托素湖沉积物中重金属元素分析及地球化学特征研究

首次对托素湖沉积岩芯上部沉积物的重金属元素Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量进行分析测试。精确测得沉积物中Cr,Cd,Cu,Zn和Pb的平均浓度分别为32.9 mg.kg-1,2.2 mg.kg-1,19.5 mg.kg-1,188.5 mg.kg-1和32.3 mg.kg-1。与区域背景值和标准值相比,托素湖沉积物样品中Cd和Zn都偏高。研究结果表明除了Cd污染程度比较严重,托素湖当前的Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb污染程度相对较轻。各元素经Ti校正后的分析结果显示,重金属元素含量在沉积剖面的10cm处出现波动性增大的明显转折,表明托素湖沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb主要来源于流域侵蚀的造岩矿物元素,Cd污染可能源于人类活动所致。 关键词：托素湖;重金属元素;污染程度;地球化学特征     

托素湖沉积物中重金属元素及地球化学特征研究

对托素湖沉积岩芯上部沉积物的重金属元素Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量进行分析测试。精确测得沉积物中Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均浓度分别为32.9 mg·kg-1、2.2 mg·kg-1、19.5 mg·kg-1、188.5 mg·kg-1和32.3 mg·kg-1。与区域背景值和标准值相比,托素湖沉积物样品中Cd和Zn都偏高。研究表明,除了Cd污染程度比较严重,托素湖当前的Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb污染程度相对较轻。各元素经Ti校正后的分析结果显示,重金属元素含量在沉积剖面的10 cm处出现波动性增大的明显转折,表明托素湖沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb主要来源于流域侵蚀的造岩矿物元素,Cd污染可能源于人为活动。     

澜沧江河床沉积物重金属污染评价

河床沉积物是河流水体与泥沙环境中重金属的主要积存载体,能反映水环境的重金属污染状况。本文选取澜沧江为对象,通过对澜沧江干流西藏和云南境内22个河段的河床沉积物重金属测定分析,得到了8种主要的重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn、As、Pb、Cu和Co)的含量,并采用沉积物富集系数法与地质积累指数法分别对所测得沉积物的重金属污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:①澜沧江干流大部分河段污染情况并不明显,但在中游的旧州和功果桥河段,因该区域的地质金属背景值和支流沘江流域铅锌矿开采,地表的重金属元素被雨水冲刷到该河段,导致沉积物重金属富集现象明显,出现了轻度到较强度污染;②澜沧江流域受人为干扰的区域集中于中游与下游,部分河段(功果桥附近)Cu、Pb和Zn等元素呈轻度或偏中度污染;③大坝对河流的阻隔效应使得干流沉积物重金属污染呈现片段化分布,河流沿岸城市化等人类活动对附近河段沉积物重金属污染状况也有较明显的影响。     

东南极阿曼达湾湖泊沉积物物源的元素分析

2008年在东南极阿曼达湾帝企鹅聚集区附近岛屿开展了野外工作,于岛屿湖泊集水区采集到两个短沉积剖面,分别命名为EPI和PI。根据野外实地考察情况和室内分割样品发现EPI剖面主要为泥炭沉积,含有大量水生藻类;PI剖面为黑色泥质沉积,散发出浓烈的粪臭味,沉积物中含有大量的幼年帝企鹅绒毛和少量的残骨。对EPI和PI剖面沉积物、当地风化母岩及水生湖藻进行了部分生源元素和重金属元素浓度分析与对比,结果显示EPI剖面元素含量主要来源于背景母岩和湖藻沉积。PI剖面为帝企鹅粪土沉积序列,沉积物中的TC、TN、TP、Cu、Zn、Hg和Se的含量远远高于风化母岩中的浓度,其主要来源于帝企鹅粪的输入,而Pb元素主要来源于当地风化母岩的贡献。本研究首次显示帝企鹅活动同样可以为南极贫瘠的陆地湖泊系统带来大量的营养物质,但同时也输入了大量的重金属污染元素。     

托素湖沉积物中重金属元素及地球化学特征研究Symbol`@@

对托素湖沉积岩芯上部沉积物的重金属元素Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量进行分析测试。精确测得沉积物中Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均浓度分别为32.9 mg·kg-1、2.2 mg·kg-1、19.5 mg·kg-1、188.5 mg·kg-1和32.3 mg·kg-1。与区域背景值和标准值相比,托素湖沉积物样品中Cd和Zn都偏高。研究表明,除了Cd污染程度比较严重,托素湖当前的Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb污染程度相对较轻。各元素经Ti校正后的分析结果显示,重金属元素含量在沉积剖面的10 cm处出现波动性增大的明显转折,表明托素湖沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb主要来源于流域侵蚀的造岩矿物元素,Cd污染可能源于人为活动。     

上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属元素的空间分布与累积

对上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属元素空间分布格局的系统分析表明,由于受多年来城市工业废水和生活污水沿直排、以及城市汽车尾气和工业粉尘干湿沉降的影响,本区潮滩表层沉积物中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ等重金属元素的污染程度已相当严重。大型排污口附近滩地、不动力条件较弱的高潮滩部位、以及沉积物亚表层１０～３０ｃｍ深度是重金属累积并形成富集的主要部位,沿岸排污、水动力作用、大型工程活动、早期成岩作用、风暴潮等是影响本     

南极长城站地区西湖底沉积物化学元素分布规律及其环境意义

利用南极长城站地区西湖底沉积物的化学元素背景值，对西湖底沉积物元素的时序分布规律及其指示的环境意义作了较细致的研究。研究表明，湖底沉积物元素的时序变化规律与站区自然环境变化密切相关。尽管元素的时序变化滞后于自然环境的波动，但对研究长城站地区自然环境演变仍具有一定的指示意义。尤其是Ｓ元素的异常变化，可能揭示出长城站地区两次规模较大的火山活动。     

阿拉尔河下游沉积物对铀的动态吸附机制

采用动态吸附法,研究流速、沉积物粒径、沉积物投加量、铀初始浓度等对阿拉尔河下游沉积物吸附铀的影响,并结合Thomas模型及表征数据对吸附机理进行探讨。结果表明,动态吸附饱和时间与流速、沉积物粒径及铀初始浓度呈反相关,与沉积物投加量呈正相关。总饱和吸附量与流速及沉积物粒径呈反相关,与沉积物投加量及铀初始浓度呈正相关。沉积物对铀的动态吸附符合Thomas模型,吸附过程由多个步骤共同控制,吸附速率受多个因素的共同影响。吸附的主要机制为表面络合反应,并伴有离子交换作用。     

戈壁表层沉积物地球化学元素组成及其沉积意义

作为干旱、半干旱区的一类重要荒漠景观,戈壁在中国分布面积较广,其独特的物质组成和沉积特征对解释它的物源和发生过程有重要的意义.本文通过筛分处理对戈壁表层不同粒径沉积物地球化学元素组成进行了分析.结果表明:各类戈壁表层沉积物的主要元素组成特征基本相似,但不同粒级沉积物主要元素的含量略有差异.与UCC的平均化学组成相比,戈壁表层沉积物中主要元素除Si基本与UCC保持一致外,其余各主要元素均在不同程度上表现出了富集和淋失特征,微量元素在两大类型戈壁中随沉积物粒径的变化与主要元素基本一致.在极端干旱的气候条件下戈壁表层沉积物缺少有效的化学风化过程,基本处在未受或较弱的大陆化学风化的初、中级阶段.各个粒级的沉积物在经历侵蚀和风化过程中较好的继承关系表明,戈壁砾石层下伏的细粒沉积层不是外源搬运沉淀,而是局地岩屑通过就地风化和成壤作用形成.     

新疆艾比湖湖泊沉积物元素地球化学记录及其生态环境意义

在对新疆艾比湖近代岩芯沉积物元素地球化学特征分析基础上,结合数理统计学方法对元素的来源及其反映的环境演变历史进行了探讨,最后利用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对岩芯表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评估。结果表明：艾比湖岩芯沉积物中元素组成基本可以分为3类：第1类元素包括Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Li、Cr、K、Al、Co、P、Ti、Be、Pb、Cu、Ba和Zn,主要来源于流域陆源碎屑物,受流域侵蚀强度等因素影响,其中,Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn等重金属以及营养元素P的富集系数1875-2011年由于受人类活动影响发生了较为明显的变化;结合重金属和营养元素P的富集系数有序聚类分析,以23 cm（1960年）为界可将艾比湖流域环境演变历史分为差异明显的两个阶段：（Ⅰ）1875-1960年,流域社会发展程度较低,人类活动导致的重金属输入少,流域环境主要受区域自然变化的影响;（Ⅱ）1960年至今,随着人口的增加,经济发展工农业活动增强,尤其是农业用水量增加,大多数重金属元素和P相对于前期有较为明显的增加。第2类元素有Mg和Na,主要来源于湖泊水中蒸发盐类结晶;由于绿洲农业的发展和灌溉用水的增加,在气候变化和人类活动的共同影响下,湖泊水位发生了剧烈的波动,造成Mg、Na等元素的波动变化。第3类元素包括Ca和Sr,受流域易溶元素风化淋溶作用控制。艾比湖沉积物中Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn等7种重金属的潜在生态危害程度Ni（4.7） > Pb（4.6） > Cu（4.2） > Co（2.6） > Cr（1.7）=V（1.7） > Zn（1.1）,7种重金属均属于低生态风险。     

北京地区河流沉积物的金属元素背景值研究

本文检验,表征了北京地区河流沉积物的金属元素背景值。并应用多元分析法探讨了金属元素背景值的地球化学活动性、相关组合、区域差异等地球化学特征以以环境要素对形成背景值的影响。     

GEOCHENICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE YANGTZE RIVER

I.IntroductionTlleYangtzeXiveroriginates0nthenorthernsideoftheTananlaMoulltail1ns0lltheQinghai-TibetPlateauinsouthwesternpartofQinghaiProvince,traversingacrosseightprovincesandanautonomousregionandfinallyPOuringintotheEastChinaSea.The638O-kilollleter-l0ngYallgtzeXivercoversadrainagearea0fl.8mi1lionkin'.0fthe53firstclasstributaries,26haveadrai1lageareaexceedinglO,OO0km2each.lnthevastdrainageareaoftheYangtzemver,tl1eeco-envir0nmentalconditi0nsdiffergreatlyfr0m0neregiontoan0ther.Topograp…     

哀牢山徐家坝地区土壤中12种元素的自然背景值

分析了云南的哀牢山徐家坝地区黄棕壤中１２种元素的背景值。讨论了成土母质类型和植被类型对土壤中元素的背景值的影响。     

湘江沉积物重金属元素环境地球化学特征

在前人研究的基础上,对湘江干流河道表层沉积物及入湖三角洲地区沉积物中的重金属富集特征、赋存状态等进行了总结;对湘江沉积物中重金属的污染来源进行了分析,湘江沉积物重金属的富集种类主要受流域富集矿产的控制,重金属污染主要是人为活动导致的点源污染集中和高排放引起的;另外,运用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数和地累积指数对湘江沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险和污染程度进行了评价,结果显示Cd、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Hg等重金属在湘江沉积物中存在不同程度的污染,其中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu污染严重同时潜在生态危害也大,应引起重视。     

Sources and chronology of fifteen elements in the sediments of lakes affected by metal deposition in a mining area

Sources and chronologies of metal contamination were studied in sediment cores of three lakes of the Rouyn-Noranda mining area (Québec, Canada) affected by atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic contaminants. One of the three lakes also received acid mine drainage. The sediments were dated using ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs and analysed for stable Pb isotope ratios and for total concentrations of 15 elements (Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Cu, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Ti, Zn). Stable lead isotopic signatures helped to determine the quantitative contributions of different industrial Pb sources to our sampling sites. This source apportionment showed the dominant influence of the Rouyn-Noranda copper smelter in airborne Pb emissions for the decades following 1926, when industrialization began in the region. The smelter source had a low ratio of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ranging between 0.90 and 1.05, as typical of the Abitibi Archean sulphides. The relationships between element (metal) sedimentary fluxes and anthropogenic Pb fluxes allowed us to infer the origin of the anthropogenic source. These relationships strongly suggest that the copper smelter was (and may still be) an atmospheric source of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and Hg to the surrounding lakes. Our study indicates that the efforts made by the Rouyn-Noranda copper smelter to reduce airborne emissions of metals have been translated in reduced atmospheric metal loadings to the surrounding lakes.     

The use of heavy metal concentrations and dendrochronology in the reconstruction of sediment accumulation, Ma a Panew River Valley, southern Poland

Heavy metal concentrations were investigated in overbank sediments of the Mala Panew River, southern Poland. Samples were collected from seven vertical profiles located within channel infills of a 20th century floodplain at three sites, each up to 50 m wide. In each profile, 15–24 samples were collected and analysed for Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Sequential extraction of these elements was carried out in the 0.063-mm fraction of selected samples. Additionally, the age of the oldest trees growing close to the profiles has been used to estimate the initiation of sediment accumulation there. Ba, Cu, and Pb, which occur mostly in less mobile, moderately reducible, and residual fractions, were used for sediment dating. Zn and Cd, which in 50–75% occur in the mobile exchangeable fraction, were not suitable for dating. Correlation of Ba, Cu, and Pb concentrations in vertical profiles with changes in the load of effluents discharged to the river showed abrupt changes in the thickness of the strongly polluted sediments across the floodplains. A comparison of the relative changes between heavy metal peaks in sediments of similar age in the different profiles suggests a variable rate of downward metal migration. In general, none of the heavy metals investigated seems to have been mobilised within the stratigraphic layers above the water table. In layers located at stratigraphically lower levels, the Zn and Cd peaks seem to migrate several centimetres to several decimetres down in the profile. In profiles inundated for several weeks every year, Zn and Cd, as well as the relatively less mobile Ba, Cu, and Pb, have migrated downward by several decimetres. The investigation shows that frequent fluctuations of the water table have blurred the original depositional metal patterns of metal concentrations within a period of less than 40 years.     

东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属的含量特征分析

从东莞市采集118 个农田土壤样品和43 个蔬菜样品, 测试其中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、 Cd、As 和Hg 等8 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 制图和数据统计, 对农田土壤中重金属 的空间分布和来源、土壤和蔬菜中重金属的富集特征及其潜在风险进行了分析。结果表明, 农田土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd 和Hg 等元素含量均高于相应元素的广东省土壤背景值, 其中, Pb (65.38 mg kg^-1) 和Hg (0.24 mg kg^-1) 含量分别为其对应背景值的1.82 和2.82 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》中II 级标准(pH < 6.5) 相比, 土壤中Cu、Ni、Cd 和Hg 含量样本超标率分别为3.4%、5.9%、1.7%和28%, 表现为以Hg 为主的多种重金属共同污染。土壤 中8 种重金属中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 和As 等元素主要来源于成土母质, Pb、Hg 和Cd 等元素主要与人类活动有关。空间分布上, Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、As 和Hg 等7 种重金属含量呈现出西部高、东部低的特点, Cd 含量在西北部和东南部较高, 西南部较低。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2005) 等相关标准比较, 蔬菜中Ni、Pb 和As 含量的样本超标率分别为4.7%、16.3%和48.8%。蔬菜中重金属富集系数的顺序为: Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb。     

乌鲁木齐地区冰川、河、湖水中重金属形态及分布特征

本文研究乌鲁木齐地区冰川,河流和湖泊水中重金属铜、铅、锌和镉的背景值及存在形态的分配。     

Heavy metal concentrations of agricultural soils and vegetables from Dongguan, Guangdong

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City, Guangdong, China. The spatial distribution, sources, accumulation characteristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted in details by three different approaches, including total contents of eight metal elements in soils and vegetables, GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg in agricultural soils, and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg?1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg?1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province, respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu, 5.9% of Ni, 1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade Ⅱ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials, and Pb, Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east, and Cd contents are high in the northwest, southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni, Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%, 16.3% and 48.8%, respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human’s health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province.