辐射参数化方案对气候模拟和回报的影响

研究两种不同辐射参数化方案(Morcrette 方案和Ritter方案)对一个大气环流模式及其与一个海洋环流模式的耦合模式的模拟和回报效果的影响. 大气模式的模拟结果表明,采用Morcrette方案模拟的降水较采用Ritter方案有明显改进.采用Morcrette辐射方案的大气模式对夏季500 hPa高度场的模拟比采用Ritter方案的大气模式有明显改进,但对冬季500 hPa高度场的模拟没有改进.大气-海洋耦合模式的20年夏季回报结果表明采用Morcrette方案回报的夏季降水在华北和江淮地区明显比采用Ritter辐射方案好;对于夏季温度,带有Morcrette方案的耦合模式的回报在江淮地区没有带有Ritter方案的耦合模式好,但在黄河以北和新疆等地区,前者明显好于后者.     

三类陆面模式模拟土壤湿度廓线的对比研究

针对不同陆面模式对土壤湿度方程求解方法以及对土壤分层结构的差异, 本文选取了三类陆面模式（CLM, CABLE和ECMWF陆面模式）作比较研究。为了避免不同模式参数化方案引起的上边界误差, 上边界采用固定蒸发率、 入渗率和固定表层土壤湿度三类边界条件。土壤分层采用101层（细网格）和11层（粗网格）两种, 并考虑土壤性质沿深度变化。结果表明： 当土壤性质均匀时, 求解的差别主要在第三类边界条件下CLM 求出的水分入渗速度比其它两种快; 改用粗网格后由于土壤深层厚度加大无法与细网格得出的土壤湿度廓线相重合。当土壤性质非均匀时, 模拟结果间差别加大, 只有ECMWF模式模拟的土壤湿度廓线是严格连续的。对于模式和上边界的不同组合, 粗、 细网格模拟结果间均方根偏差不一致。一般而言, CABLE模拟的偏差除第一类条件较小外, 其它都是最大的。第二三类边界条件引起的偏差较大, 第一类最小。上述结果提示我们, 在比较不同陆面模式以及用观测资料来检验模拟结果时应充分考虑土壤分层及土壤性质非均匀性的可能影响。     

"98.7"特大暴雨低涡的螺旋度和动能诊断分析

“98．7”特大暴雨过程与700hPa低涡切变线的强烈发展以及丰沛的水汽和强垂直运动密切相关。螺旋度的诊断结果揭示,与强暴雨区和切变线低涡相应的是一对符号相反而又紧邻的螺旋度带。它们的垂直结构是一对符号相反而又互伴的螺旋度柱;螺旋度及其诸分量的量级是相同的。这表明,垂直运动的水平切变和水平速度的垂直切变以及水平速度的水平切变对螺旋度有相同大小的员献,也意味着强垂直运动和低空急流对暴雨的发生和发展极其重要。动能的诊断结果显示。强动能区与暴雨区和低涡切变线有很好的对应关系,在中、低空的强动能中心也正是强降雨中心;动能最强的700hPa也是低涡切变线发展最强的层面。强动能及其强梯度区和强螺旋度区基本一致。表明强动能及其强梯度对螺旋度变率及其通量有重要贡献。     

川渝地区两类西南涡形成前环境物理量场分析

利用地面自动站常规资料、探空资料和NCEP再分析资料,挑选了2009~2012年发生在27~33°N,105~110°E的25个有暴雨产生和25个没有暴雨产生的西南涡。通过再分析资料对两类系统形成前的环境物理量场进行对比分析,结果表明有无暴雨产生的西南涡形成前约6h的环境物理量场区别明显:在对流层低层,相对无暴雨产生的西南涡,有暴雨产生的西南涡强度、尺度及冷暖空气交汇更强,涡西北侧有一股较强冷空气侵入;在对流层中层,有暴雨产生的西南涡在上游有小槽存在,而无暴雨产生的西南涡不存在明显的波动小槽;在对流层高层,有暴雨产生的西南涡的涡中心位于南亚高压东北侧,高空急流在距离涡区北侧约500km处,而无暴雨产生的西南涡上空为强劲的高空急流,没有闭合的南亚高压形态存在。有暴雨产生的西南涡水汽输送和水汽汇聚量比无暴雨产生的西南涡更大;有暴雨产生的西南涡具有低层辐合、正涡度和高层负涡度、辐散的一致性叠置特征,而无暴雨产生的西南涡此特征不显著;有暴雨产生的西南涡的涡中心附近上升运动为大值中心,中心及西、南侧为中性或不稳定层结,而无暴雨产生的西南涡的涡中心不是上升运动大值中心,低层为中性层结。      

A Local Implementation of the POD-Based Ensemble 4DVar with R-Localization

The purpose of this paper is to provide a robust and flexible implementation of a proper orthogonal decomposition-based ensemble four-dimensional variational assimilation method(PODEn4DVar) through Rlocalization.With R-localization,the implementation of the local PODEn4DVar analysis can be coded for parallelization with enhanced assimilation precision.The feasibility and effectiveness of the PODEn4DVar local implementation with R-localization are demonstrated in a two-dimensional shallow-water equation model with simulated observations(OSSEs) in comparison with the original version of the PODEn4DVar with B-localization and that without localization.The performance of the PODEn4DVar with localization shows a significant improvement over the scheme with no localization,particularly under the imperfect model scenario.Moreover,the R-localization scheme is capable of outperforming the Blocalization case to a certain extent.Further,the assimilation experiments also demonstrate that PODEn4DVar with R-localization is most efficient due to its easy parallel implementation.     

大气环流指数低频振荡机制的流体物理实验研究

使用旋转的环形水槽,用热力驱动的斜压流体作模拟实验,研究地形对斜压波流动状态的影响。使用对称分布的双峰正弦波地形,测量流体中层的流场,计算流函数并作谐波分析,对比无地形及有地形强迫的大尺度流动状态。实验表明,大尺度地形的作用是,对斜压波在时间和空间进行调制,使流动在时间和空间变得不均匀,使斜压波产生127转台旋转周期的振荡。量纲分析表明,这一周期相当于地球自转的26d。这使我们认为,大气环流指数的低频振荡的原因,可能是由于近似对称分布的亚洲及美洲山系大尺度地形的作用,造成大气动量随时间的变化,即对大气流动在时间和空间进行调制造成的。     

Customization of regional climate model (RegCM4) over Indian region

The regional climate model (RegCM4) is customized for 10-year climate simulation over Indian region through sensitivity studies on cumulus convection and land surface parameterization schemes. The model is configured over 30° E–120° E and 15° S–45° N at 30-km horizontal resolution with 23 vertical levels. Six 10-year (1991–2000) simulations are conducted with the combinations of two land surface schemes (BATS, CLM3.5) and three cumulus convection schemes (Kuo, Grell, MIT). The simulated annual and seasonal climatology of surface temperature and precipitation are compared with CRU observations. The interannual variability of these two parameters is also analyzed. The results indicate that the model simulated climatology is sensitive to the convection as well as land surface parameterization. The analysis of surface temperature (precipitation) climatology indicates that the model with CLM produces warmer (dryer) climatology, particularly over India. The warmer (dryer) climatology is due to the higher sensible heat flux (lower evapotranspiration) in CLM. The model with MIT convection scheme simulated wetter and warmer climatology (higher precipitation and temperature) with smaller Bowen ratio over southern India compared to that with the Grell and Kuo schemes. This indicates that a land surface scheme produces warmer but drier climatology with sensible heating contributing to warming where as a convection scheme warmer but wetter climatology with latent heat contributing to warming. The climatology of surface temperature over India is better simulated by the model with BATS land surface model in combination with MIT convection scheme while the precipitation climatology is better simulated with BATS land surface model in combination with Grell convection scheme. Overall, the modeling system with the combination of Grell convection and BATS land surface scheme provides better climate simulation over the Indian region.     

EXPERIMENTS OF A REDUCED GRID IN LASG/IAP WORLD OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS (OGCMs)

1 INTRODUCTIONIn global climate models belonging to the finitedifference calculation category, the equations aregenerally solved in normal spherical coordinates. Due tothe convergence of meridians towards the poles inspherical coordinates, the combination of thiscoordinate system and explicit finite-difference methodsleads to two problems. First, the pole itself is a point ofsingularity with direction undefined. Second, due to thedependence of the stability from finite-differencenumerics …     

Microphysical Characteristics of Extreme-Rainfall Convection over the Pearl River Delta Region,South China from Polarimetric Radar Data during the Pre-summer Rainy Season

During the pre-summer rainy season, heavy rainfall occurs frequently in South China. Based on polarimetric radar observations, the microphysical characteristics and processes of convective features associated with extreme rainfall rates(ERCFs) are examined. In the regions with high ERCF occurrence frequency, sub-regional differences are found in the lightning flash rate(LFR) distributions. In the region with higher LFRs, the ERCFs have larger volumes of high reflectivity factor above the freezin...     

西南地区持续性气候事件的未来变化预估

利用RegCM4.0区域气候模式单向嵌套BCC_CSM1.1模式输出资料进行连续积分获得的模拟预估数据,对西南地区未来2025-2055年在两种温室气体排放情景下持续性干期和持续湿期事件的特征及其相对于历史基准期的变化进行了预估分析。结果表明,最长持续干期和湿期在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种情景下的变化趋势不一致,RCP8.5情景下的最长湿期和持续湿期事件的发生频次相较RCP4.5并没有大幅增加,而是比RCP4.5情景具有更高的年际变率特征。相对于历史基准期,两种情景下的最长持续性气候事件的日数和发生频次在西南地区的东南部区域显著性增加,而在川西高原地区显著减少。对于持续干期发生的频次FCDD和最长持续湿期而言,四川中部以及四川、云南和贵州三省邻接处在RCP4.5情景下表现为显著增加的区域在RCP8.5情景下转变为显著减少。未来几十年西南地区持续性湿期和干期的分布特征可能更加趋于不均匀。     

Using a Sodar to Measure Optical Turbulence and Wind Speed for the Thirty Meter Telescope Site Testing. Part II: Comparison with Independent Instruments

In the second part of this study, we compare both the wind speed and turbulence given by the Sodars with independent sets of measurements. In the case of the wind speed we compare the lowest Sodar data bin with a sonic anemometer located on a 7-m tower. The agreement between the two instruments was convincing with a regression slope near unity. The integrated turbulence measurements of the Sodars are compared with those obtained with a combined multi-aperture scintillation sensor and differential image motion monitor (MASS/DIMM) unit. It was found that the Sodars are indeed capable of quantitatively measuring optical turbulence, and agree with the MASS/DIMM measurements with a correlation coefficient of approximately 80% and a regression slope within 10% of unity. Additional acoustic noise in the Sodar data was identified using this comparison and removed from the data.     

关于我国大范围正负月温距平出现情况的探讨

本次根据20年的我国逐月温度距平图,对出现大范围正负距平的月份加以统计分析,获得了一些前后出现情况之间的关联现象,可以在长期预报工作中提供参考。本文并对大范围正负月温距平出现的几种情况,与某些大型天气过程的韵律作用联系起来看,因此月温距平图在反映大气环流的性质方面有了新的意义。     

基于机器学习方法的辽宁省初霜冻日期预测模型研究

基于前期ERA5逐月再分析数据,应用3种机器学习算法(Lasso回归、随机森林和神经网络)对辽宁省初霜冻日期进行预测评估。Lasso回归算法提取对初霜冻日期预测有重要指示意义的气象要素特征集,通过交叉验证和超参数调优建立初霜冻日期预测模型,利用均方根误差(RMSE)和距平同号率方法定量定性地评估模型的预测效果。结果表明：特征选择后的气象要素特征集建模提升了模型的泛化能力、可解释性和稳定性;Lasso回归模型在4月起报的预测效果最好(RMSE为6—8 d),神经网络模型在5月起报性能最好(RMSE为6—9 d),随机森林模型在3月起报性能最好(RMSE为8—9 d);辽宁全省大部分站点距平同号率为50%—70%,其中Lasso回归和神经网络模型为5月起报最高(约为68%),随机森林算法为3月起报最高(约为62%)。特征选择和敏感性实验结果发现,低植被覆盖比例是初霜冻日期预测关键预测因子,植被覆盖率越高越有利于地表含水量保持,降温容易产生霜冻,初霜冻日期也就越易提前,去掉低植被覆盖比例因子后模型预测效果显著下降,也表明该因子是模型建模的前期关键因子。     

微波主被动联合测雨的应用研究

通过雷达-辐射计联合测雨的野外试验,本文用较多的实例对比表明,该方法的精度相对单部雷达测雨方法有明显改善.文章同时分析了联合测雨法的主要误差来源,还指出需要对无雨背景亮温T_(bs)的确定作恰当的选择,以及需对雷达回波垂直结构的不均匀性予以重视,并作适当订正等.本工作对主被动联合遥感降水分布的实际应用将提供有价值的参考.     

1967—2008年青藏高原汛期不同强度降水日数变化

利用1967—2008年青藏高原68个台站逐日降水资料,按照《气象规范》对不同等级降水的定义,对青藏高原汛期（5—9月）不同强度的降水日数进行分析。结果表明：1967—2008年青藏高原汛期总降水日数及各强度降水日数均呈现出由东南向西北递减的空间分布特征,降水总日数和小雨日数以减少趋势为主,最显著的区域位于青藏高原东北和东南部,中雨日数以增加为主,大雨日数变化趋势的区域差异显著。青藏高原汛期各强度降水日数存在明显的年际变化,总降水日数的变化主要受小雨日数影响。汛期降水各旬分布上,各强度降水日数主要集中在夏季（6—8月）,小雨日数越少（多）的旬内其占总降水日数的比例就越大（小）,中雨和大雨日数越少（多）的旬内占总降水日数的比例就越小（大）;小雨和中雨日数均在1978年发生突变,突变前后,青藏高原东南部小雨和中雨日数差异最为明显。     

A composite stability index for dichotomous forecast of thunderstorms

Thunderstorms are the perennial feature of Kolkata (22° 32???N, 88° 20???E), India during the premonsoon season (April?CMay). Precise forecast of these thunderstorms is essential to mitigate the associated catastrophe due to lightning flashes, strong wind gusts, torrential rain, and occasional hail and tornadoes. The present research provides a composite stability index for forecasting thunderstorms. The forecast quality detection parameters are computed with the available indices during the period from 1997 to 2006 to select the most relevant indices with threshold ranges for the prevalence of such thunderstorms. The analyses reveal that the lifted index (LI) within the range of ?5 to ?12?°C, convective inhibition energy (CIN) within the range of 0?C150?J/kg and convective available potential energy (CAPE) within the ranges of 2,000 to 7,000?J/kg are the most pertinent indices for the prevalence thunderstorms over Kolkata during the premonsoon season. A composite stability index, thunderstorm prediction index (TPI) is formulated with LI, CIN, and CAPE. The statistical skill score analyses show that the accuracy in forecasting such thunderstorms with TPI is 99.67?% with lead time less than 12?h during training the index whereas the accuracies are 89.64?% with LI, 60?% with CIN and 49.8?% with CAPE. The performance diagram supports that TPI has better forecast skill than its individual components. The forecast with TPI is validated with the observation of the India Meteorological Department during the period from 2007 to 2009. The real-time forecast of thunderstorms with TPI is provided for the year?2010.     

南京雷与雨相互关系分析

根据南京气象观测站1951—2007年57 a雷暴日及降雨记录资料,分析了干雷、湿雷和雨中有雷比率的变化特征,得出:57 a来湿雷明显多于干雷,干、湿雷日气候倾向率都为负值,趋势减少,但湿雷减少更为明显;干、湿雷都是夏季最多,冬季最少;南京市从历年某天发生湿雷的概率得:历史上任意一天湿雷发生概率超过0.2的日期都集中在7、8月,其中南京发生湿雷最高概率在7月20日,与本省苏南和苏中各市基本一致,比苏北发生湿雷概率最高日期早5~6 d。南京雨中有雷比率主要分布在0.12~0.25之间,平均为0.19;雨中有雷的比率呈逐年缓慢下降趋势,但近几年出现雷暴的比率略有增多;各月雨中有雷比率呈单峰型,夏季比率较其他季节大。结合1961—2007年梅雨期资料,统计得出历年梅雨期有雷比率分布区间广,为0~0.9,梅雨期有雷平均比率为0.26,虽比全年雨中有雷的平均比率(0.19)还高些,但比梅雨所在的6—7月雨中有雷平均比率(0.39)低得多。分析还发现雷与不同级别降水关系有差异,与小雨呈负相关,而与中雨、大雨和暴雨呈正相关,与暴雨的相关性最好,6—8月大雨和暴雨中有雷的比率高达0.62~0.74。     

Seasonal Evolution of Dominant Modes in South Pacific SST and Relationship with ENSO

A season-reliant empirical orthogonal function(S-EOF) analysis was applied to the seasonal mean SST anomalies(SSTAs) based on the HadISST1 dataset with linear trend removed at every grid point in the South Pacific(60.5-19.5 S,139.5 E-60.5 W) during the period 1979-2009.The spatiotemporal characteristics of the dominant modes and their relationships with ENSO were analyzed.The results show that there are two seasonally evolving dominant modes of SSTAs in the South Pacific with interannual and interdecadal variations;they account for nearly 40% of the total variance.Although the seasonal evolution of spatial patterns of the first S-EOF mode(S-EOF1) did not show remarkable propagation,it decays with season remarkably.The second S-EOF mode(S-EOF2) showed significant seasonal evolution and intensified with season,with distinct characteristics of eastward propagation of the negative SSTAs in southern New Zealand and positive SSTAs southeast of Australia.Both of these two modes have significant relationships with ENSO.These two modes correspond to the post-ENSO and ENSO turnabout years,respectively.The SEOF1 mode associated with the decay of the eastern Pacific(EP) and the central Pacific(CP) types of ENSO exhibited a more significant relationship with the EP/CP type of El Nin o than that with the EP/CP type of La Nin a.The S-EOF2 mode contacted with the EP type of El Nin o changing into the EP/CP type of La Nin a showed a more significant connection with the EP/CP type of La Nin a.     

膜下滴灌模式下种植密度对棉田蒸散发规律影响研究

为探求绿洲棉区膜下滴灌条件下不同种植密度棉田蒸散发规律，运用大型称重式蒸渗仪对膜下滴灌棉田蒸散过程连续监测，结果表明：在不同种植密度条件下，棉花的日蒸散量曲线都表现为单峰曲线，不同生育时期一膜六行（30株/m2）种植的棉田蒸散量比一膜四行（20株/m2）大，花铃期棉田的蒸散发强度最大，一膜四行、一膜六行分别为4.76mm/d、5.94mm/d。同时，一膜六行种植的叶面积指数大于一膜四行种植,株高小于一膜四行种植。花铃期棉田的蒸散发量与日平均气温（p<0.01）和空气相对湿度(p<0.01)具有很好的相关性，与日平均风速和日平均水汽压的关系不大。     

不同行星边界层参数化方案对新疆降水模拟的影响研究

使用NCEP-FNL全球分析资料作为WRF模式的初始场和边界场,利用该模式中6种行星边界层参数化方案对新疆进行2006年10月1日至2008年1月1日的模拟积分试验,重点考察模式在10 km水平分辨率下不同行星边界层参数化方案对新疆降水模拟的敏感性。结果表明:1）采用6种行星边界层参数化方案的模式都能较好地模拟出年、雨季总降水量的空间分布及月降水的季节循环。2）对于新疆整体来说,采用Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa（GBM）方案模拟雨季降水更接近观测,偏差在±30%以内。对于天山地区来说,采用Bougeault-Lacarrere（BouLac）方案模拟年降水更接近观测,偏差为－19.13%;采用GBM方案模拟中雨和大雨的TS评分最高分别为0.37和0.33,并且能够较好地模拟7月5次较大降水日中不同下垫面类型的昼夜降水,偏差在5 mm以内。3）BouLac方案能够较好地模拟天山地区年降水的时空分布特征,GBM方案更适合模拟新疆整体雨季期间降水。因此利用WRF模式开展新疆降水模拟研究时应考虑不同行星边界层参数化方案的适用范围。