New approaches to the study of population dynamics in cities of Moscow Oblast

New approaches to the study of population growth, spatial distribution, and urbanization in the USSR are presented. "Quantitative analysis of historical trends in city growth rates within Moscow Oblast (1926-1984) reveals two major components or city types: a group of cities with below-(oblast) average rates for each of five periods of analysis (1926-39, 1939-59, 1959-70, 1970-79, 1979-84) and a second category experiencing above-average growth until 1970, with subsequent reduction of rates below the oblast average."     

Rapidly growing towns in the former USSR and Russia, 1970-1993

"Using urban places of 15,000 or more inhabitants as its point of reference, this paper identifies and investigates the most rapidly growing towns and cities of the USSR during the recent intercensal periods of 1970-79 and 1979-89. Rapidly growing towns are defined as towns that grew by at least 50 percent overall for the intercensal period and at a rate of equal to or exceeding 4.1 percent annually. In addition, a category of 'doubling towns' is investigated, defined as towns that increased in population by at least 100 percent (or 6.3 percent or more annually). Special attention is devoted to the geographical aspects, economic functions, and size characteristics of the towns involved. Comparisons with 1959-70, an overall examination from 1959-89, and an update for contemporary Russia during 1989-93 also are undertaken."     

Use of the population potential model for predicting the growth of cities in a region (with reference to Moscow Oblast)

"A modification of the population potential model is used to analyze the structure of the potential of population for cities of the Moscow region, to develop a relationship between population potential and city size, and to use this procedure to forecast future population change in Moscow Oblast cities." Cities in the region with a population of 50,000 or more at the censuses of 1959, 1970, and 1979 are included.     

The basic framework of settlement of the USSR: origins and configuration

The concept of a basic framework of settlement consisting of the largest cities in the USSR is developed. "The present framework shaped by cities over 100,000 and by cities over 500,000 is analyzed in terms of clusters of concentration and outlying centers. Changes in the framework over time are discussed in terms of varying sets of the 50 largest cities in various stages over the last 80 years."     

Large urban agglomerations of the Soviet Union

The study of urban agglomerations in the USSR is discussed, with a focus on their basic framework and role in settlement and on the various techniques used to define such agglomerations. "The present paper envisages a minimum population of 250,000 for the core city (or cities), maximum travel time of 1.5 to 2 hours to the core city, and a minimum value for a 'development coefficient' reflecting the population of the agglomeration and its structure in terms of urban places. The networks of agglomerations that existed at the time of the 1959 and 1970 censuses are analyzed and compared. The urban agglomerations are grouped into five classes of development levels and into three classes of growth rates. Intensive and extensive growth factors are discussed."     

Shifts in the distribution of rural population in the non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR

"Rural population change within the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFRS [Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic] is examined over the period 1959-79 at several levels of analysis: the Non-Chernozem zone as a whole, its major economic regions, individual oblasts, individual rayons and individual farms and rural places. The overriding tendency at all levels of analysis has been the increasing spatial concentration of rural population." The authors observe that "this concentration assumes a variety of forms, from the concentration of rural population in the suburban zones of large cities and the immediate surroundings of rayon seats to a decline in the number of rural places (from 180,000 in 1959 to 118,000 in 1979) and the growth of local centers against a general background of rural population decline. The authors hint that the observed tendency is a positive development, in keeping with the policy of converting Soviet agriculture to a more intensive path of development."     

Localized Effects of Globalization: The Case of Ciudad Juárez,Chihuahua, Mexico

This paper explores how the rise of global industrialization has altered the internal complexion of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, the largest and fastest growing of Mexico's northern border cities. First, we trace the political-economic history of Ciudad Juárez and other northern Mexican border cities in order to understand the context of rapid industrialization. Second, we document the dimensions of industrialization by tracing historic trends in population growth, industrial employment, and land-use change. Third, a deprivation index is developed to evaluate the effects of industrialization on quality-of-life at the neighborhood scale in Ciudad Juárez. Deprivation indices are calculated for 266 AGEBs (Mexican geostatistical districts) for the years 1990 and 1995, and changes in levels of deprivation are monitored over time. The analyses show that Ciudad Juárez has experienced unprecedented growth that altered the form, function, and social complexion of the city.     

The relationship between mean annual growth rates and the size of cities in the USSR

3 groups of USSR cities are used to study the correlation between city size and the mean annual city growth rates of: 1) oblast capitals of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republics (RSFSR) with diversified machine building; 2) industrial cities of the RSFSR and the Ukraine based on heavy machine building; and 3) small and medium sized textile towns. Results show that the closeness of the relationship between growth rates and city size increases with the number of comparable attributes. The principal factors included are: the level of organization of the city, including its size; its functional and industrial sectoral structure; the degree of saturation with industry; and type of city, probably the key characteristic. The more highly developed a city is, the more important an ntegrated focus it becomes. On the other hand, the lower the level of organization of the city, the more its development will be determined by the function of place. Growth rates of small and medium sized textile towns over the last 20-36 years are roughly 1/5 of the growth rates of oblast capitals and large industrial cities with machine building. Overall, cities of the central economic region constitute a complex system that breaks down into the rhythms of systems of a given type and of different types at various levels of organization. Although cities that are homogeneous in terms of functional, industrial, sectoral, and territorial factors display a correlation between mean annual growth rates and population size, only by looking at these factors in combination, rather than counterposing them to one another, can we identify the objective regularities underlying the growth of cities.     

楚雄市城市气候特征分析——兼谈中国主要城市热岛强度对比分析

利用云南省楚雄市气象观测站1959~2000年资料与其郊区南华气象观测站资料进行比较, 并用小波分析等方法,通过与北京、上海等大城市热岛强度进行对比分析,找出了我国不同城市热岛强度分布特征,发现楚雄市热岛强度的年变化和日变化规律。结果表明,进入20世纪80年代以来,楚雄市热岛效应日趋明显,呈明显的季节性,其变化规律与北京、上海等大城市既有相似之处也有不同之处,不同区域背景对城市热岛效应有一定影响。随着楚雄城市的发展,城区的绝对湿度和相对湿度逐渐减少,“干岛效应”呈增强的趋势。     

基于百度贴吧数据的长江中游城市群城市网络联系分析

以百度城市吧主题帖的累积截面数据为基础数据,采用优势流分析法等,定量分析流空间视角下长江中游城市群城市网络联系特征。结果表明：① 长江中游城市群城市贴吧网络联系密度为77.74%,大部分城市间存在比较普遍的网络联系。② 长江中游城市群31个城市可划分为全域、普遍、较多、一般、较少伙伴型城市等5种类型,环鄱阳湖城市群缺少全域和较多伙伴型城市,城市网络联系不如武汉城市圈和环长株潭城市群活跃。③ 长江中游城市群尺度上尚未形成绝对意义上的主导型和次级主导型城市,仅有武汉与长沙表现出了主导型城市的雏形,整体城市网络联系层级结构不是十分明晰。④ 按照主导性、控制力的强弱,长江中游城市群已基本呈现“一主两副三中心五节点”金字塔型的城市网络联系格局,武汉为大区中心城市,长沙和南昌为大区副中心城市,株洲、九江、宜昌可认为是各子城市群的中心城市,岳阳、黄石、襄阳、衡阳和景德镇应定性为各子城市群的控制节点城市。     

The consequences of Brazil’s lack of transport planning is written in the blood of sparrows

The medium-sized cities of Brazil are those with populations of between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants. These cities are growing rapidly, and are characterized by poor urban planning, a loss of biodiversity and decreasing health prospects for residents. Historically, urbanization in Brazil has been associated with incentives to increase the use of private vehicles for local transport. The air pollution resulting from this “car dependency” has been quantified in some major cities in Brazil, such as the megacity of São Paulo. In this paper, we demonstrate through a bioindication study carried out in the Brazilian city of Rondonópolis, that atmospheric pollution resulting from vehicular emissions is also a measurable reality for medium-sized cities. Most Brazilian cities lack air quality measurement equipment, and we used an inexpensive and easy to apply bioindication assay to measure air pollution, and this approach could be easily implemented in those cities and beyond.     

基于信息熵的兰州市用地结构动态演变及其驱动力

在GIS技术支持下,以兰州市建成区1959-2004年城市用地结构及相关经济社会统计数据为基础,借助系统论中的信息熵原理,揭示了兰州市建成区用地结构动态演变特征,阐述了影响建成区用地结构动态演变的主要自然、政策、经济社会和城市规划等驱动力,最后利用主成分和多元线性回归相结合的分析方法,对该区用地结构动态演变的经济社会主要驱动因子进行了分析与探讨。研究表明:该区用地结构动态演变的信息熵H经历了三个阶段:1959-1979年持续下降阶段与1979-2001年剧烈上升后缓慢增长阶段,以及2001-2004年急速回落阶段;均衡度在持续下降,稳定上升之后,在后期有所回落,优势度相反;用地结构无序化的剧烈变化期位于1979-1989年间,之后至2001年,无序化进程缓慢;影响兰州市建成区用地结构动态演变的主要经济社会驱动力为:城市经济社会发展阶段和城市建设投资规模、人口增长及就业状况和产业结构比例、城市建设水平等等,其中前两者影响更为明显。     

东亚地区城市体系研究

东亚地区作为一个整体崛起于20世纪后期,而其城市则是构建东亚生产网络的关键节点。本文利用现有的5种计量方法来分析东亚地区城市体系的城市人口规模等级结构特征,发现：东亚地区的城市体系基本符合二倍律法则,而东亚诸国内部的城市规模等级结构可以大致分成“正金字塔型”和“纺锤型”两种类型;城市体系的城市分形维度很低,基本上都属于首位型的位序一规模分布。     

Impact of land use change on soil resources in the peri-urban area of Suzhou city

The Yangtze delta area is among the fastest developing areas in China. Here there are mega-cities like Shanghai, Nanjing and the attached urban areas of different sizes including those along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Shanghai up to Nanjing as well as their satellite cities and towns, forming one of the most densely distributed urban areas in China. This is a case study done in Suzhou city at the center of the Yangtze delta to reflect the impact of urban sprawl on soil resources using satellite images and digital soil databases. The extent of the developed land in the studied area and the impact of development on soil resources at 1:100,000 scale are estimated and the soil types impacted most by urbanization development are determined through overlaying the soil map on the satellite images (Landsat-7) of the studied area at different times (1984, 1995, 2000 and 2003). The methodology for this study consists of analyzing data resulting from using a geographic information system (GIS) to combine urban land use maps of different times derived from satellite images with data on soil characteristics contained in the established soil databases by which some results come into being to present the fast expanding trend of urbanization in the Yangtze delta area, the urban spread and the soils occupied by the urbanization process, and also the quality of the occupied soils.     

The cities of the RSFSR: trends and prospects of development

The relationship between function and city size in cities of the Russian part of the USSR with a population of over 100,000 is examined for the period 1939 to 1980. The results suggest that "the relationship between city growth and functional change is wavelike in nature. In the initial stages of development of a city, it is the construction and transport functions that predominate, and they are associated with high rates of population growth. Increasing functional complexity leads to slower rates of population growth. When the given city reaches a higher stage of development...it again begins to attract population, with relatively low rates of growth."     

苏州城郊土地利用变化对土壤的影响

1IntroductionThe conversion of natural systems to agricultural production has been the primary basis for the successful growth of human populations for the last 9,000 years (Kates etal., 1990). The conflict between urban and agricultural land use, however…     

A Typology of U.S. Shrinking Cities

The literature on shrinking cities has significantly grown in recent years. Little work, however, has been done toward the development of a shrinking city typology, which could help inform solutions and strategies to address problems associated with population loss. With a focus on central cities, this article identifies 367 shrinking cities within the United States and categorizes them using a geographic information system to identify seven types of shrinking cities in the United States: (1) large shrinking central cities, (2) inner-ring suburbs of shrinking central cities, (3) outer-ring suburbs of shrinking central cities, (4) inner-ring suburbs of growing central cities, (5) outer-ring suburbs of growing central cities, (6) small shrinking central cities in small Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and (7) small shrinking cities in small Micropolitan Statistical Areas. The empirically generated clusters, combined with associated social and demographic information, identify separate but sometimes interrelated shrinking city types and provide a new perspective for addressing the problems faced by U.S. shrinking cities. Key Words: population decline, shrinking cities, typology, urban population.     

The role of Leipzig’s narrative of shrinking

An important claim for the categorisation and study of shrinking cities is that the experience of governance across these cities may offer an alternative to hegemonic discourses of growth. However, there are methodological problems associated with categorizing then researching shrinking cities. Two key problems are: first, the category hides a multiplicity of cause and effect and; second, the danger of fetishizing the city against the reality of broader urban drivers of change. It is argued that the use of governance narratives is a means to addresses this, as narratives focus us on cities as places of practice. We apply the approach to Leipzig, once shrinking but now one of Germany’s fastest growing cities. We conclude that while there was a significant attempt to articulate an alternative to growth, it remained dominant suggesting the need to develop a taxonomy of shrinking cities where not all offer an alternative vision of “development”.     

Do suburban residents prefer the fastest or low-carbon travel modes? Combining public participation GIS and multimodal travel time analysis for daily mobility research

Sustainability of urban transportation and residents' daily mobility is increasingly important for the future of urban regions. In this paper, we present a novel methodology combining mapped survey responses (gathered using public participation GIS) and sophisticated multimodal routing analysis to understand patterns of suburban residents' daily mobility. Our particular focus is on residents' mode choices and their optimality in terms of travel time. We also examine the carbon-intensity of potential mode choice mismatches where a comparatively slower travel mode is chosen for a particular trip. This paper shows how the combination of the two data sources create new possibilities for analysing daily mobility by enabling the comparison of self-reported, geographically referenced mobility patterns and modelled, objectively “optimal” patterns. Our case study results from a rapidly growing metropolitan area, Greater Helsinki in Finland, indicate that people have rather sustainable daily mobility practices. Their daily trips are typically short (median 1.8 km), and non-motorised travel modes are the most popular. Also the share of car travel is significant. While public transport clearly has the lowest modal share, it is frequently used on longer trips to destinations where public transport connections are good (particularly the city centre). In 44% of trips, the respondents choose the fastest travel mode. When a comparatively slower travel mode is chosen, it most often produces less CO₂ emissions than the fastest mode. However, particularly on shopping trips – the most commonly reported type of trip – car driving dominates as the fastest means of transportation. When a slower mode is chosen on a shopping trip, it is typically more carbon-intensive than the fastest mode would have been in that case. The methodology presented here can be used to support local decision making, particularly when daily services and transport infrastructure are planned or reorganised.     

Ethnic results of the 1979 Soviet census

This article is based on summary results concerning ethnic composition in the USSR according to the 1979 census. "These results...have been rearranged... to reflect not only the ethnic composition of the USSR and of its republics over time (1959, 1970, 1979), but also shifts in the distribution of particular ethnic groups. Furthermore, ethnic groups are discussed in a regional sequence. In combination with the migration tables based on previous results of the 1979 census...some conclusions can be drawn concerning the ethnic makeup of migrants among republics."