塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组痕迹化石与海进期沉积及海进体系域

在层序地层学研究中,海进（transgrssion）常被认为是快速形成的,序列简单,并以少量沉积为特征。对塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组痕迹化石及沉积特征研究表明,海进期沉积及海进体系域比人们想象的要复杂,由三类沉积组成:（1）与海进侵蚀有关,包括海进滞留沉积,发育固底控制Glossifungites痕迹相;（2）与海进初期的海面缓慢上升或总体海进过程中的静止期有关,包括前滨和临滨砂泥岩,发育Skolithos痕迹相和近端Gruziana痕迹相;（3）与海面快速上升有关,包括滨外泥岩,发育远端Gruziana痕迹相。     

塔里木西部石炭—二叠纪沉积体系特征

对塔里木西部地区３０余条剖面及钻井资料的全面系统分析研究，结合地震资料，认为石炭－二叠纪为一个完整的海进至海退旋回。在海进初期和海退末期为碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩混积时期，用＂混积陆棚＂的概念，将石炭－二叠系划分为下石炭统（个别地区的下二叠统下部）混积陆棚沉积体系；上石炭统至下二叠统下部为碳酸盐岩台地沉积体系；下二叠统上部至上二叠统为陆源碎屑沉积体系。     

层序界面-驱动层序地层模式多样化

研究层序地层学的重点在于层序划分,而层序划分的前提是识别和对比岩石记录中代表沉积趋势变化的地层界面。地层界面作为基准面与沉积速率相互作用产生不同沉积成因类型（强迫型海退、低水位和高水位正常海退以及海进）的响应,一部分可以提升至具有层序地层学意义的层序界面。目前,不同学者对层序界面的理解及使用存在着明显的差异和混乱,其导致的模式多样化也造成了解决实际问题时的混乱。     

海进体系域碳氧同位素地球化学响应——以黔西南地区三叠系为例

层序地层研究表明，位于扬子地块西南缘的黔西南地区在中三叠世末期（相当于Ladinian-Carnian期）出现了一次与全球同步的大规模海侵，形成了一个向上变深的碳酸盐岩台地淹没沉积层序。垄头组顶部和竹竿坡组分别是海进体系域（TST）的下、上部分。碳、氧同位素研究表明，垄头组顶部自下而上δ（^18O）持续增大，而δ（^13 C）先逐渐增大，后在顶部界面附近快速下降，反映了垄头组顶部在暴露环境下氧化作用的结果。竹竿坡组δ（^13 C）自下而上逐渐增大，δ（^13 C）总体呈现逐渐减小趋势，反映了海平面变化特征。研究认为，海进体系域的δ（^13 C）和δ（^18 O）演化不但反映了海平面和沉积环境变化，同时对密集段（CS）、层序界面和古暴露面等也有很好的识别作用，在层序地层研究中具有重要的意义。     

层序和体系域的有机相构成及其研究意义

层序地层学为沉积盆地的充填史分析和储层预测提供了有效的格架，但其在源岩评价和预测中的意义未能引起充分的重视。本文对莺海、琼东甫盆地的各沉积层序进行了有机相分析，发现（１）浅水型沉积层序中各体系域的机相构成基本相同，且有机相的侧向变化不明显；（２）在深水型层序中，海进体系域上部和高位体系域下部有机质丰度较高、类型较好，有机相层序呈Ｓ性，但有机的侧向变化明显；（３）多层序有机相的总体演化趋势反映了盆地     

珠江三角洲西部中更新世以来的海陆变迁

距今（56～18）万a的白坭组,代表珠江三角洲西部中更新世早期的河流冲积平原和溺谷海湾沉积,而珠江三角洲滨海平原的形成则始于距今（4．25～3）万a的石排组沉积时期;距今（2．95～1．9）万a间沉积的西南镇组,代表珠江三角洲晚更新世中晚期的海进;形成于距今（1．8～1．2）万a间的三角组代表珠江三角洲海退期形成的古风化壳;从杏坛组一横栏组一万顷沙组一灯笼沙组的沉积,代表全新世全球冰盖消融后珠江三角洲地域海平面上升的海陆变迁史。     

第七讲 测井曲线的研究

早在六十年代,测井曲线就已应用于沉积环境的研究。S.J.皮尔森（1970）在其所著的《测井资料地质分析》一书中就指出了岸外砂坝沉积、三角洲沉积和河道充填砂质沉积的测井曲线形态特征。还指出了海进型与海退型沉积的测井曲线特点。G.S.维谢尔等（1975）、M.A.卡里吉（1971）、J.P.小香农和A.R.达尔（1971）都应用了测井曲线来研究三角洲环境的沉积。由戴东林等于六十年代开始总结、1981年出版的《岩.相古地理研究方法》一书中广泛应用了测井曲线来研究鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系的沉积环境。      

安徽巢湖石炭系和州组地层学和沉积学研究新进展

石炭纪—二叠纪旋回层是由晚古生代冈瓦纳冰川的冰期与间冰期的交替而造成的海进—海退循环沉积的层序,出现在全球尤其是北半球的很多地区。根据岩石微相和沉积构造特征,安徽巢湖凤凰山石炭系和州组,可识别出5个海进—海退沉积序列;根据和州组中有孔虫的分布特征,自下而上可分为5个有孔虫带,确定其地质年代是从维宪期晚期到巴什基尔期早期。这5个海进—海退沉积旋回,与华南其他地区和欧美地区的同时代地层中出现的大的海进—海退事件基本一致。     

河口湾相模式研究

河口湾由一套变化亚环境组成,对其相变模式研究表明,河口湾沉积特征及岩相分布受波浪 和河流三种水动力所控制、塔里木盆地塔中４井区上泥舅统工河塘组下部发育潮控口湾沉积,由潮控河道复合体、潮坪和潮汐砂坝组成,代表海进体系域沉积、发育下切谷充填型储层。     

底质不连续面类型、成因及遗迹学特征

底质不连续面是沉积作用中断时所形成的一种地层界面。根据底质的粘结程度可将底质不连续面划分为两大类：固底不连续面和硬底不连续面。固底不连续面中的简单停积面依靠沉积序列的变化来识别，界面上、下的生物地层带是连续的；而复成停积面上、下的生物地层带不连续。在硬底不连续面中，硬底的上、下地层属于同一个沉积体系，而继承性岩底的上、下地层则属于不同的沉积体系，其间发生过重大的沉积间断。根据底质控制的Glossifungites遗迹相和Trypanites遗迹相可以有效地识别各类不连续面并解释其成因。三种类型的不连续面具有层序地层学意义：①侵蚀性不连续面，包括低水位侵蚀面（LSE）和海进侵蚀面（TSE）；②无沉积间断面；③沉积性不连续面（凝缩段）。     

华北晚古生代陆表海盆地海侵事件微观沉积特征及成煤探讨

采用沉积学、煤地质学、古生物学、地层学及地球化学等多技术手段,结合比较分析法的思路,分析了事件型海侵的特点和海侵事件沉积组合特征,研究发现:海侵事件沉积组合为区域对比性强、具沉积时间连续性与相序间断性的暴露沉积-煤层-灰岩组合,其关键沉积学特征是煤层底板的暴露沉积.海侵事件组合灰岩的古生化石个体小、破碎强烈等特征表现为高能量水体运动等环境,孢粉表现为低含量的单缝孢和裸子植物及高含量的三缝孢.地球化学分析表明暴露沉积为陆相环境,煤层中的微量元素表现为海相主要原因是由于泥炭沼泽覆于深水后受海水影响所致.海侵事件成煤与海侵过程成煤差异体现在两个方面:第一,盆地属性差异,即海侵事件成煤形成于陆表海盆地之中,而海侵过程成煤则形成于具有缓坡的边缘海盆地,第二,成煤原理存在着差异,海侵事件成煤强调的是成煤前海侵未发生前的碎屑体系废弃而发育大量泥炭沼泽且被后期突发性海侵终止,而海侵过程成煤则强调的是泥炭沼泽发育于滨海的活动碎屑体系并终止于后期的缓慢海平面上升.     

Anatomy of a transgressive lag: Panther Tongue Sandstone, Star Point Formation, central Utah

Abstract The Panther Tongue of the Star Point Formation in central Utah contains a variety of transgressive lag deposits that, when mapped regionally, show a sensitive dependence upon pre‐existing topography of the palaeoshoreline. The Panther Tongue consists of a coarsening‐upward sandstone wedge that prograded into the Western Interior Seaway during Late Cretaceous (Santonian) time. High‐resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis revealed that this member was deposited during the long‐distance (>50 km) regression and transgression of a delta into shallow‐marine environments, containing basal highstand, forced regression, lowstand and transgressive systems tracts. Based on grain size, clast composition, lateral extent and stratigraphic position, the coarse sandstones on top of the Panther Tongue were classified into four types: (1) simple; (2) dispersed; (3) oxidized; and (4) local lags. The simple lag is composed of dark grey coarse sandstone with oyster fragments and shark teeth. This lag is typically extensively bioturbated and massive. Laminated and cross‐bedded units are also common. This type of coarse sandstone is interpreted as a typical transgressive lag. The dispersed lag differs in that it contains abundant mud and commonly occurs as multiple beds in thick intervals of muddy sandstone. Mixing of bay/estuarine and shallow ‐ marine mud with simple lag sand may be responsible for deposition of this type of coarse sandstone. The oxidized lag is distinctive in its reddish colour with extensive bioturbation and is commonly overlain by a simple lag. The local lag is composed of thin‐bedded, dark grey, coarse sandstone, occurring locally between the mouth bar and distributary channel. The variation in types, grain size and bed thickness of the coarse‐grained lags was mainly controlled by antecedent topography as suggested by immediately underlying lithofacies. Relatively thick (≈30 cm) simple lags are present on top of mouth‐bar sandstones, whereas dispersed lags are common on top of the distributary channel sandstone and in bay/estuarine and shallow‐marine mudstones. Erosion of topographic highs (mouth bar) resulted in relatively thick accumulation of simple lags. In topographic low areas such as distributary channel, estuary, bay and shallow‐marine environments, fine‐grained muddy sands that were eroded from the nearby topographic highs were redeposited. Intermittent storm waves transported coarse sands both landward and seaward, forming a dispersed lag. The net effect was reworking of local topographic relief during overall transgression, forming an apparently planar transgressive surface of erosion.     

珠江口小榄镇—万顷沙地区晚更新世以来的海侵层序

依据广东省中山地区3个标准孔岩心材料的AMS(加速器质谱)¹⁴C测年、微体古生物有孔虫、介形类、硅藻分析,海相双壳类、腹足类鉴定,沉积构造、沉积物颜色特征,结合已经报道的万顷沙钻孔研究成果,确定小榄镇—万顷沙地区东西向4个钻孔揭露了珠江河口地区LGM(末次盛冰期)河间地与古河谷区两类古地貌单元。由于处在较闭塞的地理位置,下切河谷从9 ka BP(¹⁴C 日历年龄)开始接受泥质沉积物充填,不同于长江三角洲和中国北方沿海平原古河谷充填的砂质沉积;大约7 cal ka BP 出现最大海侵,导致在古河间地LGM风化层之上发生海侵超覆,随后三角洲开始形成。按照河流层序与海面变化对应关系,没有发现海相微体生物的完整河流旋回应该对应MIS(深海氧同位素阶段)3海侵。基于对埋藏阶地的考虑,以及30年来测年技术对这段地层无法取得突破,认为存在着这样的可能性:即区域自上而下第2厚层富铝质红色风化层属于MIS4低水位域沉积,最底部见少量海相双壳类、腹足类的富有机质河口湾沉积单元可能属于MIS5晚期。     

航空电磁法在黄河口地区寻找浅层淡水的地质效果

对利用航空电磁法寻找浅层淡水的方法技术进行了探索,根据找水需要编制了保留区域场的三频标差异常图,对本区的海侵界线及海侵程度进行了研究,并在咸水区内圈定浅层淡水远景区29处,对各淡水远景区进行了分析与评价.     

Architecture and formation of transgressive–regressive cycles in marginal marine strata of the John Henry Member,Straight Cliffs Formation,Upper Cretaceous of Southern Utah,USA

Marginal marine deposits of the John Henry Member, Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation, were deposited within a moderately high accommodation and high sediment supply setting that facilitated preservation of both transgressive and regressive marginal marine deposits. Complete transgressive–regressive cycles, comprising barrier island lagoonal transgressive deposits interfingered with regressive shoreface facies, are distinguished based on their internal facies architecture and bounding surfaces. Two main types of boundaries occur between the transgressive and regressive portions of each cycle: (i) surfaces that record the maximum regression and onset of transgression (bounding surface A); and (ii) surfaces that place deeper facies on top of shallower facies (bounding surface B). The base of a transgressive facies (bounding surface A) is defined by a process change from wave‐dominated to tide‐dominated facies, or a coaly/shelly interval indicating a shift from a regressive to a transgressive regime. The surface recording such a process change can be erosional or non‐erosive and conformable. A shift to deeper facies occurs at the base of regressive shoreface deposits along both flooding surfaces and wave ravinement surfaces (bounding surface B). These two main bounding surfaces and their subtypes generate three distinct transgressive – regressive cycle architectures: (i) tabular, shoaling‐upward marine parasequences that are bounded by flooding surfaces; (ii) transgressive and regressive unit wedges that thin basinward and landward, respectively; and (iii) tabular, transgressive lagoonal shales with intervening regressive coaly intervals. The preservation of transgressive facies under moderately high accommodation and sediment supply conditions greatly affects stratigraphic architecture of transgressive–regressive cycles. Acknowledging variation in transgressive–regressive cycles, and recognizing transgressive successions that correlate to flooding surfaces basinward, are both critical to achieving an accurate sequence stratigraphic interpretation of high‐frequency cycles.     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代含煤地层层序地层与海侵成煤特点

层序划分的关键是层序界面的确定,无论是高级别的层序还是层序内部单元,都是以关键沉积或地层等时界面为边界的。由于海侵或者大规模水进水退导致的区域侵蚀面、事件性沉积在陆表海盆地充填中比较发育,因此,大面积水域扩张和退缩导致的大面积水流冲刷界面、沉积体系的大规模转换界面、盆地转折时期大面积的水流冲刷和河流复活形成的下切谷充填界面等都是层序划分的重要界面。煤层的形成是一个特殊的沉积事件,它可能是一个事件的结束,也可能是一个沉积事件的开始,因此也可能是划分层序的重要依据。将本溪组至下石盒子组划分出9个三级层序,4个二级层序。陆表海盆地三级层序为海侵体系域高位体系域二个单元组成;盆地转换期的沉积充填层序,以及陆相盆地三级层序均为低位、水侵和高位体系域三元结构层序。海侵成煤和事件成煤是鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代煤聚积的基本特色。      

Transgressive Surface as Sequence Boundary

Analysis of the four cases of the sequence boundary (SB)-transgressive surface (TS) relation in nature shows that applying transgressive surfaces as sequence boundaries has the following merits: it improves the methodology of stratigraphic subdivision; the position of transgressive surface in a sea level curve is relatively fixed; the transgressive surface is a transforming surface of the stratal structure; in platforms or ramps, the transgressive surface is the only choice for determining the sequence boundary; the transgressive surface is a readily recognized physical surface reflected by seismic records in seismostratigraphy. The paper reaches a conclusion that to delineate a SB in terms of the TS is theoretically and practically better than to delineate it between highstand and lowstand sediments as has been done traditionally.     

陆相盆地中的海侵层序特征:中欧盆地三叠系与松辽盆地白垩系对比研究

中欧盆地三叠系是典型的海陆过渡相沉积，松辽盆地白垩系是含有海侵事件记录的陆相河湖盆地。两盆地的共同特点是：①大陆克拉通上长期发育的大型坳陷盆地；②靠近古大洋和（或）有向海通道；③主要由互层状泥岩、粉砂岩、碳酸盐岩和膏盐层组成；④无典型海相化石，可能发育有半咸水和（或）高盐度生物；⑤海侵层中自生矿物的δ^34S,δ^13C,δ^18O同位素比值及介质盐度指数（Sr/Ba）、碱度指数（Ca Mg)／（Si Al）、还原性指标（Zn Ni)/Ga、硫沉积通量指数（归一化硫含量）等显著高于相邻层位背景值。     

豫西石千峰组研究新进展

豫西石千峰组很发育，分布广泛，据钻井的岩芯及化石划为三段，下段：平顶山砂岩段；中段：双壳类泥灰岩段；上段；石膏钙核段。平顶山砂岩段的地质时代为晚二叠世，地层上可同华北石千峰组下部对比，平顶山砂岩段同下伏上石盒子组为整合接触，经陆块南缘局部为不整合，称之海侵超覆，据石千峰组所含化石，说明华北陆块东南部晚二叠世为开阔海环境。