轴压缩作用下裂纹扩展的细观损伤特性的研究,更进一步说明了土石混合材料即不有别于土也不同于岩的特殊性。在以上研究基础上,基于超声波岩土试验国内外研究动态的总结,对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

脆性岩石全应力-应变过程渗流特性试验研究

为了探讨岩石在整个变形过程中渗透性变化特点,取三峡永久船闸高边坡花岗岩与山西万家寨水电站高边坡灰岩试样分别进行不同围压条件下全应力-应变过程渗流试验。试验结果表明：岩石在破坏前后不同变形阶段渗流特性具有明显不同;岩石变形过程渗透性与变形破坏形式密切相关。在试验基础上进一步探讨了岩石全应力-应变过程渗流特点之机理,为研究水电工程节理裂隙岩体应力场与渗流场耦合问题提供有价值的支持。     

岩石损伤检测技术的研究进展

岩石损伤变量的测定是岩石损伤力学分析研究的基础，岩石损伤理论付诸岩石工程实践必须解决岩石损伤检测的问题。总结当前国内外的岩石损伤检测方法，可将其分为结构分析法和陛能测试法，具体包括扫描电镜分析、计算机断层扫描检测、应力应变测试、声波探测、声发射测试以及红外辐射探测等。在采用不同的测试技术时，必须谨慎考虑损伤与相应物理力学描述之间的耦合关系，尽可能使得所定义的描述能真正反映损伤变量的值。具体应用时应该在符合热力学原理的前提下尽可能选择易于测量且利于分析的损伤变量描述形式及相应的检测技术。     

沙垒田凸起前古近系基岩分布及源—汇过程

沙垒田凸起及围区凹陷是一个完整的源-汇系统.基于钻井岩心、三维地震及锆石测年等资料,刻画了沙垒田凸起前古近系基岩组成及分布并探讨了古近纪早期源-汇体系配置关系.研究表明,沙垒田凸起自南向北依次发育太古界-元古界混合花岗岩、奥陶-寒武系碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩、中生界火山碎屑岩;其中,凸起东段以元古代混合花岗岩为主,西段以奥陶-寒武系碳酸盐岩为主.结合古地貌可知,砂岩富集区与源-汇耦合系统相对应,即基岩组成、汇水区、物源通道及边界样式共同控制沉积砂体组成样式与规模.对比分析凸起东西段、南北侧各控制要素与沉积砂体间关联性,可知凸起东段南侧混合花岗岩基底、较大的汇水面积与物源通道及斜坡带对应高效源-汇系统.      

不同围岩类别小间距隧道施工过程模拟研究

从不同围岩类别出发,对3车道小间距隧道采用典型双侧导坑法的开挖施工过程进行了数值模拟研究。给出了不同围岩类型下的3车道小间距隧道在施工过程中的围岩破坏特征及其变形规律和变形规律的相似性,获得了洞周最大变形量值之间的相对比值关系。通过中隔墙的变形与塑性破坏规律分析,比选出了3车道隧道中隔墙最小间距的工程设计参考值。分析表明：II类围岩合理间距不应小于0.45B,III类围岩应在0.35～0.45B之间,IV,V类围岩可在0.2～0.35B之间选择,对信息化反馈施工,指出了必须重点监控与关注的位置。为小间距隧道的发展和施工设计提供了较确切的参考数据和理论依据。     

Geo-stress Characteristics of Schist of Erdaoya Tunnel and Physical Properties of Rock Masses

Erdaoya tunnel in the highway connecting Shiyan (Hubei province) and Manchuan, (Shanxi province) was studied in the study. Various problems occurred in the construction of the tunnel, including large deformation of surrounding rocks, cracks of preliminary supports and secondary linings as well as creeping down and collapse of surrounding rock masses along schistosity planes. In which, the most serious problem was large deformation of surrounding rocks, which not only dramatically delayed the normal construction progress of the tunnel, but also brought a huge challenge for the safety of builders. In order to solve this problem, detailed investigations were made on site in the study to reveal the regional geological, engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of the tunnel. By conducting geo-stress measurement on site, the characteristics of geo-stress field of Erdaoya tunnel were analyzed from four aspects, including magnitudes of stress, coefficient of lateral pressure, orientation of stress and the relationship between magnitudes of geo-stresses and depths. By applying the DIPS software for interactively analyzing geological locator data, structure characteristics of rock masses were analyzed for preferred structural planes and schistosity planes in the tunnel site. Furthermore, the authors tested the physical and hydrological properties of the rock specimens collected on-site. So various physical properties (density, void fraction, and wave velocity) and water absorption hydrological property of schist were obtained, which provide underlying parameters support for the deformation and support of surrounding rocks of the tunnel.     

干耦合超声波检测及波初至的自动拾取

目前岩石力学参数测定，受限于探头及数据采集设备，多在实验室环境完成，同时，传统超声收发探头对接触面平整度要求较高，需要对岩石表面打磨处理，且需要涂抹导声糊。这些都极大限制了超声测量系统的应用范围。为实现对岩石钻孔内的长效监测，对声波发射、接收机制及岩石内超声信号的频域特性进行分析，通过AIC算法拾取波前初至，利用小波去噪和改进AIC法（NAIC）求波初至到达精确时间，研究了基于干耦合岩石内部参数测量系统，在岩石内部实现了超声信号的发射接收、信号瞬态触发、高速采集，并将最终结果通过无线方式传输至数据记录仪。分别对Φ50 mm×100 mm花岗岩及砂岩岩样进行了超声波传输参数测量，Φ114 mm×280 mm花岗岩岩样测量距离分别为150、200 mm，利用NAIC、STA/LTA、MER、ETA 4种算法对该数据进行处理，并与第三方仪器测定结果进行比较。结果表明：基于干耦合声波测速采集系统，对不同工作接触面适应性较好，数据误差在规范允许范围内。小波降噪适用于背景干扰少、频率范围集中的超声接收信号，在到时拾取方面，除STA/LTA外其余3种算法在去噪后的到时拾取精度均得到有效提高，其中尤以NAIC法最为明显，到时平均误差由1.21 ?s锐减至0.19 ?s。     

采动影响下软岩巷道破坏机理及控制

以淮北某煤矿109轨道大巷为研究对象,构建采动影响下大巷破坏的弹塑性力学模型,从而得出巷道围岩内表面的位移解。对轨道大巷进行“锚杆注浆”,通过现场实测,得出“锚杆注浆”能提高破碎围岩的强度,改善岩体的性质,有效控制围岩的变形。对采动影响下巷道围岩变化机理以及巷道围岩应力变化进行系统分析,为该矿后续巷道支护以及相近条件下巷道的治理提供了借鉴。      

掘进巷道煤体瓦斯特征与震波频率特性研究

通过多次在突出煤层掘进巷道迎头进行震波探测试验,并使用频谱分析和时频分析技术得到各巷道的单道震波信号的频率参数,对比分析各条巷道对应的瓦斯检验参数,建立起煤体瓦斯绝对涌出量与震波频率参数的关系：震波能量主要集中在两个独立的频率域内,高频区和低频区分别对应了震波的主频和次主频;随着煤体瓦斯含量的增大,震波的主频和次主频相应降低,且次主频对瓦斯含量的变化更为灵敏。利用震波频率参数预测掘进巷道迎头附近瓦斯含量,可为瓦斯突出危险性预测提供一种新的参数。     

纵波频谱特征与裂缝带关系初探——在中国大陆科学钻探中的应用

裂缝带的识别和判断,对于实现中国大陆科学钻探的研究目标,为地学研究提供基础的井中物性参数具有很重要的意义。阵列声波测井的纵波频谱参数为实现这个目标提供了可能。通过对纵波频谱特征的分析得到这样的认识:对于断裂构造,纵波的频谱特征有着明显的变化,如纵波的主频位置向低频偏移,在低频位置上其幅度(能量)急剧地增大,与上下未破碎的岩层有着非常明显的差别。通过这些明显的特征,可以很好地识别和判断构造破碎带。利用主峰位置漂移、主峰幅度、主峰的半幅值高宽、主峰的能量这几个参数,对中国大陆科学钻探主孔的裂缝带进行了识别和判断。     

深部切顶沿空成巷关键参数研究及工程应用

传统充填沿空留巷工艺繁琐﹑留巷速度慢,与现代化高强度开采要求不相适应,由此提出了切顶沿空成巷无煤柱开采新技术,其中关键参数设计是该技术的核心问题之一,对留巷的稳定性具有较大影响。以城郊煤矿21304工作面为研究背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等方法,对切顶沿空成巷关键参数进行了系统研究。基于岩石碎胀自承特性和围岩结构“S-R”稳定原理,推导出切顶高度﹑切顶角度的理论计算公式;建立了聚能爆破力学模型,并结合数值模拟和现场试验,确定了聚能爆破装药量及钻孔间距。研究结果表明：合理的切顶参数能够切断巷道顶板与采空区岩层间的力学关系,使采空区顶板沿切缝顺利垮落,碎胀的矸石可有效支撑上覆顶板,限制其回转下沉,减弱覆岩运动对留巷的扰动作用,沿空巷道围岩变形量明显减小。根据理论计算﹑数值分析和现场试验研究成果,确定了城郊煤矿21304工作面切顶沿空成巷关键参数,并在现场进行了应用,回采后沿空巷道侧向顶板能够迅速切落形成巷帮,留巷稳定后各项指标均能满足现场使用要求。     

Experimental study on damage failure mechanical characteristics and crack evolution of water-bearing surrounding rock

Water plays an important role in the mechanical properties of roadway surrounding rocks and poses a great threat to their stability. To study the damage and failure characteristics, and the fracture development laws of surrounding rock, a uniaxial compression test for prefabricated fractures in water-bearing surrounding rock was carried out. Results indicate that water-bearing prefabricated fracture specimens are in better development condition after failure. In water-bearing specimens, the propagation direction is more complex. There are more secondary fissures, and the fracture strength is significantly lower than in dry specimens. When immersed in water, the interior structure of surrounding rock is weakened and softened; thus, the intensity is reduced, and the development and propagation of fractures is promoted. For larger angles of the prefabricated fractures, the compression failure of surrounding rock changes into shear failure. As the angles approach 90°, the shear failure again prevails. Therefore, the strength of the surrounding rock firstly decreases and then increases. A new ultimate stress strength model is developed for fractures caused by shear slip failure in water-bearing surrounding rock. The model results are consistent with the experimental results, and the validity of the model is verified. These results are helpful for deeply understanding the failure process of water-bearing surrounding rock with prefabricated fractures. The proposed model could be used for the evaluation of water-bearing surrounding rock stability in coal mines, as well as dynamic risk monitoring.     

古汉山矿软岩巷道地质因素分析

针对古汉山矿软岩巷道围岩变形破坏和严重底膨问题, 通过对巷道围岩进行地应力测量、物理力学性质分析测试、矿物成份分析和节理裂隙调查, 确定了底膨巷道的软岩类型, 这为解决软岩巷道的支护问题提供了基础。      

工程因素对围岩稳定性影响三维数值模拟分析

结合某地下工程实际,运用FLAC3D模拟了巷道断面形状、开挖面距离以及开挖顺序对巷道围岩稳定性的影响,并模拟了围岩深部多点位移规律。结果表明,相同围岩条件下,不同断面形状其力学效应不同,同一断面在不同围岩条件下变形不一样;围岩水平位移曲线随开挖面的距离呈S形,围岩水平最大位移主要发生在距开挖面后方 2倍巷道长径的范围内;Ⅲ级围岩深部位移影响范围约 2 .8～ 4 .3m,Ⅳ级围岩影响范围 6 .9～ 7.8m;对较大断面,分步开挖有利于围岩控制。