Solar irradiance forcing of centennial climate variability during the Holocene

Centennial climate variability during the Holocene has been simulated in two 10,000 year experiments using the intermediate-complexity ECBilt model. ECBilt contains a dynamic atmosphere, a global 3-D ocean model and a thermodynamic sea-ice model. One experiment uses orbital forcing and solar irradiance forcing, which is based on the Stuiver et al. residual ¹⁴C record spliced into the Lean et al. reconstruction. The other experiment uses orbital forcing alone. A glacier model is coupled off-line to the climate model. A time scale analysis shows that the response in atmospheric parameters to the irradiance forcing can be characterised as the direct response of a system with a large thermal inertia. This is evident in parameters like surface air temperature, monsoon precipitation and glacier length, which show a stronger response for longer time scales. The oceanic response, on the other hand, is strongly modified by internal feedback processes. The solar irradiance forcing excites a (damped) mode of the thermohaline circulation (THC) in the North Atlantic Ocean, similar to the loop-oscillator modes associated with random-noise freshwater forcing. This results in a significant peak (at time scales 200–250 year) in the THC spectrum which is absent in the reference run. The THC response diminishes the sea surface temperature response at high latitudes, while it gives rise to a signal in the sea surface salinity. A comparison of the model results with observations shows a number of encouraging similarities.     

根据孢粉分析推断上海地区近六千年以来的气候变迁

气候变迁是一个引人关心的问题,也是一个复杂的问题。气候也和其他自然现象一样,处于时刻的变化之中。正如恩格斯所指出:“整个自然界,从最小的东西到最大的东西,从沙粒到太阳,从原生物到人,都处于永恒的产生和消灭之中,处于不断的流动中,处于无休止的运动和变化中。”气候也遵循这一自然界的普遍规律,处于无休止的运动和变化中。几亿年的地球气候是以温暖和寒冷交替变化,人类出现以后地球气候也是处于不断的变化之中。     

Paleoclimatic inferences from glacial fluctuations on Svalbard during the last 20 000 years

The climate history of western Spitsbergen, Svalbard is deduced from variations of glaciers during the last 20 000 years. A major depression of the regional equilibrium line altitude (ELA) occurred during the Late Weichselian glacial maximum (18000–13000y ago) when low summer temperatures may have caused year-round snow accumulation on the ground. This rapid expansion of the glaciers also indicates nearby moisture sources, suggesting partly open conditions in the Norwegian Sea during the summers. A rapid glacial retreat around 13 000–12 500 y BP was caused by a sudden warming. During the Younger Dryas the ELA along the extreme western coast of Spitsbergen was not significantly lower than at present. In contrast to Fennoscandia, the British Isles and the Alps, there is no evidence for readvance of local glaciers during Younger Dryas on western Spitsbergen. This difference is attributed to a much dryer climate on Spitsbergen and probably only slight changes in sea surface temperatures. In addition, summer melting in this high arctic area is more sensitive to orbitally increased insolation. Around 10 000 y BP another rapid warming occurred and during early and mid Holocene the summer temperatures were significantly higher than at present. A temperature decline during the late Holocene caused regrowth of the glaciers which reached their maximum Holocene position during the last century.Contribution to Clima Locarno — Past and Present Climate Dynamics; Conference September 1990, Swiss Academy of Sciences — National Climate Program     

Preliminary analysis of climatic variation during the last 39 years in China

The preliminary analysis of climatic variation in China during the last 39 years has been made in this paper. The results show that although the global climate is getting warmer, some parts of China are cooling. The warming only occurs in Northeast, North and the west part of Northwest China while the areas between about 35oN and Nanling Mountain, east of the Tibetan Plateau in China are getting cooler. The cooling centers are located in Sichuan, the south part of Shaanxi and the north part of Yunnan respectively. According to the theory of greenhouse effect, there are much precipitation at low and high latitudes and less precipitation in middle latitude. However, the precipitation in the most parts of China has been decreased, especially in North and Northwest China.     

近四十年我国气候变化的初步分析

利用NCEP/NCAR（National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research）2001-2010年再分析资料,检验了全球气候系统模式CESM中大气模块CAM（Community Atmosphere Model）对亚洲夏季风和大气热源的模拟能力。结果显示,模式可以再现亚洲夏季风和大气热源的主要特征。通过敏感试验探讨人为气溶胶影响亚洲夏季风的机理,分析、讨论了气溶胶引起的非均匀加热的变化对辐散风和无辐散风强度的影响,在机理上解释了亚洲夏季风减弱的原因。结果表明,人为气溶胶浓度的升高使东亚夏季风强度在中国东南地区、中南半岛北部和印度半岛北部减弱。而中国东南部季风的减弱促使中国内陆降水减少,沿海降水增多。进一步分析人为气溶胶浓度升高的作用发现,其改变了大气热源的分布,造成阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和中国南海大气热源增强,中国东部地区和中南半岛大气热源减弱,其中气溶胶通过影响凝结潜热来改变大气热源,主要是对对流过程的影响。此外,大气热源分布的变化改变了季风区的热力结构,使中国东南地区、中南半岛北部的加热减弱,从而减少了全位能的产生,使得全位能向辐散风的转换减小,辐散风减弱;同时,中国东南部、中南半岛北部季风由于辐散风向无辐散风转换的减弱,无辐散风减弱,最终导致了夏季风强度的减弱。而且,人为气溶胶对亚洲夏季风的影响主要通过大气热力和动力过程的响应产生作用。     

Urban heat island effect on annual mean temperature during the last 50 years in China

Summary Based on Chinas fifth population survey (2000) data and homogenized annual mean surface air temperature data, the urban heat island (UHI) effect on the warming during the last 50 years in China was analyzed in this study. In most cities with population over 10⁴, where there are national reference stations and principal stations, most of the temperature series are inevitably affected by the UHI effect. To detect the UHI effect, the annual mean surface air temperature (SAT) time series were firstly classified into 5 subregions by using Rotated Principal Components Analysis (RPCA) according to its high and low frequency climatic change features. Then the average UHI effect on each subregions regional annual mean STA was studied. Results indicate that the UHI effect on the annual mean temperatures includes three aspects: increase of the average values, decrease of variances and change of the climatic trends. The effect on the climatic trends is different from region to region. In the Yangtze River Valley and South China, the UHI effect enhances the warming trends by about 0.011°C/decade. In the other areas, such as Northeast, North-China, and Northwest, UHI has little impact on the warming trends of the regional annual temperature; while in the Southwest of China, introducing UHI stations slows down the warming trend by –0.006°C/decade. But no matter what subregion it is, the total warming/cooling of these effects is much smaller than the background change in regional temperature. The average UHI effect for the entire country, during the last 50 years is less than 0.06°C, which agrees well with the IPCC (2001). This suggests that we cannot conclude that urbanization during the last 50 years has had much obvious effect on the observed warming in China.     

The reduction of global radiation in south-eastern Norway during the last 50 years

Summary At the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (previously known as the Agricultural University of Norway), measurements of global radiation have been performed since 1949. Rurally located, 35 km south of Oslo (59°40′N, 10°46′E), the local climate is not affected by industry or heavy traffic. The recent focus on global dimming in the scientific literature, and the impact a reduction of solar radiation on the Earth’s surface would have on agriculture and the biosphere in general, motivated us to collect and analyze the global radiation data. On a monthly basis, the reduction in radiation varied between more than 4% per decade in April and June to less than 2% per decade in January and May. The analyses show a reduction in the annual sum of global radiation by 2.5% or 3.1% per decade, depending on whether analyses were restricted to years with reliable and complete data sets (31 years from 1950 to 2003) or included all individual months with reliable data (545 months) were used.     

广东野外雷电综合观测试验十年进展

雷电野外科学试验是认识雷电发生、发展物理过程及其致灾机理的重要途径,也是开展真实雷电电磁环境下雷电防护技术测试的重要方式。自2006年开始,中国气象科学研究院和广东省气象局在广州野外雷电试验基地,持续合作开展了雷电野外综合观测试验,在人工触发闪电和自然闪电物理过程及其雷电防护技术测试试验等方面取得了若干研究结果。十年期间共成功触发闪电94次,回击电流峰值最大值为42 kA,平均值为16 kA;分析给出了自然闪电预击穿过程电场变化脉冲特征类型和差异;观测发现高建筑物上行连接先导可达几百米甚至超过1 km,其发展速度可达106 m/s量级,下行先导与上行连接先导的连接呈多样性;雷电防护技术测试试验表明人工触发闪电近距离电磁场耦合在架空线路上的感应电压达到千伏量级,多回击、长连续电流和地电位抬升是造成浪涌保护器(SPD)损害的主要因素;闪电定位系统探测性能的评估结果显示粤港澳闪电定位系统的闪电和回击的探测效率分别为96%和89%,定位误差算术平均值为532 m,回击电流强度的估算值约为真实值的0.63倍。     

近54a湖南区域暴雨的时空分布特征

基于1960—2013年湖南88个台站逐日降水数据,采取线性趋势分析等方法分析了近54 a湖南区域暴雨的时空分布特征。从时间变化上看,近54 a湖南区域暴雨日以6月208 d为最多,1月0 d为最少;夏季、春季、秋季及冬季区域暴雨日数占总日数的百分比依次为60%、29%、10%及1%。暴雨日数、暴雨强度均值突变点分别为1994年、1995年,暴雨初日的均值突变点为1983、1994年,暴雨终日无均值突变;暴雨日数与暴雨强度(暴雨发生终日)总体上呈上升(后延)趋势。基于突变点分段线性趋势分析表明,仅暴雨日数在1994—2013年及暴雨强度在1960—1994年期间呈显著下降趋势。从空间分布上看,区域暴雨强度及其与非区域暴雨强度的差值、区域暴雨持续2日或以上的暴雨强度及其与单日暴雨强度的差值的大值区主要位于湘西北及湘东南,小值区主要位于湘西南-湘东北的带状区域;全部站点的区域暴雨强度均大于非区域暴雨强度,89%的台站持续2日或以上的区域暴雨强度大于单日区域暴雨强度。区域暴雨、总体暴雨的台站暴雨最长持续日数分别为1~4 d、2~4 d,均集中在2~3 d且其站数占总站数的百分比分别为97.7%、96.6%。     

History of climate and forests in tropical Africa during the last 8 million years

There have been major changes in climate and in the composition and distribution of forest during the last 8 Myr. During the last world glacial maximum (peak 18 000 yr B.P.) the climate was dry and cold and forest much reduced and fragmented. The last glacial period as a whole (12000–70000 B.P.) was dry in tropical Africa and so too were most of the other 20 major ice ages which have occurred since 2.43 Myr B.P., in comparison with intervening interglacials. The extent of forest must have oscillated greatly. There has been a general drying in climate since 8 Myr.     

Temporal and spatial variability of dryness/wetness in China during the last 530 years

Summary The main characteristics of spatial and temporal variability of dryness and wetness during the last 530 years (1470–1999) are classified over five centuries. They have been investigated by using 100-site dryness/wetness index data that has recorded the historical weather conditions that affect agriculture and living conditions in eastern China. A set of principal modes of spatial variability and time coefficient series describing the dominant temporal variability are extracted by a diagnostic method, the rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis. The long-term precipitation around Beijing, north China and the long-term runoffs in the middle Yangtze River are used to confirm the dry/wet variability in north China and the mid-low Yangtze River over the last two centuries.When considering the data from the last 530 years as a whole, the first two modes of dryness/wetness variability are found in the mid to low sections of two major valleys in eastern China, the Yellow and Yangtze River valleys. These valleys experienced the largest dryness/wetness variability in the history of eastern China. The third and fourth modes are located in northwest and northeast China. The fifth and sixth modes are situated in south and southwest China. However, over the last 500 years the strength and location of principal modes have experienced significant changes. During the 20th century, the first mode is found in the lower Yangtze River valley, the second mode in south China while the third mode is located in the mid-low Yellow River valley. During the 19^th century, the first three modes are situated in the mid-low Yellow River, the mid-low Yangtze River and south China, respectively. The first two modes in the 18^th century are located in the mid-low Yellow River and the mid-low Yangtze River valleys. The largest change of all modes occurred in the 17^th century with the first mode in northeast China, the second mode in northwest China, and the third mode in the mid-low Yangtze River valley. During the 16^th century, the first two modes are found in the mid-low Yangtze River and the mid-low Yellow River valleys.In each of the last five centuries, some special dryness/wetness processes are characterized in the mid-low Yangtze River and the mid-low Yellow River (north China). During the 20^th century, continuous and severe wetness is experienced in the mid-low Yangtze River in the last two decades. A two-decade wetness period in north China was followed by a severe dry period in the late 19^th century. Inter-annual variability, decade and two-decade oscillations of dryness/wetness are experienced in the series of different modes from one century to another. Dry/wet variations in north China and the middle Yangtze River are confirmed by series of data on local precipitation and runoff.     

近50年来中国极端降水趋势与物理成因研究综述

2021年8月11日20时—12日20时（北京时,下同）湖北北部发生极端降水,24 h降水量最大达518.5 mm,1 h降水量最大达117.9 mm,造成了严重灾害。基于常规气象观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,采用统计学方法和天气学诊断分析法,对该过程极端降水的特征及天气学成因进行初步分析。利用常规气象观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对2021年8月12日湖北省北部极端降水特征及其中尺度演变特征、环流形势和物理量极端性的天气学成因进行初步分析。结果表明：（1）不同区域降水性质不同,总体有累计降水量大、小时雨强强、降水时段集中、极端性突出、致灾性强等特点。（2）β中尺度对流云团发展迅速、持续时间长、东移速度慢是造成此次极端降水的主要因素。（3）高层南亚高压、高空急流以及中层副热带高压和低槽是主要影响系统,中低层切变线、低层低涡以及偏东急流是直接参与者。（4）925—850 hPa低涡和偏东急流异常强盛且长时间维持,导致低层形成强动力辐合中心和强水汽辐合中心,有利于700 hPa以下上升运动发展和维持。偏东急流也有利于低层能量锋加强南压以及θ_se高能区和对流不稳定层结的建立,促进对流性强降水的发生发展。（5）925—850 hPa的涡度、垂直速度、比湿和整层可降水量均表现出异常的极端性,且其异常度演变趋势与雨强演变趋势基本一致。

     

World ocean temperature lag time: an analysis based on glaciation data for the last two million years

Summary ?It is postulated that before the influence of glaciation, it was the amount of cloud cover and the thermal inertia of the ocean that controlled the Earth’s temperature. The control system went into oscillation 37 myr BP when Antarctica started moving into its present position, the temperature of the ocean and that of the rest of the environment opposing each other in antisymmetric mode. Support for this theory is provided by the observation of periods of enhanced glaciation at regular intervals. The enhancement, being attributed to harmonics with the Earth’s 22,000 yr-precession and 41,000 yr-nutation cycles, allows the calculation of 23,500 yr for the period of the ocean/atmosphere-temperature cycle. The corresponding lag time between atmosphere and ocean is 11,750 yr. Received February 17, 2002; revised March 19, 2002; accepted April 9, 2002     

ENSO influence on Europe during the last centuries

El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects climate not only in the Pacific region and the tropics, but also in the North Atlantic-European area. Studies based on twentieth-century data have found that El Niño events tend to be accompanied in late winter by a negative North Atlantic Oscillation index, low temperatures in northeastern Europe and a change in precipitation patterns. However, many questions are open, for example, concerning the stationarity of this relation. Here we study the relation between ENSO and European climate during the past 500 years based on statistically reconstructed ENSO indices, early instrumental station series, and reconstructed fields of surface air temperature, sea-level pressure, precipitation, and 500 hPa geopotential height. After removing years following tropical volcanic eruptions (which systematically mask the ENSO signal), we find a consistent and statistically significant ENSO signal in late winter and spring. The responses to El Niño and La Niña are close to symmetric. In agreement with studies using twentieth-century data only, the ENSO signal in precipitation is different in fall than in late winter. Moving correlation analyses confirm a stationary relationship between ENSO and late winter climate in Europe during the past 300 years. However, the ENSO signal is modulated significantly by the North Pacific climate. A multi-field cluster analysis for strong ENSO events during the past 300 years yields a dominant pair of clusters that is symmetric and represents the ‘classical’ ENSO effects on Europe.     

近50a江淮地区梅雨期水汽输送特征研究

利用1958—2007年ERA再分析风场及气压场资料和APHRO高分辨率逐日降水资料,对近50 a来梅雨期水汽输送的时空特征及其与江淮地区降水的关系进行了研究,发现各条水汽通道对江淮地区梅雨期降水强度及范围的影响程度均不同。梅雨期影响我国降水的水汽输送有显著的年际变化,并且水汽输送强弱年对应江淮地区降水强度也有明显差异。相关分析及合成差值的结果显示,西太平洋水汽输送贡献更大,且西太平洋水汽输送(东南通道)增强时,江淮地区降水增多。印度洋水汽输送的加强会减弱太平洋的水汽输送从而使得江淮少雨。在全球变暖的背景下,西太平洋的水汽输送对降水的增强作用有所减弱而印度洋输送所导致降水强度减弱的范围则明显扩大。自1980年起,江淮降水出现缓慢增多的趋势与全球变暖所导致的东亚环流异常进而影响水汽输送异常相关。     

The Northward Shift of Climatic Belts in China During the Last 50 Years and the Corresponding Seasonal Responses

Along the meridian of 105°E, the Chinese region are divided into two parts, east and west. The results show that in the east part of China the temperate extratropical belt, the warm extratropical belt,and the northern subtropical belt shift northward significantly, whereas the middle subtropical belt and the southern subtropical belt have less or no change. As for the northern subtropical belt, the maximal northward shift can reach 3.7 degrees of latitude. As for the warm extratropical belt, along the meridian of 120°-125°E, the maximal northward shift can reach 3-4 degrees. In the west part of China, each climatic belt changes little. Only in the Xinjiang area are the significant northward shifts. Correspondingly, it is found that in the last 50 years the traditional seasons have changed. For Beijing, Hailar, and Lanzhou, in general, summer becomes longer and winter shorter over the last 50 years. Summer begins early and ends late with respect to early 1950s. Contrary to the summer, winter begins la     

Where and when did an abrupt climatic change occur in China during the last 43 years?

Summary A climatic regionalization of the atmospheric drought indices (ADI) in both winter and summer over China was carried out utilizing orthogonally rotated principal component (RPC) analysis. An abrupt climatic change in the last 43 years was identified with the Mann-Kendall test, the sequential t-test, and the criterion of signal/noise for time series of the regional ADI in winter and summer. The results obtained with three statistic tests were also compared.It is found that a drought in winter persisted for almost 21 years from around 1972, and a slightly persistent drought in summer started from around 1961 in the Northern part of China. In addition, a summer climatic jump to a drought appeared around 1979 in South China. However, a weak abrupt change from drought to a wet spell in summer occurred around 1970 in Middle China during the period from 1959 to 1984.With 7 Figures     

江苏省近50 a夏季降水变化及其与ENSO的关系

利用中国气象局2 400余个台站观测资料制作的数据集CN05.1中的降水资料、美国国家大气海洋局气候预测中心(NOAA/CPC)扩展重建的海表温度资料(ERSST v4)及美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合制作的逐日再分析资料NECP-1中的500 hPa位势高度场资料、850 hPa风场资料及海平面气压场资料,采用经验正交函数分解、功率谱分析等方法,探讨了近50 a江苏省夏季降水变化特征及其与ENSO的关系。结果表明:(1)江苏夏季降水呈现出两种典型的空间分布模态,第一模态呈现了全省降水一致变化的空间分布格局;第二模态反映了江苏省降水南北反向变化的特征。(2)两种降水模态对应的时间序列具有不同的周期。第一模态对应的时间序列存在明显的年际振荡(主周期为4～5 a);而第二模态则存在显著的年代际振荡(主周期为16 a)。(3)El Niňo事件次年江苏省夏季降水整体增多;La Niňa年江苏省夏季降水呈现南涝北旱的空间格局。