水力压裂条件下焦作矿区低渗煤层气试验井产能预测

为了探索焦作"三软"煤层（软煤、软顶和软底）水力压裂条件下煤层气渗透机理及产出规律,首先基于储层裂缝扩展模型,考虑压裂后煤体孔隙率对渗透率的影响,建立储层裂缝渗透模型,并进行试验单井的应用及分析,得出压裂缝长度、宽度、渗透率以及压裂后储层参数等指标;而后通过等温吸附曲线法与历史拟合法的综合分析,对煤层气井的采收率进行预测;最后结合所得指标参数与采收率,运用FracproPT软件对矿区GW-002试验井进行2 430 d的产能预测。结果表明:该试验井模拟预测的平均日产气量可达596.87 m3,采收率可达32.86%,累计产气量可达1.09×106 m3,数值模拟出的产气量与实采数据较为吻合,满足煤层气开采技术要求,可用于指导焦作矿区煤层气井压裂抽采实践与产能预测。      

离散裂隙网络对页岩气井产能影响的数值模拟

页岩作为典型的非常规储层,基质孔隙小,渗透率极低,水平井多级水力压裂为其商业开发的主要手段。准确模拟页岩气产能,应同时考虑水力裂隙和天然裂隙的渗流。基于离散裂隙模型和等效连续模型建立页岩气渗流数学模型,利用有限元分析方法进行数值求解,研究不同走向裂隙组对页岩气井产能的影响。研究认为,页岩基质为气体的生产提供了主要气源,天然裂隙作为渗流的主要通道,将气体输送到水力裂缝,进而到达井筒。模拟结果表征,离散裂隙的渗流特征对于页岩气井的产能有重要影响。根据页岩储层的天然裂隙走向,可以优化相应的水平井方位。对于二维离散裂隙网络模型,水平井沿着2个裂隙组夹角的平分线更有利于生产。      

Numerical Simulation Study on the Effect of Horizontal Well Reservoir Stimulation for Gas Hydrate Production

A new gas hydrate reservoir stimulation method of in-situ fracturing with transient heating is proposed, in line with analysis of the technological bottlenecks faced by marine gas hydrate production. This method injects the developed chemical reagents into a hydrate reservoir through hydraulic fracturing, releasing heat during the chemical reaction to increase the hydrate decomposition rate. The chemical reaction product furthermore has a honeycomb structure to support fractures and increase reservoir permeability. Based on the geological model of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, three development methods are simulated to evaluate hydrate production capacity, consisting of horizontal well, fractured horizontal well and in-situ fracturing with transient heating well. Compared with the horizontal well, the simulation results show that the cumulative gas production of the fractured horizontal well in one year is 7 times that of the horizontal well, while the cumulative gas production of in-situ fracturing with transient heating well is 12 times that of the horizontal well, which significantly improves daily efficiency and cumulative gas production. In addition, the variation patterns of hydrate saturation and temperature-pressure fields with production time for the three exploitation plans are presented, it being found that three sensitive parameters of fracture conductivity, fracture half-length and fracture number are positively correlated with hydrate production enhancement. Through the simulations, basic data and theoretical support for the optimization of gas hydrate reservoir stimulation scheme has been provided.     

煤层气水平井煤粉产出及运移特征

煤粉是煤层气水平井排采中的不利因素,影响煤层气的产能。根据沁水盆地南部樊庄区块煤层气水平井的排采数据,分析了煤粉产出特征;通过煤粉在支撑裂缝中运移的物模试验,揭示了煤粉在支撑裂缝中的运移和伤害规律;利用流体迁移规律研究装置,进一步研究了煤粉在水平井筒的流动规律,建立了煤粉运移模型。研究结果表明:煤粉主要来源为钻井过程中钻具对煤层的研磨及压裂过程中大排量携砂混合流体对裂缝煤壁的摩擦和冲刷;煤粉对支撑裂缝中导流能力伤害率达90%,且排采速度越大,出煤粉量越多;煤粉在水平井筒中运移的流型为层流流动,通过控制压力、流量和煤粉含量,可在排采初期实现对煤粉的控制。      

沁水盆地南部煤层气直井合层排采产气效果数值模拟

随着煤层气勘探开发的深入,多煤层合层排采受到广泛关注。合层排采管控工艺是确保煤层气合采井高产稳产的关键,而多煤层组合条件下复杂的地质条件增加了合层排采管控的难度。数值模拟技术是研究煤层气井合层排采管控工艺的有效手段,科学、可靠的模拟结果可为合采井排采管控提供依据。考虑温度效应、煤基质收缩效应、有效应力作用对煤层流体运移规律以及渗透率等煤层物性参数的影响,建立煤层气直井合层排采生产动态过程多物理场耦合数学模型,并进行有限元法的多物理场耦合求解。通过对沁水盆地南部郑庄区块煤层气合采井组的模拟,探讨不同排采速率下煤层气直井合层排采产气效果及渗透率等煤层物性参数动态演化特征,提出煤层气直井合层排采工程建议。模拟结果显示,郑庄区块3号、15号煤层整体含气量较高,煤层气合采井组具有较大增产潜力,提高排采速率对提高煤层气采收率的效果不显著;排采过程中,煤基质收缩效应对渗透率的影响强于有效应力作用,是提高煤层气井排采速率的保障,在确保排采速率不超过煤层渗流能力上限的基础上,适当提高排采速率可实现煤层气井增产。基于模拟结果,建议排采速率的调整以控制动液面或液柱压力为主;以3号、15号煤层气合采井增产为目标,产水阶段和憋压阶段,郑庄区块煤层气直井合层排采速率以液柱压力降幅0.12~0.20 MPa/d或动液面降幅12~20 m/d为宜,既可实现煤层气增产,又可避免储层伤害。      

延川南地区深部煤层气U型水平井压裂参数优化设计

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气田具有高储低渗的特点,为提高深部煤层气单井产量,基于区域构造特征、煤层厚度、含气量及水文地质特征,从优化U型水平井压裂参数的角度,对水平井及其压裂参数进行设计。通过数值模拟对影响水平井产量的水平段长度、压裂缝等主要因素进行研究。结果表明:不考虑摩阻情况下,煤层气产量随水平段长度增加而增加,当水平段超过800m后,由于阻力作用,水平段长度每增加100m,产气量降低10%;压裂缝条数和半缝长对产气量影响较大,最佳的压裂缝条数为4~5条,最佳半缝长为80~120m;裂缝间距和裂缝渗透率对煤层气产量影响不大。依据数值模拟的最优参数对该区煤层气井S1进行压裂,在相同条件下,煤层气产量比未压裂的S2井提高了10倍以上。      

裂缝性致密砂岩气藏水相毛管自吸调控

钻井、完井、增产改造工作液滤液、边底水或凝析水在井筒或裂缝面附近发生毛管自吸行为和滞留效应诱发水相圈闭损害,妨碍气藏的及时发现、准确评价和经济开发.以我国四川、鄂尔多斯盆地典型致密砂岩气藏为例,基于致密气藏天然气产出机理,分析了致密气藏经济开发的水平井钻井完井、水力压裂、采气等作业环节中水相自吸过程及其对作业效果的影响.钻井完井过程中水相快速自吸进入基块,驱替出非润湿相油气,打破裂缝壁面力学—化学平衡,诱发井壁失稳;进入裂缝的工作液要快速返排,以免自吸侵入基块降低基块—裂缝传质效率;裂缝中水相高速流动,不易毛管自吸进入基块,造成边底水沿裂缝快速推进,造成水淹.矿场工程技术实践证明,裂缝致密气藏勘探开发全过程,选用合理水基工作流体体系,改善采气工艺措施,调控毛管自吸,进而达到防治水相圈闭损害的目的,是经济开发致密气藏的关键.     

考虑渗透率变化的煤层气储层数值模拟及参数敏感性研究

煤层气开采过程中储层渗透率的变化对产气量影响较大,通过引入S＆D渗透率变化模型,建立了考虑渗透率变化的煤储层三维气水两相渗流数学模型,完成模型检验后应用所编制软件研究了煤储层参数、吸附参数及渗透率模型特征参数对开发效果的影响。结果表明,煤层气产量随着初始含气量、煤层有效厚度、裂缝渗透率和Langmuir压力的增大而增大,随储层原始压力、裂缝孔隙度和Langmuir体积的增大而减小,而解吸时间对产气量影响不大;裂缝渗透率随着杨氏模量和基质收缩/膨胀系数的增大而增大,随泊松比和裂缝压缩系数的增大而减小。引入S＆D模型后计算的累积产气量要比常规模型低1.3%,因此不可忽视煤层气产出过程中渗透率的变化。     

彬长大佛寺井田低煤阶煤层气直井产气差异性评价

大佛寺井田内4号煤组属低煤阶煤组,煤储层物性较好,煤层气资源丰富,然而井田内煤层气直井产气效果差异性较大。在研究煤储层参数特征的基础上,结合煤层气直井地面开发的实践,运用模糊数学方法,构建了4口工程参数一致、产气差异较大的煤层气直井储层各参数的评价隶属函数,通过计算评价值对4 上煤和4号煤储层进行了综合评价,评价结果与实际煤层气产能情况一致,即DFS-133和DFS-45井储层有利于地面煤层气开发,DFS-69和DFS-105井储层不利于地面煤层气开发。基于4口直井4号煤组煤层气储层的综合评价,认为在储层强化措施一致的情况下,井田内煤层气直井产气效果主要受储层资源因素、保存因素和开发因素3方面的控制。同时,研究结果对大佛寺井田4 上煤的煤层气勘探开发及选区具有重要的地质意义。      

沁水盆地南部TS地区煤层气储层测井评价方法

煤层气是一种自生自储于煤岩地层的非常规天然气资源,其储层测井评价内容及方法不同于常规天然气,在煤层气勘探开发过程中更关注于有关煤岩工业分析组分、基质孔隙度、裂缝渗透率及煤层含气量等一系列关键的储层参数。针对沁水盆地南部TS地区煤层气勘探目标层,分析了各种测井响应特征,采用回归分析法计算煤岩工业分析组分;针对煤层气含量影响因素众多且较为复杂的特点,结合相关地区煤岩样品实验分析结果,利用基于等温吸附实验的兰氏煤阶方程估算煤层含气量参数;通过煤岩孔隙结构的分析,采用变骨架密度的密度孔隙度计算公式求取煤岩总孔隙度,利用迭代逼近算法计算裂缝孔隙度;根据煤岩裂缝中面割理发育而端割理不甚发育的特点,以简化的单组系板状裂缝模型计算煤岩裂缝渗透率。通过对TS-A井进行实际计算,结果表明,煤岩工业分析组分和煤层含气量计算结果精度高,总孔隙度一般在5.5%左右,而裂缝孔隙度则大多小于0.5%,裂缝渗透率主要分布在0.001×10-3～10×10-3μm2之间,孔渗参数计算结果与相邻井区现有资料相符。采用测井方法可以快速、系统地对煤层气储层多种参数进行准确评价。     

新场气田须二气藏天然裂缝有效性定量表征方法及应用

天然裂缝是地层中广泛分布的一种地质构造现象,当其在油气开发过程中保持一定有效性时具有重要作用,其有效程度高低是裂缝性油气藏高产富集的关键.本次研究以川西新场气田须二气藏裂缝特征及成因认识为基础,利用气藏各类动静态资料对裂缝张开度、裂缝渗透率、裂缝孔隙度等参数进行解释和评价,明确了不同资料计算获取裂缝参数的物理含义及相互之间的关系,为裂缝有效性评价奠定了基础.文中以井筒附近、地质模型网格单元体内裂缝网络系统作为裂缝有效性定量表征对象,通过裂缝网络系统裂缝参数的分布特征,选取并组合了参数分布的特征变量从而建立了裂缝有效性定量表征指标;基于裂缝有效性定量表征方法和建立的定量表征指标对新场气田须二气藏单井产层段裂缝的有效性及气藏裂缝有效性的纵横变化规律进行了研究和评价,其评价结果与区域构造、应力场分布、井下监测、生产动态具有很好的一致性.本文对油气藏中天然裂缝有效性的认识和定量表征方法为裂缝性油气藏地质建模中裂缝有效参数场的建立和数值模拟工作奠定了基础,为裂缝性油气藏的描述和生产动态研究提供了方向和思路.     

考虑压裂裂缝的煤层气藏井网井距确定方法

煤层气藏具有低渗透率特点, 这使得其在直井排采前须对产层进行压裂改造,而压裂裂缝参数对井距的确定影响很大,因此研究裂缝长度、导流能力与井距的关系具有实际意义。通过对比不同裂缝穿透比和导流能力下的煤层气产量与采出程度,探讨裂缝参数对煤层气产出的影响规律;并以煤层气开采15a采出程度达到50%时的井距作为评价指标,研究压裂效果与井距的关系。研究结果表明,裂缝越长,导流能力越大,井距就越大-尤其在渗透率较小时,裂缝参数对井距的影响更明显。因此,在确定煤层气藏井距时,由于人工裂缝影响,裂缝方向的井距可适当放大。以我国韩城矿区煤层气区块储层参数为例,在给定优化指标下,宜选择矩形井网(350m×300m),或菱形井网(对角线长度为700m×400m)。      

A shear‐dilation‐based model for evaluation of hydraulically stimulated naturally fractured reservoirs

The role of shear dilation as a mechanism of enhancing fluid flow permeability in naturally fractured reservoirs was mainly recognized in the context of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir stimulation. Simplified models based on shear slippage only were developed and their applications to evaluate HDR geothermal reservoir stimulation were reported. Research attention is recently focused to adjust this stimulation mechanism for naturally fractured oil and gas reservoirs which reserve vast resources worldwide. This paper develops the overall framework and basic formulations of this stimulation model for oil and gas reservoirs. Major computational modules include: natural fracture simulation, response analysis of stimulated fractures, average permeability estimation for the stimulated reservoir and prediction of an average flow direction. Natural fractures are simulated stochastically by implementing ‘fractal dimension’ concept. Natural fracture propagation and shear displacements are formulated by following computationally efficient approximate approaches interrelating in situ stresses, natural fracture parameters and stimulation pressure developed by fluid injection inside fractures. The average permeability of the stimulated reservoir is formulated as a function of discretized gridblock permeabilities by applying cubic law of fluid flow. The average reservoir elongation, or the flow direction, is expressed as a function of reservoir aspect ratio induced by directional permeability contributions. The natural fracture simulation module is verified by comparing its results with observed microseismic clouds in actual naturally fractured reservoirs. Permeability enhancement and reservoir growth are characterized with respect to stimulation pressure, in situ stresses and natural fracture density applying the model to two example reservoirs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An analytical model for multiple fractured shale gas wells considering fracture networks and dynamic gas properties

Multi-stage fractured horizontal wells play an important role in developing shale gas reservoirs by significantly improving productivity. By considering fracture networks, gas desorption, stress-sensitive fracture permeability, and pressure-dependent gas PVT properties, an analytical model is developed for shale gas wells. Fracture networks are handled based on transient linear flow, gas desorption is handled by defining a new total compressibility, stress-dependent hydraulic fracture permeability is handled by variable substitution, and pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time are used to handle pressure-dependent PVT properties. After obtaining the solution of the linearized model, a material balance method and successive substitution iteration procedure are proposed to convert the pseudo-time into real time and calculate the production contribution from gas desorption. The results show that induced fractures also have a great impact on the production of the well. Production contribution from free gas and adsorbed gas could be quantified using the proposed material balance principle and iterative method. The rank of parameters that influence the ultimate recovery is the following: half-length of hydraulic fracture, induced fracture length/hydraulic fracture spacing, hydraulic fracture spacing, conductivity of induced fractures, conductivity of hydraulic fracture, and induced fracture spacing.     

高聚能电脉冲技术在沁水盆地煤层气井的应用

为了研究高聚能电脉冲技术在煤层气井的应用效果,对沁水盆地4口典型煤层气井进行了电脉冲技术现场试验。结果表明,试验初期4口煤层气井的产气量和产水量较试验前明显增加,说明电脉冲技术应用在煤储层可以解堵、提升液体流动和促进气体解吸;4口井的产气量和产水量基本都是在运行10~20d后出现明显衰减,说明电脉冲技术在本区煤储层的有效作用半径较短;2口井运行100d后的产气量和产水量仍然要高于试验前的产气量和产水量,说明电脉冲技术在煤层气井近井地带解堵、提升产量有适应性选择和较好的应用前景;电脉冲增产技术在煤岩强度较低、煤体结构较破碎的煤层中的应用存在局限性,最好在煤体结构较完整的煤层中应用,并且针对不同井况优化电脉冲技术参数,从而提高电脉冲增产技术的应用效果;该技术仅能作为煤储层的二次改造措施,不能取代常规压裂技术作为煤层的一次改造措施。      

A model for the constant-head pumping test conducted in vertically fractured media

An analytical model for the constant-head pumping test is developed for a partially penetrating well that has a finite thickness skin, and intersects a single vertical fracture. In the model, the fracture is fully confined and flow occurs only in the fracture. The model is developed using Laplace transform and finite Fourier transform methods. The model is to be used for analysing well test data from vertically fractured media and for verifying numerical models. Dimensionless curves are used to study the effects of a finite thickness skin and a partially penetrating wellbore. In the presence of a finite thickness skin, or a partially penetrating wellbore, a typical flow response for the constant-head pumping test has three distinct periods of flow corresponding to small-, intermediate- and large-time. Small- and large-time approximations are presented for the model. For tests where the wellbore is fully penetrating, or the partial penetration ratio is known, these approximations can be used to analyse field data.     

裂缝性致密油藏直井体积改造产能评价模型

针对裂缝性致密油藏,基于拉普拉斯变换及Stehfest数值反演, 建立了一种可用于直井体积改造产能评价的半解析两区复合模型,模型内区包含有限条无限导流水力裂缝,外区是经典的Warren-Root双重介质系统. 并分析了导压系数比α、裂缝传导率比β、储容比ω、窜流系数λ以及改造半径r_eD等参数敏感性,绘制了产量递减图版。结果表明：从产量递减曲线,可以看出体积改造直井产能遵循“L”形递减规律;导压系数比越大,初期产量越高;裂缝传导率比对整个生产周期的产能都有影响,裂缝传导率比越大,单井产量越高,同时还会伴有明显的复合边界流特征;储容比和窜流系数分别影响双重介质基质-裂缝系统窜流发生的程度和时间;内区人工主裂缝条数越多或改造渗透率越大,复合边界流越明显,产能也越高,这说明改造程度与改造体积对产能的增加都很重要,应注意两者的合理优化。矿场实例验证了该模型在裂缝性封闭边界油藏直井多次压裂改造以及裂缝性致密油藏直井体积改造方面的适用性和实用性。     

裂缝参数对考虑滑脱效应页岩气水平井产能的影响

低渗透页岩气藏中,气体渗流时会受滑脱效应的影响。建立了考虑滑脱效应的气、水两相页岩气藏渗流数学模型,并建立了理想地质模型,采用数值模拟方法,研究了水力压裂的不同裂缝参数对水平井产能的影响。模拟结果表明:裂缝条数、长度和间距是影响页岩气井产能的重要参数,而裂缝宽度和渗透率对产能的影响相对较弱;页岩气井的产能随着裂缝条数和裂缝长度的增加而增大;水平井的水平段长度及裂缝条数一定时,可通过增大裂缝间距来减少裂缝间的相互干扰。      

Three-dimensional reservoir architecture modeling by geostatistical techniques in BD block,Jinhu depression,northern Jiangsu Basin,China

To reduce or avoid some of the ambiguities in a heterogeneous reservoir, a fine three-dimensional model would be inevitably established with the application of geostatistical techniques. BD oilfield is a low-permeability fractured reservoir with many fracture types, which composes a multi-azimuthal fracture system, causing strong anisotropy and heterogeneity. Moreover, fracture provides not only accumulation space for oil and gas but also channels for migration of hydrocarbons and water dashing and thus plays a leading role in controlling BD reservoir production. With the continuous exploitation of oil in reservoir for more than 30 years, BD oilfield has currently stepped into high water cut stage, exposing many problems such as low oil recovery, poor exploitation stability, rapid oil production decline, and one-way water intrusion. Therefore, a detailed reservoir characterization, constructed to describe reservoir behavior under strong water drive in a well-developed fractured reservoir, is urgently needed. In this study, combined with three-dimensional geostatistical techniques, an accurate and efficient reservoir parameter model that occurs in a strong heterogeneous fractured reservoir has been constructed through stratigraphic correlation and sedimentary facies analysis. Hence, all the study presented above will be available for well location, remaining oil potential-tapping and oil recovery improvement during the later study work.     

深部煤储层应力敏感性特征及其对煤层气产能的影响

深部煤储层处于高地应力环境中,其渗透率变化特征与浅部存在较大差异,为研究有效应力对深部煤储层渗透率的差异性影响,以及应力敏感性各向异性特征,以沁水盆地横岭区块15号煤层为研究对象,采样深度1 200~1 700 m,采用覆压孔渗实验,开展平行层理和垂直层理样品在不同有效应力下的渗透率变化规律研究,探究其应力敏感性特征及其对煤层气产能的影响。结果表明:渗透率随有效应力的增加呈幂指函数降低,平行层理面渗透率总体高于垂直层理面,且在2个方向上渗透率变化规律呈正相关性。选取储层孔裂隙压缩系数、渗透率损害率和渗透率曲率3个参数作为煤储层应力敏感性评价指标,其中,孔裂隙压缩系数随有效应力增加,以5 MPa为界限先后呈现正相关性和负相关性,渗透率损害率和渗透率曲率分别与有效应力呈指数上升和下降的规律。基于应力敏感性参数,推导出煤层气井产能模型,模型显示,不考虑应力敏感性的气井产量高于考虑应力敏感性,揭示了应力敏感性对煤层气产量的影响程度,即在5 MPa生产压差下,气井的产量降低幅度随应力敏感性系数的增大整体呈增高趋势。针对应力敏感性的阶段划分,研究区目标煤层在煤层气排采过程中应采用小–中–大的排采方案来控制生产流量。