加拿大"海王星"海底观测网

加拿大"海王星"海底观测网(NEPTUNE-Canada)是世界首个深海海底大型联网观测站,位于东太平洋的胡安·德·夫卡板块最北部.它以板块构造运动、海底下的流体、海洋生物与气候、深海生态系统为科学目标,通过海底光缆连接安装在海底的仪器设备,进行实时、连续的观测,并通过光电缆将观测信息传回陆地实验室.此外,NEPTUN...     

广东南雄盆地的"南雄层"和"丹霞层"

本文沿用263地质队资料,将南雄红层底部出现的第Ⅰ沉积旋回划为松山组;重新厘定了南雄群的含义,阐明其间各岩石地层单位顶、底界线标志;沿用罗佛寨群;指出不必用丹霞群(组)表示南雄盆地边缘相的粗碎屑岩层,并认为丹霞盆地的丹霞组相当于南雄盆地的园圃组下段,建议南雄盆地弃用丹霞群(组)一名.在此基础上提出,粤北地区白垩系-古近系岩石地层序列是由松山组,南雄群(园圃组、主田组、浈水组),罗佛寨群(上湖组、浓山组、古城村组)组成.     

珠江流域"94·6"、"98·6"暴雨洪水特点及其比较分析

根据珠江流域“94·6”、“98·6”暴雨洪水的大量相关资料,分析了这两场暴雨洪水的特点并进行比较分析,找出其异同点。对认识珠江流域的暴雨洪水特性,不但具有重要的参考价值,而且将为防汛抗洪提供可靠科学依据。     

"标准正态转换法"用于化探数据特征的"反推"以及系统误差的调平

将水系沉积物样本数据转换到具有岩石样样本数据特征的水平上,近似地称为水系沉积物样品的"反推".文章利用"标准正态转换法"对此作了一些探讨:将两者的样本数据都转换成标准正态分布的形态,在此基础上,再将水系沉积物样本数据转换到岩石样水平.该样本数据的总体特征具有岩石样样本的数据特征.该方法还可以对工作区内不同区块分析数据的系统误差进行调平.并以1∶ 25万四子王旗幅为例说明了该方法在这两方面的应用.     

"罗汉寺岩群"的基本特征

依据岩石组合,沉积特征,变质变形,岩石化学、同位素等资料,从凤县唐藏地区北带泥盆系中解体出一套浅变质,强变形的变质火山—沉积岩系,并建立"罗汉寺岩群"构造岩石地层单位。根据该岩群中斜长角闪岩选角闪石做K—Ar变质年龄为764 6Ma及区域资料,初步将其划归新元古界,认为它可能是商单构造带长期发展演化的产物之一。     

"Fossil"汉语译名演变考

"Fossil"来源于拉丁文fossilis,最初用于指地中挖掘物。中文"化石"一词初为矿物、岩石的总称,或用作动词。西文"fossil"先后被汉译为塔形石、殭石等,汉语译名亦几经变化。本文根据晚清西学译著、近代刊物及教科书中关于化石的介绍,厘清了"fossil"一词译名的演变,指出中文将"fossil"译为"化石"并用于指地中生物遗迹的说法至20世纪初方才确定。     

"蓝色风暴"与"红色革命"——论创建新的"大陆构造学说"

60年代兴起的板块构造学说如一场"兰色风暴"席卷全球,开创了地球科学的新纪元。但是,板块构造学说也存在许多难以解释的问题,板块构造学说解决不了大陆地质问题。大陆有不同于海洋的特点,大陆需要有新的理论。为此,美国构造学家在2002年率先提出了超越板块构造(beyond plate tectonics)的思想,开辟了地球科学研究的新领域,具有里程碑式的意义。作者的研究发现,板块构造学说解释不了花岗岩问题,应当另辟蹊径,开展一场"红色革命",创建有别于板块构造学说的新的大陆构造学说。作者指出,板块构造不是全球构造,板块构造 地幔柱构造也不是全球构造,板块构造 大陆构造才是全球构造。文中回顾了中国大陆构造研究的历史和现状,建议将大陆的形成与演化、大陆构造与板块构造的关系、陆壳与地幔的关系和大陆变化与环境、生态、人居的关系作为大陆构造学研究的4个目标,提出4项研究任务,并建议以中国东部活化和青藏高原抬升两个课题作为研究的切入点。文中还探讨了大陆构造学研究的前景,分析了中国在创建新的大陆构造学中的有利条件和不利因素,指出开创新的大陆构造学说,需要国家的大投入,思想的大解放和人才的大引进。     

"绿色建筑"随笔

人是离不开人类所依赖的“自然社会”的，而建筑活动作为人类一个车要的生活组成部分，如何利用自然，保护自然环境，与自然环境“共生”，是摆在建筑师面前的重要任务，是对建筑师们提出的挑战，也是21世纪人类所面临的严峻任务。可以预言，“生态建筑”将是21世纪人类社会建筑活动的主流建筑形式。阐述了如何实施“生态城市”、“生态建筑”     

网络多"S"集成技术在地质异常矿体定位中的应用前景

在运用地质异常理论圈定"5P"地段过程中,如何有效地组织、处理分析庞大的综合找矿信息,进而做出正确的判断是一个极其关键的问题.笔者认为多"S"集成系统应包括GIS、GPS、RS、VS、ES等,从应用目的出发,选择与之相应的信息采集、管理、挖掘,处理和应用手段,且基于网络技术,采用特定的软、硬件将其集成在一起.这种新型的集成技术将为地质异常矿体定位提供更为方便而快捷的操作系统、崭新的信息技术和统一的多源信息分析结果,将大大提高"5P"地段圈定的效率和精度.     

为什么地球变"湿"了

今年欧洲举办的迄今为止规模最大的一次地球科学会议上 ,科学家们专门就洪水现象进行了广泛的讨论。许多事实表明 ,全球温度的上升和气候变暖极有可能促发大量的灾害性事件。英国伯克郡哈得里气象预测与研究中心的瑞查德·贝兹认为 ,因全球变暖而引发的灾难将会比人们想象的要多得多 ,特别是极易被忽视的洪水灾害。为什么地球变“湿”了 ?目前采用的气象研究模式认为空气变暖后 ,由于带走了更多的水分而对平均降雨量产生了影响。据推测 ,到 2 10 0年 ,仅此一项就会使世界范围的降雨量增加 1% ,许多河流堤坝将会被冲毁。但是 ,贝兹指出上述模…     

Climate change and increased risk for the insurance sector: a global perspective and an assessment for the Netherlands

Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. As a consequence, economic losses caused by natural catastrophes could increase significantly. This will have considerable consequences for the insurance sector. On the one hand, increased risk from weather extremes requires assessing expected changes in damage and including adequate climate change projections in risk management. On the other hand, climate change can also bring new business opportunities for insurers. This paper gives an overview of the consequences of climate change for the insurance sector and discusses several strategies to cope with and adapt to increased risks. The particular focus is on the Dutch insurance sector, as the Netherlands is extremely vulnerable to climate change, especially with regard to extreme precipitation and flooding. Current risk sharing arrangements for weather risks are examined while potential new business opportunities, adaptation strategies, and public–private partnerships are identified.     

Spectral-correlational and kinetic models for the motion of the Earth

We consider linear and nonlinear spectral-correlational and kinetic models for fluctuations in the motion of the Earth based on the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov and Pugachev equations. Particular attention is paid to Gaussian linear and nonlinear (statistically linearized) models. The results of analytical statistical modeling are presented.     

印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞的新模式及其对青藏高原构造演化的影响

青藏高原南部与北部的断裂带走滑方向不同，断裂带在高原东、西两侧的展布规律和构造运动方式也存在极大的差异。通过高原南缘横向地球物理特征的对比，发现该地区东、西两侧深部岩石圈结构存在明显不同，表明印度次大陆向欧亚大陆俯冲碰撞的方式和强度在横向上差异明显。在充分利用高原地质研究最新成果的基础上，提出印度次大陆向欧亚大陆碰撞前地壳增厚及斜向碰撞是造成上述地质现象的根本原因，并由此对青藏高原构造演化的一些特点作了新的解释和探讨。     

Isotopic evidence for the magmatic and tectonic histories of the Carolina terrane: implications for stratigraphy and terrane affiliation

Establishing the age and crustal nature of exotic terranes and their underlying basements helps to determine their paleogeographic origin and tectonic histories. We present U–Pb ages of zircons and Sm–Nd whole rock isotopic data for volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Carolina terrane, one of several peri-Gondwanan terranes that were accreted to the margins of the circum-Atlantic continents during the Paleozoic. Volcanism in this subduction-related arc culminated in the eruption of the Morrow Mountain rhyolite, at ca. 540 Ma; thus, magmatism in the Carolina terrane ceased at the beginning of the Cambrian. The presence of inherited zircons and non-juvenile depleted mantle model ages of Carolina slate belt rocks favor a basement that is, at least in part, composed of evolved continental crust. Ages of inherited xenocrystic zircons cluster at ca. 1000, 2100 and 2500 Ma. These ages, in addition to volcanism at ca. 618–540 Ma, correlate best with well-known tectonic events in present-day northern South America. Specifically, the Orinoquian-Sunsas, the Trans-Amazonian and the Central Amazonian orogenic zones are likely candidates for potential basement correlatives to the Carolina terrane. Sm–Nd isotopic signatures vary significantly, but permit assimilation of Orinoquian age (1000 Ma) crust by magmas derived from the depleted mantle in a subduction (arc-related) setting. Our findings are also consistent with proposed correlations between the Carolina terrane and Avalonia which is likewise believed to have formed along the northern margin of present-day South America.     

Evidence for wildfire in the Meishan section and implications for Permian-Triassic events

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and black carbon (BC) in sediments are powerful tools in the identification of the combustion process throughout geologic history. In this study, combustion-derived PAHs and BC were carefully investigated in sediments from the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic (P/Tr) boundary in Meishan, China. Quantitative analyses of combustion-derived PAHs and BC demonstrate anomalously high concentrations in the boundary event beds that coincide with the mass extinction horizon. The prevalence of parent polynuclear aromatics (e.g., phenanthrene) in PAHs, together with non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, confirms that the PAHs are mainly derived from vegetation burning instead of having a coal and/or oil origin. BC detected in sediment occurs in various forms from large irregular charcoal particles to fine aciniform soot, with an equivalent reflectance of up to 3.5%. The results strongly suggest that a wildfire occurred during the P/Tr boundary, which served as one of the possible triggers of mass extinction on land. The wildfire occurrence indicates that the O₂ concentration of the atmosphere during (or before) the P/Tr mass extinction was probably >17%. The temporal coincidence of the mass extinction with intensive volcanic eruption, marine anoxia and wildfire events in the region of the Meishan section provides new insight into the mechanisms of the P/Tr biotic crisis. Our results show that wildfires could have played an important role in the collapse of the ecosystem in the Meishan P/Tr events.     

Quantitative technique for assessing the geomorphic thresholds for floodplain instability and braiding in the semi-arid environment

For the semi-arid environment of southern California, a reach-scale classification system and conceptual model were created to synthesize the observed floodplain forms into three basic floodplain continuums: armored, non-armored, and active-regional alluvial fan. These continuums are comprised of three to five alluvial floodplain forms (cascade, step-pool, plane-coarse-bed, plane-mixed-bed, plane-fine-bed, pool-riffle, braided, and dune-ripple). For the non-armored floodplain continuum, a floodplain state diagram has been generated to quantitatively describe the natural downstream progression of floodplain forms and geometry, using specific stream power and the width-to-depth ratio as the state and shape metrics, respectively. Based on field data for 91 cross sections along 14 watercourses, this floodplain state diagram provided the basis to define geomorphic thresholds for floodplain instability and braiding using logistic regression analyses. This method for defining floodplain instability thresholds provides a unique management tool by providing both a systematic and a quantitative means to assess the stability state of watercourses and, thereby, provide a means for assessing the potential for the hazards associated with watercourse instability.     

GPS results for Macedonia and its importance for the tectonics of the Southern Balkan extensional regime

GPS results from 25 stations in Macedonia measured in 1996 and 2000 show that Macedonia moves SSE relative to Eurasia essentially as a single crustal piece along with parts of westernmost Bulgaria. Geological studies show active N–S normal faults and two NNW-striking right-lateral faults in western Macedonia, and NW-trending left-lateral faults SE Macedonia, with a region in central Macedonia essentially devoid of active faults. Distribution of seismic activity supports the geological studies. However, the GPS results cannot discriminate the active faulting, except perhaps in the northern part of Macedonia in the Skopje and adjacent areas, where active ~NS extension occurs. Slip-rates on the strike-slip faults must be low, in the range of 0–2 mm/year. There is a progressive increase in GPS velocities southward in northern Greece toward the North Anatolian fault zone, across which the velocities increase and change direction dramatically.     

花岗质岩石新地球化学分类介绍及有关问题评述

Frost等主要依据花岗岩类常量元素分析,考虑铁镁指数,修改的碱钙指数(MALI)和铝饱和指数三个参数,将花岗岩类岩石划分为16个成分组,即16种类型。该分类方案能对岩浆来源和大地构造背景提供信息,基本上保留了以前一些花岗岩分类方案的最佳品质。本文对这个分类方案进行了详细介绍,并对各种花岗岩类分类方案进行了简要评述。     

The relation between the observed mass distribution for compact stars and the mechanism for supernova explosions

The observed mass distribution for the compact remnants of massive stars (neutron stars and black holes) and its relationship to the possible mechanism of ejection of the envelopes of type II and Ib/c supernovae are analyzed. The observed lack of compact remnants with masses 1.5–3 M _⊙ suggests a magneto-rotational mechanism for the supernovae, and a soft equation of state for neutron stars with limiting masses near 1.5 M _⊙. The observational consequences of this hypothesis are discussed.