滇西腾冲新生代火山岩岩石地球化学特征

腾冲新生代火山岩位于印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞带附近,但是喷发时大洋已经闭合,属于大陆板内火山岩。对其进行地球化学研究,可以用来划分构造属性和推测岩浆来源。采用XRF和ICP-MS对典型岩石样品进行了较系统的岩石地球化学研究,结果表明,岩石类型有玄武质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩和玄武安山岩,属高钾钙碱性系列;岩石化学显示高K2O、CaO和低TiO2,Mg#较高,平均约为46;稀土元素分布呈右倾,显示明显的Eu负异常;相对于原始地幔富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,并具有明显的Th正异常;地球化学组成总体上与岛弧岩浆岩相似,推测其成因与印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲引发的岩浆活动有关。特征元素比值显示岩浆可能来源于与俯冲作用相关的EMⅠ型地幔。     

东马努斯盆地高镁安山岩物质来源及演化过程——基于全岩主微量和同位素分析

对东马努斯盆地高镁安山岩做了全岩主微量和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素分析,并结合前人测试数据,探究了岩浆物质来源及演化过程。由主量元素[MgO、CaO、FeOT(全铁)、Al_2O_3、TiO_2和P_2O_5]含量随着硅含量的升高而降低和La/Sm随着La含量的升高而保持不变可知,岩浆在演化过程中只发生了矿物的分离结晶,分离的矿物可能为橄榄石、辉石、斜长石、钛铁矿和磷灰石。东马努斯盆地高镁安山岩的Pb和大离子亲石元素(K,Rb,Sr,Ba和U)的富集、高场强元素(Nb,Th,Ta和Ti)的亏损说明岩浆受到了俯冲板块脱水作用的影响。推测该区高镁安山岩是流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融形成的。由Sr-Nd同位素混合模拟结果可知东马努斯盆地高镁安山岩主要来源于马努斯MORB(洋中脊玄武岩),少量来自于太平洋蚀变洋壳和海底沉积物。根据Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征推测岩浆混合作用发生在地幔源区,属于源区混染,岩浆在喷发的过程中没有发生同化混染作用,也没有加入其他体系的物质。     

金在洋脊超镁铁质与镁铁质热液系统中的差异性聚集

洋脊是地球上规模最大的山脉体系,主要由超镁铁质和镁铁质岩所组成,因构造和岩浆作用,这两类岩层分别孕育了超镁铁质和镁铁质含金热液系统。金首先通过水岩反应从洋脊源区岩层内迁移出来,再经历运移堆积作用汇聚到硫化物堆积体内,最后遭受后期蚀变活化迁移改造。以上过程构成了金在这两类热液系统中的完整演化历程。超镁铁质热液系统内的金在汇源端员间的比值远高于镁铁质热液系统。这种差异性聚集暗示了这两类热液系统分别演化出了独具特色的载金属性特征及富集迁移机制。相比于镁铁质热液系统,超镁铁质热液系统内围岩普遍具有的高金含量和高孔高渗特征、热液流体中溶解态非生物有机质和气态物质含量高、硫化物堆积体所处区域裂隙发育及构造稳定等因素,都是造成两者之间存在显著差异性聚集过程的主要原因。持续性地对洋脊热液系统各深部结构体进行更多更精细有关金的丰度、赋存状态及演化变迁的测试分析及模拟研究工作,是未来量化揭示金在不同类型热液系统内的物源贡献及各演化阶段中富集亏损的关键,也将为未来人工海底干预富集成矿工程累积信息。     

冲绳海槽黑色与白色浮岩特征及其对岩浆演化的指示

为了认识黑色与白色浮岩的岩石特征及成因,使用人工重砂、元素地球化学等分析技术,研究冲绳海槽两类浮岩中元素及矿物组成特征。研究显示,冲绳海槽黑色和白色浮岩具有相似全岩化学组成,都落入流纹岩区,稀土配分曲线明显呈右倾,具负Eu异常,富集不相容元素,岩石物理性质差别是导致其颜色差异的主要因素。两类浮岩岩石学特征的不同主要体现在:(1)白色浮岩锆石和辉石都具有两种类型,黑色浮岩仅具有其中一种;(2)黑色浮岩中发育钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿与基质构成的珠状构造,且基质玻璃中密集分布磁铁矿雏晶,而白色浮岩不具备上述岩石学特征。综合分析海槽两类浮岩岩石学特征所蕴含的岩浆演化信息,推测两类浮岩具有相同的玄武质岩浆源区,富挥发组分的玄武质母岩浆上升进入地壳,形成初级岩浆房,房内结晶分异后残留的酸性岩浆,沿海槽构造薄弱带向上运移,岩浆运移过程中有少部分进入分支断裂系统形成次级岩浆房,期间初级岩浆房接受多次基性岩浆注入;初级和次级岩浆房中的酸性岩浆分别独立喷出海底,前者形成白色浮岩,后者形成黑色浮岩。此外,演化过程中岩浆性质逐渐由氧化性向还原性转变。     

大别地块中的非镁铁质超高压变质岩石及其地质意义

报道并描述了大别地块东南部几种新的非镁铁质超高压变质岩石，这些岩石的存在为区域规模的超高压变质作用提供了颇具说服力的证据。     

南海北部及邻区岩石圈地幔特征与深部作用过程初探

对新生代火山活动携带到地表的超镁铁岩捕虏体岩石的主元素、微量元素和同位素特征的研究表明，南海北部及邻区岩石圈地幔组成和空间变化与大地构造分区有密切联系；区域上的岩石圈地幔经历过多重地幔交代作用，而与南海北部陆缘活化和陆缘扩张更为密切相关的地幔交代作用可能主要为高温型富Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ交代作用；软流圈热物质上升是引起大陆地壳活化的重要的深部作用因素。     

甘氨酸镁对南极冰藻促生长作用研究

研究了甘氨酸镁对南极冰藻的促生长作用。甘氨酸镁已被美国和欧盟等发达国家大量用作新型无公害植物促生长剂和丰产剂。用不同浓度的甘氨酸镁 (0 ,2 5× 1 0 - 6,5 0× 1 0 - 6,1 0 0× 1 0 - 6,2 0 0× 1 0 - 6,40 0× 1 0 - 6)对国家海洋局海洋生物活性物质重点实验室保存的南极冰藻L 1绿藻 (Pyramimonassp.)和 H1硅藻 (Bacillariophyceae )进行培养。实验结果表明 ,甘氨酸镁对南极冰藻 L1绿藻和 H1硅藻有显著促生长作用 ,而且从 L1绿藻和 H1硅藻的生长曲线可以看出 ,甘氨酸镁浓度越高促生长作用越强 ,这将为海洋微藻的培养提供一种新型的生长促进剂     

冲绳海槽浮岩中岩浆包裹体岩石化学成分特征

系统地分析了冲绳海槽酸性浮岸中玻璃质岩浆包裹体的岩石化学成分，探讨了包裹体的岩石化学成分特征及其在岩浆起源及结晶演化过程中的指示意义，并结合前期及前人工作讨论了冲绳海槽不同岩石类型之间的成因联系及演化关系。结果表明，斑晶结晶时岩浆熔体为钙碱性英安质或流纹质岩浆，是来自地幔的拉斑玄武质岩浆充分结晶分异作用的产物。尽管各斑晶矿物中玻璃质岩浆包裹体的化学成分有所差异，但根据包裹体的岩石化学成分特征可以断定包裹体所代表的岩浆具有同源性，其差异只是反映了岩浆结晶演化的不同阶段或不同矿物结晶期，为进一步详细研究浮岩岩浆的结晶演化过程提供了最直接的资料。对比冲绳海槽酸性浮岩与玄武岩等不同岩石类型的岩石化学特征，可以证明这些岩石类型之间存在着密切的成因联系，包括同源性与继承性，它们分别是岩浆作用不同阶段的产物。另外，包裹体的成分主要取决于包裹体所在斑晶矿物的种类与成分，分析中未发现岩石化学性质明显不同的岩浆包裹体共存的现象，也没有在中酸性矿物中发现基性玻璃质岩浆包裹体，因此可以推断基本不存在不同性质的岩浆之间的直接混合作用。     

西沙群岛浮岩的岩石地球化学特征及成因

对采自西沙群岛东岛的2件浮岩样品进行了岩石学和地球化学初步研究,结果表明,研究区样品全岩化学组成落入粗面岩区域,稀土配分曲线明显呈右倾,具Eu负异常,富集不相容元素,微量元素标准化曲线特征与中下地壳相似。斜长石及辉石斑晶矿物具有中心熔蚀结构,橄榄石呈熔蚀状。认为研究区浮岩是由西沙地块中地壳减压熔融产生粗面质岩浆后经历短暂的岩浆房冷凝时期,由于板块继续拉张形成东岛西侧的狭窄海槽,而引起岩浆通道突发性张裂,导致压力的突然释放,岩浆沿拉张裂谷急速上升,在浅水中猛烈喷出而形成。     

现代海底超镁铁质岩系热液系统与地质意义

现代海底热液循环与洋中脊地质过程一直是国际洋中脊计划研究的热点.海底热液系统多数都与海底玄武岩及其水-岩反应直接相关,而一类与深海橄榄岩的产出及其蛇纹石化作用有关的海底热液系统——超镁铁质岩系热液系统,以具有高浓度H2和CH4异常而低SiO2浓度为显著特征,主要分布在慢速扩张大西洋中脊和超慢速扩张北冰洋Gakkel洋脊和西南印度洋中脊.超镁铁质岩系热液系统在流体组成、构造背景和硫化物成矿方面与玄武岩热液系统有很大差异,主要表现在地幔来源超镁铁质岩石的普遍出露、喷口流体高的H2和CH4异常以及硫化物中高Co/Ni比值.超镁铁质岩系热液系统的发现丰富了全球洋中脊热液系统的研究内容,对洋中脊地质过程、海底热液活动及其成矿作用研究具有重要意义.     

东亚岛弧地形横剖面与板块运动

通过对东亚岛弧横剖面形态的系统分析，并结合弧前的构造应力的分析，作者认为，东亚岛弧形成于板块东移的构造环境中，横剖面形态存在两种基本类型即内缓外陡型和内陡外缓型，这两种不同的横剖面具有不同的弧前应力，前者表现弧前挤压，后者表现弧前引张，这反映地貌形态与构造应力之间的密切关系。     

Early Cretaceous deltaic sedimentary environment of the Côte d’Ivoire–Ghana transform margin as deduced from deep dive data

During the Equanaute cruise (June 1992), 14 submersible deep dives were conducted along the steep southern slope of the Côte d’Ivoire–Ghana marginal ridge. In situ diving observations and sample analysis were done to specify the clastic lithology of a sedimentary sequence about 2200?m thick. Most of the rocks collected consist of dark shales, greenish lenticular- to wavy-bedded siltstones and large-scale trough cross-bedded sandstones. Lithofacies analysis favors a deltaic origin for this sedimentary synrift succession, which is probably of Early Cretaceous age.     

The deposition of reef-derived sediment upon a bathyal slope: The deep off-reef environment,north of Discovery Bay,Jamaica

The steep submarine slope north of Jamaica was formed as a normal fault scarp during the early rifting of the Cayman Trough. It is overgrown at the top by flourishing reefs, and below these a series of irregular valleys have been cut into the rocks of the slope and run downslope to at least 2,500 m. Cores from these valleys contain thin layers of reef-derived sands interbedded with pelagic muds of Quaternary age. Cores from topographically high areas recovered only pelagic muds. It is shown that bottom currents and turbidity currents are both unlikely to have been the agencies responsible for the deposition of the reef-derived sands, but that they were probably emplaced by either free avalanching or by sand flow.     

Origin of late Pleistocene submerged marine terraces on the outer continental shelf,Northern Israel

A series of elongated hills on the outer continental shelf off northern Israel, between 100 and 120 m, rise several meters above their surroundings. They have steep escarpments seaward and gradual slopes landward. The escarpments are commonly covered by colonies of sponges. The biogenic cover is normally 1.0–1.5 m thick. The gentle slopes commonly consist of soft, unconsolidated sediment, although some bedrock outcrops occur. Stratification patterns along these outcrops suggest calcareous eolianite (“kurkar”). Coquina was encountered in several sites at the base of the biogenic cover, built of fragments of shells not observed at the present depth. The eolianite, coquina, and steep escarpments suggest a late Pleistocene nearshore terrace.     

Gas-related sea floor craters in the Barents Sea

A cluster of craterlike depressions in the central Barents Sea are several hundred meters across, have steep walls, and are cut into underlying Triassic rocks. Their formation is explained in relation to the glacial history of the region, and a possible model suggests that gas from a deeper, thermogenic source allowed a hydrate layer of considerable thickness to form during the Late Weichselian, when grounded ice covered the area and increased the hydrostatic pressure. After a rapid retreat of the marinebased ice sheet, the hydrates decomposed and the layer thinned rapidly until pressurized free gas, trapped below the hydrates, erupted and formed the sea-floor depressions.     

Examination of empirical formulas for wave shoaling and breaking on steep slopes

Estimation of the wave height transformation of shoaling and breaking is essential for the nearshore hydrodynamics and the design of coastal structures. Many empirical formulas have been well recognized to the wave height transformation, but most of them were only applicable for gentle slopes. This paper reports the experimental results of wave shoaling and breaking over the steep slopes to examine the applicability of the previous empirical formulas. Two steep bottom slopes of 1/3 and 1/5, and one gentle slope of 1/10 were conducted in the present experiments. Experimental results show that the shoaling distance of steep slopes become short and the surface waves may be partially reflected from the steep bottom, thus the estimation of wave shoaling using the well-known previous formula did not conform completely to the experimental results. The previous empirical formulas for the wave breaking criteria were also examined, and the modified equations to the steep beaches were proposed in this work. A numerical model was finally adopted to calculate the wave height transformation in the surf zone by introducing the modified breaking index.     

Basalts and serpentinite from the Puerto Rico Trench, 2. Rare-earth geochemistry

Seven tholeiitic basalts from the Puerto Rico Trench walls (three from the south wall and four from the north wall) were investigated for rare-earth abundances. All these rocks, with the exception of a pigeonite-bearing rock (RC8-RD1–12), were found to possess similar rare-earth features. Their rare-earth patterns resembled those of usual abyssal basalts, and showed no Eu anomalies. There is no difference between the rare-earth abundances of fine-grained and coarse-grained rocks. It is clear that the pigeonite-bearing rock (RC8-RD1 type 2) differs in origin from the abyssal basalts. The rocks with rare-earth patterns similar to that of RC8-RD1–12 are found among the Japanes “geosynclinal” basalts (Tanaka and Sugisaki, 1973).A serpentinite from the same trench was also analyzed for the same elements. The resultant rare-earth pattern suggests that the relevant original rock was separated from a magma having the same relative rare-earth abundances as a chondritic meteorite. The markedly high Eu positive anomaly of this serpentinite is also discussed.     

双船双方位角地震探测技术方法及应用效果

南海东沙海域的陆坡台地区, 浅表断裂及生物礁发育众多, 浅层新生界多为碳酸盐岩层, 中深层的中生界内部构造复杂, 断裂较多, 常规单船窄方位地震剖面显示中深层反射品质较差。利用双船可以设计灵活的观测系统, 形成双方位角地震探测方式, 对于地下同一反射点的照明, 可以获得比窄方位角探测更好的效果, 也可以改善高速屏蔽层下方、高陡倾角斜层等区域的成像质量。文章通过重点技术的攻关研发, 进行了单源激发、双缆接收的双方位角采集试验, 成功实现该方法在南海海域中深层地震勘探中的应用。     

Rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal deposits from Southwest Indian Ridge

The REE compositions of hydrothermal deposits and basalt samples from the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) were determined with ICP-MS.The results show that there are significant differences between different types of samples although all samples show relative LREE enrichment.The contents of REE in hydrothermal sulfides and alterated rocks samples are lower (from 7.036 × 10 6 to 23.660 × 10 6),while those in the white chimney deposits are relatively higher (ranging from 84.496 × 10 6 to 103.511 × 10 6).Both of them are lower than basalts.Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns show that sulfides and alterated rocks samples are characterized by significant positive Eu anomalies.On the contrary,white chimney deposits have obvious negative Eu anomalies,which may be caused by abundant calcite existing in the white chimney samples.Both the content and distribution pattern of REE in sulfides suggest that REE most possibly is originally derived from hydrothermal fluids,but influenced by the submarine reducing ore-forming environment,seawater convection,mineral compositions as well as the constraint of mineral crystallizations.     

Bicyclic alkanes in source rocks of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and their inconsistency in oil-source correlation

The Triassic Yanchang Formation is the main source rocks for Mesozoic oil in Ordos Basin. The formation includes 10 oil-bearing beds (Ch 1–Ch 10), that each can be further divided into two to three intervals. Abundant C₁₂–C₁₄ and C₁₅–C₁₆ bicyclic alkanes have been detected in the formation in the Xifeng oilfield, Ordos Basin. The C₁₂–C₁₄ group is dominated by C₁₂ and C₁₃, and the C₁₅–C₁₆ group contains abundant C₁₅. The groups show three distribution patterns: A) the C₁₂–C₁₄ group is the major component in the non-source rocks of the Ch 7-1 and Ch 8-1 intervals; B) both groups are abundant and are common in source rocks of the Ch 7-3 interval; and C) the C₁₅–C₁₆ group is the major component in source rocks of the Ch 7-3 interval and also in sediments that contain type Ⅰ or partial sapropel type Ⅱ₁ organic matter (OM) in the Ch 7-2 and Ch 8-1 intervals. Although thermal maturities of the source rocks in the Ch 7 section are similar, they show significant differences with respect to the drimane isomerisation index, which indicates that the drimane rearrangement is controlled by thermal evolution of the sediments, but may also be closely related to the depositional environment. This study determined that reducing environments are more conducive to preservation of drimane than oxic environments. The drimane isomerisation index and the value of the hopane parameter Tm/Ts are positively correlated. The parameter Tm/Ts varies over a wide range within the sequence, and the large variations may be a result of terrigenous OM input by turbidity currents and/or gravity flows, mixed with the autochthonous sediments. Abundant homodrimane in both source rocks may reflect reducing environments in deep lakes and major input of higher plant OM. Organic-rich shale and oil shale in the Ch 7-3 interval of the Yanchang Formation are the primary sources of oil in reservoirs in the Xifeng area. The crude oil is rich in bicyclic alkanes that are dominated by C₁₅–C₁₆ as source rocks with pattern C for bicyclic alkanes, which indicates an origin mainly from the Ch 7-3 interval. The main peaks in all of the crude oils are associated with 8β(H)-drimane and lower abundance of rearranged drimane. However, most of the source rocks have a main peak associated with 8β(H)-homodrimane or rearranged drimane. Weak microbial action, selective degradation and water washing may be the cause of the significant difference in bicyclic sesquiterpane composition between the crude oil and the source rocks. The result suggests that oil-source correlations based on the bicyclic sesquiterpanes are questionable.