外定标中海面参数对发射率影响研究

星载微波辐射计外定标的关键问题是通过辐射传输方程计算天线入瞳处亮温。根据辐射传输方程,海面成份对亮温的影响包括海面的微波辐射和对下行大气辐射的反射,其中的关键参数分别为海面发射率ep和海表面反射率R。文中对平静海面Fresnel反射率模式和粗糙海面反射率模式进行了研究分析,在此基础上着重研究了海面温度TS、海面盐度SS、海面风速W、以及观测角度θ等物理参数对海面发射率ep的影响,进而分析了这些物理参数的测量误差对亮温的计算精度的影响。     

Measurements of the oceanic thermal skin effect

Spectroradiometric measurements of the ocean skin temperature and thermometric measurements of the bulk temperature at a depth of about 5 cm taken from the R/V Tangaroa during SAGE (SOLAS/SAGE: surface-ocean lower-atmosphere studies air-sea gas exchange experiment) off New Zealand are analyzed to reveal the wind speed dependence of the temperature difference across the thermal skin layer (??T). The wind speeds used here are corrected for flow distortion by the ship. Unlike most previously published measurements of ??T, these data include those taken during the day, prior analyses being usually restricted to night-time measurements to avoid contamination of the data by diurnal heating. The results show the same dependence of ??T on wind speed at night-time measurements, with an asymptotic behavior at a value of −0.13 K at high winds. These data show larger ??T at low wind speeds than previous studies, and there is an indication that this may reveal a dependence on sea surface temperature.     

Evaluation of the Diurnal Warming of Sea Surface Temperature Using Satellite-Derived Marine Meteorological Data

In order to produce a high-quality sea surface temperature (SST) data set, the daily amplitude of SST (ΔSST) should be accurately known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diurnal variation of sea surface temperature in a simple manner. The authors first simulated ΔSST with a one-dimensional numerical model using buoy-observed meteorological data and satellite-derived solar radiation data. When insolation is strong, the model-simulated 1-m-depth ΔSST becomes much smaller than the in situ value as wind speed decreases. By forcibly mixing the sea surface layer, the model ΔSST becomes closer to the in situ value. It can be considered that part of this difference is due to the turbulence induced by the buoy hull. Then, on the assumption that the model results were reliable, the authors derived a regression equation to evaluate ΔSST at the skin and 1-m depth from daily mean wind speed (U) and daily peak solar radiation (PS). ΔSST is approximately proportional to In(U) and (PS)², and the skin ΔSST estimated by the equation is not inconsistent with in situ observation results reported in past studies. The authors prepared maps of PS and U using only satellite data, and demonstrated the ΔSST evaluation over a wide area. The result showed that some wide patchy areas where the skin ΔSST exceeds 3.0 K can appear in the tropics and the mid-latitudes in summer. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

降雨导致的海面粗糙度对Aquarius卫星盐度反演的影响研究

Rainfall has two significant effects on the sea surface, including salinity decreasing and surface becoming rougher,which have further influence on L-band sea surface emissivity. Investigations using the Aquarius and TRMM 3B42 matchup dataset indicate that the retrieved sea surface salinity(SSS) is underestimated by the present Aquarius algorithm compared to numerical model outputs, especially in cases of a high rain rate. For example, the bias between satellite-observed SSS and numerical model SSS is approximately 2 when the rain rate is 25 mm/h. The bias can be eliminated by accounting for rain-induced roughness, which is usually modeled by rain-generated ring-wave spectrum. The rain spectrum will be input into the Small Slope Approximation(SSA) model for the simulation of sea surface emissivity influenced by rain. The comparison with theoretical model indicated that the empirical model of rain spectrumis more suitable to be used in the simulation. Further, the coefficients of the rain spectrum are modified by fitting the simulations with the observations of the 2–year Aquarius and TRMM matchup dataset. The calculations confirm that the sea surface emissivity increases with the wind speed and rain rate. The increase induced by the rain rate is rapid in the case of low rain rate and low wind speed. Finally, a modified model of sea surface emissivity including the rain spectrum is proposed and validated by using the matchup dataset in May 2014. Compared with observations, the bias of the rain-induced sea surface emissivity simulated by the modified modelis approximately 1e–4, and the RMSE is slightly larger than 1e–3. With using more matchup data, thebias between model retrieved sea surface salinities and observationsmay be further corrected,and the RMSE may be reduced to less than 1 in the cases of low rain rate and low wind speed.     

海上大气表面层风温湿廓线的测量及参量化研究

以渤中８号采油平台为基地，对海上大气表面层的风速、温度和湿度廓线进行了同步测量。据测量数据的统计分析，确定了较好适用于渤海中部大气表面层的大气稳定度函数模式（不稳定状态），从而确定了一种海上大气表面层风湿廓线的参量化模式。依此模式，可由实测风温湿廓线数据计算海－气动量、感热和水汽通量。     

青岛近海表皮温度和表层温度之差的观测及模糊数学分析

１９９３．１１．２３．９：００－１１．２８．９：００随“东方红”号海洋考察船,采用“走航式海面遥感参数自动观测系统”在青岛近海进行了５个昼夜的连续观测。根据所得资料,首先对表皮水曙和表层水温之差与各因子之间的关系进行了分析,然后利用数学方法对所获数据进行了计算。结果表明,海洋表皮水温与表层水温之差和海面风速,气温与水温之差及太阳辐射等均有明显关系。但此关系难以用传统数学方法准确表述。应用模糊推理方     

热力学效应及斯托克斯漂流对混合层影响的研究

本文通过理想化的外部强迫以及海洋站点实测数据驱动普林斯顿海洋模式来研究海洋热力学效应和斯托克斯漂流对上混合层数值模拟的影响。在Mellor-Yamada湍流闭合方案中,经常出现夏季海表面温度偏暖和混合层深度偏浅的模拟误差。实验表明,斯托克斯漂流在冬季和夏季均能增强湍流动能,加深混合层深度。这种效应可以改善夏季的模拟结果,但与观测数据相比,将增大冬季混合层深度的模拟误差。斯托克斯漂流可以通过增强湍动能来加深混合层深度。结果表明,将斯托克斯漂流与冷皮层和暖层对上部混合层的热效应相结合,可以正确地模拟混合层深度。在夏季,海洋冷皮层和暖层通过“阻挡结构”和双温跃层结构模拟出更真实的上混合层变化。在冬季,海洋热力学效应通过增强上层海洋层结平衡了斯托克斯漂流的影响,并且由斯托克斯漂流引起的过度混合被校正。     

Spectral radiometric measurements of the temperature and radiation capacity of a rough sea surface

The results of radiometric remote simultaneous field measurements of the temperature and radiation capacity of the upper layer of the sea-surface temperature film 0.2 mm thick are presented. The measurements were conducted in the presence of wind waves and were characterized by an increased accuracy, which was achieved owing to the use of measurements of the intensity of radio radiation from the surface illuminated by radiation of a specified varying power. In our experiment, this illumination was provided by the radio radiation of the atmosphere, whose radiance temperature varies significantly, depending on the frequency at the slope of the absorption band of molecular oxygen (52.5–56 GHz). As a result, the radiation capacity and temperature of the skin layer were determined from the correlation dependence between the radiance temperatures of the surface and atmosphere measured by a radiometer-spectrometer in a number of channels separated in frequency. The radiance temperatures of the sea and atmosphere were measured at four frequencies of the 5-mm spectral range (53–55 GHz) on a vertical polarization. For absolute measurements, a calibration method was developed on the basis of a blackbody disk and two reflecting mirrors with the same solid angles. The measured values of the radiation capacity are variable and substantially smaller than the theoretical values determined by the models accepted for the permittivity of water and sea roughness. A possible cause of this can be the change of the permittivity of water in a thin surface layer of the temperature film (0.2 mm) due to the concentration of gases dissolved in water and surface-active substances within this layer.     

基于Argo浮标数据的星载微波辐射计Aquarius数据产品质量评估

Aquarius是专门用于海洋盐度监测的L波段辐射计,于2011年6月发射入轨,目前已进入业务化运行阶段。本文以太平洋为研究区域,利用Argo盐度现场数据对星载微波辐射计Aquarius的2012年2级数据产品质量进行了分析与讨论,结果表明:与Argo数据比较,Aquarius数据盐度存在0.1的负偏差,标准差约为0.7,升轨和降轨数据差异不明显;受亮温陆地污染和无线电射频干扰的影响,近岸海域反演误差较大;海面温度较高的低纬海域反演结果优于中纬度海域;受亮温敏感性及粗糙海面发射率模型的影响,Aquarius在低温水域以及高风速条件下盐度反演误差较大,标准差可达1以上。     

辽宁葫芦岛地区海陆风及热内边界层研究

根据2007年辽宁葫芦岛气象站资料分析了葫芦岛地区海陆风变化特征,并用MM5v3模式模拟了典型日的海陆风风场变化和热内边界层位温场结构变化。结果表明:海风和陆风出现的频率有明显的季节性变化。冬季陆风较多,春夏海风较多,春季、秋季易形成海陆风;海风起止时间夏季长冬季短,陆风起止时间秋冬季较夏季长;典型海陆风日中,海风造成陆地湿度变大,海风风速大于陆风风速;通过海风的数值模拟,海风由生成到成熟海岸吹向内陆其厚度可增厚到2 000 m以上,伸向内陆距离可到40 km;热内边界层向内陆呈舌状分布,海岸边界层高度在200-300 m之间,抛物面高度随着向内陆延伸的距离增加而升高。热内边界层最高达1 800 m。     

渤海海冰数值模式中计算参数的确定

在渤海海冰数值模拟和预报中,针对该海域的气象和水文特点,对模式中的计算参数进行了确定是必要的。本文通过对辽东湾ＪＺ２０－２海域的气象、水文和海冰要素的定点观测,对同太阳辐射、海洋热通量以及拖曳系数等参数进行了计算,对其特点以及对海冰生消和运移的影响进行了分析和讨论。这对提高渤海海冰数值模拟和预报的精度有很大促进,也是建立和发展局地工程海冰数值模式的重要内容。     

海洋上层温度结构特征的参数模式

本文根据Ｃ．Ａ．等（１９６３。１９６５）提出的海洋上层温度结构特征的无因次普遍函数，利用１９５７～１９６４年暖半年渤海、黄海、东海１５９个站次连续站的资料和作者（１９８３）提出的海面热量平衡的简易计算公式计算海面的热量收支，建立了海洋上均匀层厚度、温跃层强度和跃层下界深度的半经验半理论模式。该模式反映了形成海洋上层温度结构特征的主要因子及其作用，同时避开了一般理论模式中的起算点和目前难以获得的物理海洋学参数，而可以直接利用表面水温、气温和风速进行海洋上层温度特征的计算。     

Physical mechanism and numerical simulations of surface layer temperature inversion in tropical ocean

1 Introduction Ocean upper mixed layer, with nearly uniform temperature, salinity and density, is formed by sea sur- face forces such as wind stress, buoyancy flux and sur- face waves, etc. Under the mixed layer, thermocline and halocline often exist. Usually the depth of them is almost equal. But in the tropical ocean, the halocline is often shallower than the thermocline. Then between the layer of uniform salinity and the thermocline, there is a layer which has a rather strong density gradi…     

A PARAMETRIC MODEL FOR THERMAL STRUCTURE FEATURES OF THE OCEAN UPPER LAYER

Based on the non-dimensional general function for the thermal structure features presented by S. A. Kitaigorodsky et al. (1963, 1965)[10,11]. this paper tries to establish semi-empirical and semi-theoretical models bfor the thickness of the upper homogeneous layer of the ocean, thermocline intensity and lower oundary depth of thermocline by consecutive observations from 159 stations in the Bohai Sea,Huanghai Sea and East China Sea in the warm half of the years from 1957 to 1964 and the heat budget at the sea surface computed with the simplified computing formulae proposed by Wang (1983)[22]. This model indicates the main factors forming the thermal structure features in the upper layer of the ocean and their function. With the model, one can directly use the sea surface temperature, air temperature and wind speed to compute the thermal feature in the upper layer of the ocean.     

粤东及闽南近岸上升流对局地风场变化的响应

本文利用2010年6-7月的实测温盐、水位、海流等资料,结合风场数据,讨论了在台风影响较小的情况下,粤东及闽南近岸上升流对局地风场变化的响应特征,主要结论如下:（1）谱分析结果显示,沿岸风、水位、海流、近底层水温均具有3.5～4.0 d、5.0～5.5 d、8.3～9.0 d的波动周期,沿岸风的变化引起上升流强度在3～9 d周期上的波动;（2）上升流对局地风场变化的响应过程如下:利于上升流产生的局地风场发生变化时,沿岸风作用下产生的Ekman输运促使的上升流区水位的下降幅度发生改变,随即向岸方向的压强梯度力也发生变化,进而导致沿岸流及近底层向岸流的增强或减弱,而近底层向岸流强度的改变又会引起近底层水温的变化;（3）相关分析及交叉谱分析的结果表明,沿岸风的变化将在3 d以内影响上升流区近底层水温。以34 m向岸流代表近底层向岸流,则“沿岸风-水位-近底层向岸流-近底层水温”这一过程的响应时间依次为24 h、7 h、27 h左右。     

风浪状态对海面粗糙度影响

风浪状态参数常用于对海面粗糙度的参数化。中等风速条件下考虑风浪状态参数影响的海面粗糙度参数化方案常存在自相关效应,本文通过分析实测数据得到了无量纲粗糙度随波陡变化的参数化方案,该方案能够有效去除自相关效应;高风速下风浪状态对海面粗糙度仍存在影响,文中基于新得出的中等风速下的海面粗糙度参数化方案,考虑海面飞沫悬浮层的影响,建立了适用于高风速条件下的海面粗糙度参数化方案,该海面粗糙度方案同样考虑了波陡的作用,将该方案计算出的理论值与实测数据进行比对,发现随着波陡的变化,理论值基本涉及测量值的覆盖范围,说明新建立的高风速条件下海面粗糙度方案对海面风浪状态具有较好的敏感性,且该方案能够较合理地描述海气界面之间动量传输。将新提出的适用于高风速下的海面粗糙度方案加入到海浪数值模式中,模拟飓风Ivan产生的台风浪,利用浮标数据进行验证,结果显示模拟的有效波高相对模式默认方案具有较高的精度,说明采用本文新建立的适合高风速的海面粗糙度方案能够改进海浪模式的台风浪有效波高模拟结果。     

An empirical microwave emissivity model for a foam-covered sea

A model for computing microwave emissivity of a wind-driven foam-covered sea is presented. The effect of roughness and foam is modeled by combining early measurement results and theoretical analysis. Recent Seasat-SMMR measurements are used to fine tune the model and derive an "effective" fractional foam coverage expression in terms of frequency and wind speed. The model incorporates polarization characterization and view angle dependence of the foam-cover emissivity. For48.8degincidence angle and wind speed less than 15 m/s, the emissivity values calculated from this model differs by <8 percent from those calculated from Wilheit's model. At nadir and at 25 m/s wind speed, the emissivity calculated from the two models differ bysim15percent.     

基于MISR多角度光学遥感影像的海面风速估算实验

太阳耀光是来自粗糙海面的直接太阳反射光,其强度与海面粗糙度密切相关,而海面粗糙度主要受海面风场影响。因此,包含太阳耀光信息的光学遥感影像在海洋动力过程和海面风速探测中具有积极意义。本文利用2016年2月到2017年3月期间成像的25幅Terra卫星MISR(Multi-angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer)传感器的多角度遥感影像,分别提取了太阳的高度角和方位角、正视和后视影像的卫星观测角、方位角等信息,校正获得正视和后视影像的太阳耀光辐射强度,进一步反演海表面粗糙度信息,进而计算海面风速。最后利用ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)的模式风速数据与反演获得的风速结果进行对比验证。结果表明,两者的相关系数较高(R=0.745),均方根误差和平均绝对偏差值分别为1.514 m·s^-1和1.319 m·s^-1。初步实验结果表明,利用MISR多角度光学遥感影像估算海表面风速是可行性的。     

海洋混合层深度时空分布及其与风、浪参数的相关性分析

本文应用一个经验证的全球尺度FVCOM海浪模型,模拟了2012年全球海洋海浪场的分布和演变,分析了海表面风场、海浪场与混合层深度的全球尺度分布及相关性。综合观测资料和模型结果显示,海表面10 m风速、有效波高与混合层深度的全球尺度分布随季节发生显著的变化,并且其分布态势存在明显的相似性。从相关系数的全球分布来看,海表面10 m风速在印度洋低纬度海区（纬度0°~20°）与混合层深度间有较强的相关性,相关系数大于0.5;有效波高与混合层深度间相关系数大于0.5的网格分布在北半球高纬度海区和印度洋北部。谱峰周期与混合层深度间在部分海区存在负相关关系,这些网格主要分布在低纬度海区（纬度0°~30°）。统计结果显示,有效波高、海表面10 m风速和谱峰周期与混合层深度间的平均相关系数分别为0.31、0.25和0.12。综合以上结果表明,有效波高较谱峰周期能更有效地表征波浪能对海洋上层混合的影响;相比于海表面风速,有效波高与混合层深度间存在更强的相关关系,其变化对海洋上层混合有更显著的影响。     

渤海叶绿素 a 浓度与环境因素的响应关系研究

基于 2003－2018 年的遥感反演和再分析数据, 分别在时域和频域上分析了渤海海表面温度、光合有效辐射、气溶 胶厚度、风速与叶绿素 a 浓度之间的响应关系。通过傅里叶变换在频域上得到各因素之间的相关性系数, 其显著高于直接在 时域上计算得到的相关性系数, 表明由于相位差的影响, 直接在时域进行相关性分析很可能会低估各因素之间的相关性。傅 里叶变换后的频谱图显示, 叶绿素 a 浓度存在一年、半年、4 个月与季节周期; 风速与气溶胶厚度存在明显的一年和半年周 期; 海表面温度和光合有效辐射具有明显的一年周期, 半年周期较其他几个因素不明显。交叉谱分析的结果表明： 叶绿素 a 浓度和所选的环境因子都在一年周期下具有最大的交叉振幅, 表明在此频率下响应最大; 风速、气溶胶厚度、光合有效辐射 分别超前于叶绿素 a 浓度约 5.0 个月、0.2 个月、0.2 个月, 海表面温度则滞后 1.9 个月。各环境因子之间相互关联, 共同影 响叶绿素 a 浓度的时间分布。