1nm锰矿相的金属阳离子交换能力的研究

人工合成的1nm锰矿相和铜、钴、镍等二价金属阳离子的交换实验表明,1nm锰矿相具有强烈的金属阳离子交换能力.正是这种金属阳离子的交换能力,使得大洋多金属结核大量地富集了铜、钴、镍等有价金属元素.1nm锰矿相对几种金属阳离子的交换的优先顺序为:Cu>Co>Zn≥Ni>Ca>Mg.多金属结核中镍的含量往往高于铜、钴、锌等元素,但在交换顺序中它却低于铜、钴、锌等,这种不一致性说明结核成矿后期的金属离子交换并非是有价金属结合进结核的唯一途径.多金属结核富含铜、钴、镍等有价金属可能是结核初始成矿和成矿后期金属离子交换等多种因素共同作用的结果.     

1nm锰矿相结构稳定性的研究

对在潮湿状态和经室温干燥后的人工合成Slnm锰矿相进行X衍射测定结果显示:1nm锰矿相与0.7nm锰矿相之间存在某种相变关系,那些结构不稳定的S1nm锰矿相,由于干燥等原因而失去层间-OH-H₂O层,而使原先的1nm相“崩塌”成为0.7nm锰矿相.1nm锰矿相结构稳定性主要是由被结合进层间的Cu、Co、Ni等二价金属阳离子的特性与数量所决定的,其所含的金属阳离子的数量与其锰矿相的结构稳定性呈正相关,而不同的金属阳离子在稳定1nm锰矿相的结构的能力的大小可排列为:Ni>Cu>Co>Zn>Ca≥Mg>Na.     

我国开发国际海底矿物资源的必要性和可行性

1 海底蕴藏着丰富的、具开采价值的多金属结核资源海底矿物资源种类繁多。目前所说的国际海底矿物资源主要指的是国家管辖范围以外的深海底的多金属结核、富钴的锰结壳和金属硫化物热液矿床。其中,海底多金属结核目前尤其引人瞩目。世界各大洋的深海底蕴藏有通称为锰结核的富含镍、铜、钴、锰等76种元素的多金属结核资源约3万亿吨,其     

太平洋多金属结核中铁锰矿物分析及成因研究

铁锰矿物是大详多金属结核的重要组成,了解不同类型结核中主要铁锰矿物种类、形态、分布特点和结晶程度等,不仅有助于对锰矿物乃至多金属结核成因的研究,而且对选矿冶炼和资源的综合利用也具有现实意义.本文通过透射电子显微镜等多种手段综合分析与鉴定,指出多金属结核中主要铁锰矿物有钙锰矿、水羟锰矿、水钠锰矿、方锰矿、锰铁矿和针铁矿等.结晶程度普遍较差,钙锰矿结晶相对好于其他矿物,并在粗糙型结核中含量高,外层至核心含量稳定,变化小.水羟锰矿广为分布,但结晶差.铁矿物含量东区低于西区,结核外壳铁含量高于内核.锰矿物分布在叠层石柱体和纹层内,呈束状、纤维状和树枝状,与建造多金属结核的超微生物菌丝体形态一致.粗糙型结核是选冶的主要对象.     

南海多金属结壳(核)铁锰矿物/海水界面效应与成矿元素的富集

海底铁锰结壳和结核是重要的海底矿产资源,蕴含着丰富的金属元素并且具有巨大的经济价值。本文主要以南海多金属结壳（核）为研究对象,采用X射线粉晶衍射（XRD）、激光拉曼光谱、红外光谱分析（FTIR）以及X射线光电子能谱对铁锰矿物的矿物学和谱学特征进行了系统的分析和研究。粉晶衍射和拉曼光谱分析结果表明,南海多金属结壳的矿物组成为水羟锰矿、石英和长石,结核的矿物组成为钡镁锰矿、水羟锰矿、石英和长石,铁相矿物均为无定形铁氧化物/氢氧化物,并且锰相矿物和铁相矿物的结晶程度均较差。红外光谱分析结果显示多金属结核和结壳中的铁锰矿物具有大量表面羟基,这些含质子表面羟基官能团,可为海水中各成矿元素的络合提供丰富的活性位点。XPS分析表明多金属结核和结壳中铁锰矿物表面以Fe、Mn和O元素为主,其中Fe呈正三价态,Mn以正四、正三价为主,可能还含有少部分正二价态。对比南海多金属结壳（核）与太平海山结壳,南海多金属结壳（核）具有更为显著的表面羟基氧（-OH）含量,而太平洋海山结壳则以晶格氧（O^2-）为主,表明太平洋海山结壳铁锰矿物结晶程度较南海多金属结壳（核）高。综合研究表明,在海底铁锰结壳和结核中（氢）氧化锰/铁矿物与海水之间界面效应对金属离子的富集机理主要有：（1）金属离子与矿物表面羟基进行络合反应,形成以配位键相连的羟基络合物,或与表面的质子交换生成稳定的内层络合物;（2）矿物的带电表面与金属离子通过静电作用形成双电层,生成外层络合物;（3）金属离子与矿物结构中的Mn、Fe离子同晶置换而成为结构阳离子。     

东太平洋多金属结核中稀土元素的测试及其地球化学特征

本文研究了大洋多金属结核中稀土元素的测试方法.多金属结核这种特殊地质样品,含铁、锰一般在20%～40%左右,而铁、锰属富线光谱元素,对稀土元素谱线均有干扰.本文根据样品特性,仅取250mg多金属结核样品,碱熔后,通过小型阳离子树脂交换柱,采用不同类型酸和不同酸度,洗脱交换柱上的杂质和稀土元素,使稀土元素与杂质元素分离.采用此方法测试国家一级多金属结核标准物质GBW07249中的稀土元素,取得了满意结果.同时利用本法测试了东太平洋多金属结核中稀土元素,并对其地球化学特征进行了初步研究.     

浅谈大洋富钴铁锰结壳拖网作业

富钴铁锰结壳富舍重要金属元素铜、钴、镍等，是海洋最重要的金属矿产资源之一，已引起世界各国尤其是发达国家的日益关注。结壳拖网是目前调查富钴结壳最主要的手段，但调查难度大，危险系数高。本文对结壳拖网作业需要考虑的几个因素进行探讨，并结合实际作业的典型例子进行说明。     

来自地球的恩惠

正地球上发生的轰轰烈烈的板块运动激起的地震和火山喷发,给人类造成严重的灾难,但也给人类带来许多恩惠。板块构造作用形成无穷的矿产,成为促进人类经济发展的重要资源。例如,人们在20世纪60年代发现的东太平洋洋底多金属锰结核,含有丰富的铁、锰、钴、铅、铜、镍等金属元素;在大洋中脊顶部形成的富含多种金属的沉积物,会随着海底扩张不断产生,不断向两侧推移。在大陆架、大陆坡这些大陆边缘区,不但接受了从大陆输送过来的丰富有机质,     

深海多金属结核开采系统中的计算机系统

深海多金属结核开采系统中的计算机系统华克强，朱齐丹，赵连惠（哈尔滨工程大学）１深海多金属结核开采系统介绍深海矿产资源的开发是人类利用海洋资源的一个重要部分，世界大洋底沉积着极为丰富的多金属结核，其中含有几十种元素，尤以铜、铁、钴、锰含量最高，也是最有...     

西太平洋多金属结核及其表层沉积物地球化学特征：沉积环境对结核生长的影响

西太平洋深海盆地同时发育多金属结核和富稀土沉积物,但针对多金属结核及其表层沉积物之间关系的研究较少。通过多金属结核-表层沉积物地球化学分析,揭示关键金属元素在结核、沉积物中的富集和分馏过程,探讨沉积过程与环境对多金属结核生长的影响。研究区多金属结核具有相对高的Co、REY含量,低的Mn/Fe比值,显示为典型的水成成因。主成分分析及相关性分析结果指示结核的成矿过程是在水成作用、成岩作用以及陆地碎屑、生物碎屑输入的作用下,Fe-Mn氧化物对海水及孔隙水中各类金属元素的选择性富集。研究区表层沉积物主要为深海黏土,相较于多金属结核富集大部分金属元素,深海黏土更为富集Si、Al、Na、K等元素。沉积物中Co、Ni、Cu等金属元素的富集与Fe-Mn微结核的含量相关,而REY与磷酸盐组分更为密切。Fe-Mn氧化物组分对海水中金属元素选择性吸附形成多元素的富集及显著的Ce正异常、Y负异常,而磷酸盐组分主要继承海水的稀土特征,它们的含量决定了沉积物中金属元素及稀土元素的含量和模式。结核及沉积物在关键元素富集的过程中有相似的过程,Fe-Mn氧化物组分是二者元素富集过程的载体。研究区的低生物生产力和低沉积速...     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.