浅谈抗滑桩及预应力锚索在边坡治理中的综合应用

论文较详细地论述了郴州市107国道一住宅楼旁公路边坡滑坡治理工程的设计及施工概况。重点是抗滑桩及预应力锚索的联合应用，获得了治愈滑坡的良好效果。文中分别介绍了边坡治理工程设计的原则及其治理措施－边坡开挖、边坡加固、边坡排水及边坡环境保护；抗滑桩的施工工艺－成孔步骤、钢筋笼的制做与安装、抗滑桩桩芯砼浇注，预应力锚索的施工工艺等内容。论文不仅对治理工程进行了恰如其分的效果评述，并提示同行应注意的问题。     

细/粗粒二元结构边坡的排水防渗效果试验研究

膨胀土边坡开挖时因干-湿循环作用形成裂隙,导致降雨入渗深层土壤,影响边坡稳定性。针对传统工艺存在生态效果差与使用寿命短等不足,进行了6组兼顾生态和防渗功能的非饱和上细下粗二元结构的边坡排水防渗效果的试验研究。采用亮蓝染色示踪方法直接观测了降雨条件下二元结构水分入渗过程,其结果表明:粗粒层粒径越大,级配越差,越易形成优先渗流通道,难以形成连续的水平渗流场,排水效果差。降雨直接入渗至边坡防护层,增加了其入渗边坡土体失稳的风险。通过监测侧向与底部排水体积,分析结果表明:二元结构具有较好的防渗排水效果,其稳定排水效率和综合排水效率分别介于80%~100%和43%~79%之间,随着粗粒层粒径减小、颗粒级配变好,稳定排水效率呈先减小后增加的趋势,而综合排水效率却呈先增加后缓慢减小的趋势。因此,从排水效果和工程材料造价等角度考虑,认为方案4最优。该研究成果可为南水北调膨胀土边坡治理以及其他工程的边坡防渗问题处理提供技术支撑。     

松散堆积土边坡充气排水方法

坡体地下水是影响边坡稳定的主要因素,将水排出往往能够阻止滑坡的启动。通过应用基本理论和模型试验对高压充气法应用在边坡排水工程中的可行性进行研究分析。结果表明：将高压充气排水法应用在边坡排水工程中是可行的,且适用于土体中最大孔径大于5.0 μm的边坡;气驱水过程存在初始充气气压且存在上限值;气排水速度与土体渗透系数和充气气压成正比、与水头高度和孔隙通道半径成反比;气排水过程中土体大孔隙通道内产生优先流现象。     

水平钻孔排水在王岗滑坡治理中的应用

该文分析了王岗滑坡的基本原因，着重介绍了水平钻孔排水在滑坡治理中的具体措施方法，特点及有关技术数据。     

西部公路路基内部排水效果模拟研究

以半挖半填路基为例，讨论了各类地质单元与路基系统的作用及路基系统内部地下水运动特征，着重分析了地下水对路基边坡稳定性的控制作用，通过敏感性分析，阐明了降低路基边坡地下水位的必要性，研究了地下水对路基系统的作用机理；建立了路基排水的数学模型，对影响路基排水的降雨强度、渗沟间距、排水时间等因素进行了敏感分析；通过对路基系统渗透系数、入渗系数、降雨量及初始水头的不同取值，运用Modflow软件对排水效果进行了模拟；通过工程实例，验证了路基排水设计方案的合理性。     

考虑地层变异的边坡稳定不确定性分析

目前涉及岩土体不均匀性的岩土问题可靠度分析大多只考虑岩土体的固有变异,即岩土体特性参数的不均匀性,未考虑涉及不同岩土体材料的地层变异。地层变异在实际滑坡中广泛存在,其表现为不同类型岩土材料(如黏土、粉土、砂土)的互相嵌套,或一种类型岩土体在另一种较均质岩土体中的随机分布。为此,提出了利用钻孔资料评估考虑地层变异时边坡稳定不确定性的分析方法。根据已有钻孔资料设计了不同的钻孔布置方案,建立了表征地层变异的马尔可夫链模型,采用有限元强度折减法进行边坡稳定性分析,探讨了钻孔布置方案对评估边坡稳定安全系数和失效概率不确定性的影响。以澳大利亚珀斯市钻孔资料为例,分析了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,钻孔布置方案对边坡稳定安全系数和失效概率的不确定性评估有重要影响。考虑地层变异时,边坡稳定安全系数可以用Johnson分布来描述;边坡稳定安全系数统计量和失效概率不一定随钻孔数量增加而单调变化,边坡影响区域以内钻孔对评估边坡稳定安全系数的不确定性最为有效;当钻孔数目逐渐增加时,边坡安全系数均值逐渐收敛至精确值。     

寺河煤矿井下近水平定向钻孔工艺研究

煤矿瓦斯是影响煤矿井下安全生产的重要因素,同时作为一种新能源正越来越受到重视。为了解决煤矿井下瓦斯安全问题和新能源的开发利用,近水平定向钻孔抽采瓦斯技术得到了广泛应用。近水平定向钻孔抽采瓦斯技术的核心是钻孔施工过程中对钻孔轨迹进行精确控制。本文通过分析影响定向钻孔施工的因素结合现场钻孔施工,总结出了煤矿井下近水平定向钻孔施工的经验及规律,达到了对钻孔轨迹精确控制的目的。     

边坡俯倾排水孔负压排水法研究

实时排出坡体地下水可减少降雨诱发型滑坡灾害的发生。仰斜排水孔是滑坡治理中常用的排水方法,但排水孔的淤堵问题影响了排水的效果,其使用的耐久性也得不到保证。论文提出一种俯倾排水孔负压排水法,将钻孔分为下部透水孔段和上部注浆封闭孔段,中间使用止浆体分隔,虹吸排水管穿过注浆封闭孔段进入透水孔段的底部。当坡内地下水位上升,引起排水管进水口的水头高程大于钻孔的孔口高程时,虹吸排水自然启动并在透水孔段内产生负压,从而加快排水速度。负压排水过程的抽吸作用可将孔内淤积物排出,而封闭孔段将钻孔透水孔段与大气隔离,有利于解决化学淤堵问题和生物淤堵问题。论文首先定性分析了该方法的作用原理和应用可行性,再在恒定水头条件下,进行了负压和排水能力的物理模型试验。试验表明:（1）排水过程可以产生必要的孔内负压条件;（2）排水一段时间后,透水空腔内的压强值不再变化,排水流量基本稳定;（3）增大排水管径或增大排水口与透水空腔高差,可使透水空腔内产生更大的负压值,从而提高排水效果。因此该方法是一种新型有效的排水方法,有较好的工程应用价值。     

基于多源试验数据空间变异土体参数概率反演及边坡可靠度更新

岩土工程现场勘察试验通常只能获得有限的试验数据,据此难以真实地量化土体参数的空间变异性。提出了考虑土体参数空间变异性的概率反演和边坡可靠度更新方法,基于室内和现场两种不同来源的试验数据概率反演空间变异参数统计特征和更新边坡可靠度水平,并给出了计算流程。此外为合理地描述土体参数先验信息,发展了不排水抗剪强度非平稳随机场模型。最后通过不排水饱和黏土边坡算例验证了提出方法的有效性,并探讨了试验数据和钻孔位置对边坡后验失效概率的影响。结果表明：提出方法实现了空间变异土体参数概率反演与边坡可靠度更新的一体化,基于有限的多源试验数据概率反演得到的土体参数均值与试验数据非常吻合,明显降低了对参数不确定性的估计,更新的边坡可靠度水平显著增加。受土体参数空间自相关性的影响,试验数据对钻孔取样点附近区域土体参数统计特征更新的影响明显大于距离取样点较远区域。     

电渗及其在岩土工程中的若干应用研究现状

本文对电渗现象及其在软土排水，加固，边坡稳定及岩土环境治理等方面的应用研究现状进行了评述。     

Study of horizontal drain effect on slope stability

Slope failure usually occurs when soil particles are unable to build a strong bond with each other and become loose because of the presence of water. Water pressure weakens the ties between the particles and they tend to slip. Therefore, this study focused on the use of horizontal drains to reduce water entry and control the ground water level as a method of slope stabilization. Several previous studies have shown that the use of horizontal drains to lower the water level in soil is one of the fastest and cheapest slope stabilization methods. The main objective of this study is to analyze the effect of horizontal drains on slope stability. Information on slope condition during the landslides which happened at Precinct 9, Putrajaya, Malaysia was used for analytical simulation. Seep/W and Slope/W analyses were carried out with GeoStudio version 2007 software. Slopes with and without horizontal drains were then compared in terms of groundwater level and factor of safety (FOS) values. Scenarios were created for seven types of soil namely: residual, clay, silt, loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and silt clay loam for a case wise analysis. The effect of daily steady rainfall and realcondition rainfall was studied. These cases were studied to find the effectiveness of horizontal drains as a slope stabilization tool. The results revealed that when a drain was installed on a slope, the groundwater level dropped immediately and the safety factor of the slope increased. Sandy loam (sL) soil was identified as the best candidate for a horizontal drain. Its highly saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks facilitated groundwater drain through the horizontal drain effectively. Silt clay loam (scL) soil was identified as the least effective candidate.     

Prediction of piezometric surfaces and drain spacing for horizontal drain design

Horizontal drains, used independently or as part of a more complex remediation scheme, are frequently installed to mitigate the effects of increased groundwater in slope stabilization projects. Due to a general trial and error approach to their design, the need for improved design practices has been recognized. The procedures established by Crenshaw and Santi in 2004 made some advances in this direction, but did not account for slopes with drains that were not horizontal or for sloping low-permeability layers underneath the slide mass. Furthermore, the method outlined by Crenshaw and Santi is time-consuming and requires some trial and error calculations to achieve convergence. Therefore, the method has been modified to account for nonhorizontal elements, and a horizontal drain spreadsheet has been developed to streamline the design for projects where horizontal drains will be installed. The horizontal drain spreadsheet may be used to: (1) predict a conservative piezometric profile in a drained slope for use in slope stability analyses, (2) predict piezometric heads in any single piezometer in a drainage field, and (3) predict drain spacing for design purposes. This document explains the revisions to Crenshaw and Santi’s procedures and provides instructions for applying the method. The instructions may be used for hand calculations, but are specifically intended for use with the horizontal drain spreadsheet. The spreadsheet may be used for slopes composed of silty or clayey sands, silts, and silty or sandy clays.     

Development of drain hole design optimisation: a conceptual model for open pit mine slope drainage system with fractured media using a multi-stage genetic algorithm

High rainfall in equatorial regions leads to high groundwater levels or pore pressures and a high risk of landslides on the slopes of open pit mines, hindering mining operations. To lower the groundwater level surrounding a slope, a drainage system is needed. A drain hole is a part of a drainage system which utilises gravity to drain groundwater. Drain hole installation in fractured media requires the determination of the number, location, length and other parameters of the drain holes. Drain holes are frequently installed in uniform configurations or in layouts with uniform spacing, which are often ineffective and uneconomical, as some holes are not in the right positions or directions within the fractured media. This paper attempts to develop a conceptual model of an optimised configuration of drain holes by setting the drain hole parameters, or decision variables, such as number, location and length, in such a way that it produces the most effective and efficient outcome by maximising groundwater lowering and minimising cost. The optimisation is supported by the multi-stage genetic algorithm method in combination with a groundwater simulator, hereafter called the multi-stage GWSim-GA SO method. The procedure of the conceptual model will be further developed and used as a framework in the groundwater management of fractured media of an open pit mine slope.     

Effectiveness of horizontal drains for slope stability

Horizontal drains have been commonly used in stabilising unsaturated residual soil slopes. This study examines the effectiveness of horizontal drains in stabilising residual soil slopes against rainfall-induced slope failures under a tropical climate. The study includes field instrumentation at two residual soil slopes complemented with a parametric study relating to drain position. Field monitoring results indicate that rainfall infiltration is limited to a certain depth below which infiltration becomes insignificant. This zone tends to be unsuitable for horizontal drains. Horizontal drains were found to be most effective when located at the base of a slope. The parametric study indicated conditions under which horizontal drains are effective or ineffective in improving the stability of a slope. It was also found that horizontal drains have little role in minimising infiltration in an unsaturated residual soil slope. Benefits of using horizontal drains can be obtained through the lowering of the water table.     

荔湾3-1气田管线路由海底峡谷段斜坡稳定性分析

针对南海荔湾3-1气田管线穿过的海底峡谷区6个典型斜坡剖面,分别采用有限元强度折减法和极限平衡法开展斜坡稳定性分析,模型考虑了土层强度随深度的变化。计算结果对比表明,有限元强度折减法与极限平衡法分析结果一致,其中与Spencer法结果最接近,稳定系数相对误差小于3.5%。重力作用下各斜坡基本处于相对稳定状态,峡谷中下部土强度较低且坡度较高的局部区域接近临界状态,峡谷头部因坡度相对较小且土体强度相对较大,其斜坡稳定系数相对较高。地震水平加速度能够明显降低该区斜坡的稳定系数,且随着加速度值的增大滑动深度逐渐变大。当水平加速度达到0.2g时峡谷中下部区域大部分会发生滑动。海底地形坡度和土层强度是影响峡谷区斜坡稳定性的主要因素,且稳定系数与滑动面对局部坡度和强度分布较为敏感,合理的稳定性评价依赖于精确的地形数据与土层力学参数。     

Performance of the horizontal drains in upstream shell of earth dams on the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions

Slope stability analysis during rapid drawdown is an important consideration in the design of embankment dams. During rapid drawdown, the stabilizing effect of the water on the upstream face is lost, but the pore water pressures within the embankment may remain high. As a result, the stability of the upstream face of the dam can be much reduced. Installing horizontal drains is a very efficient and cost-effective method for reducing the pore water pressure and increasing the stability of the upstream slope. The theory of horizontal drains in the upstream shell of earth dams is well established, but there seems to be limited resources available for the design of this type of horizontal drains. Hence, this study is focused on the performance of horizontal drains in the upstream shell of the slope of earth dams on the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions. The parametric study has been conducted on the variation of horizontal drain parameters such as the number of drains, their length, and their location. In this study, ten scenarios were analyzed based on different drainage configurations and the performance of each scenario is investigated on the seepage and the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions using finite element and limit equilibrium methods. The results demonstrated that the stability of the upstream slope during rapid drawdown conditions increases by increasing the number of drains. The length of drains extending further from its intersection with the critical failure surface does not provide any significant change in the factor of safety. Finally, the study also found that installing drains in the lower region of the upstream shell of earth dams gives more stability than those installed in higher elevations.     

裸脚式稀土矿山原地浸矿的边坡稳定性分析

采用SoilVision软件,利用测试的矿体和表层黏土的物理力学参数,分析原地浸矿的渗流过程和计算边坡安全系数。现场监测试验矿块的浸润线和裂缝宽度发展,验证了数值计算结果是合理的。根据试验矿块的边坡剖面形状,结合原地浸矿工艺特征,建立了简化模型,分析了导流孔和收液巷道对边坡稳定性的控制作用。数值计算和试验结果表明:当导流孔收液率小于13.35%时,导流孔对边坡安全系数影响很小;当导流孔收液率为13.35%~15.8%时,边坡安全系数随收液率近似成线性增加;对于水平长度为42m的边坡,收液巷道与出渗面距离为12~24m时,收液巷道对控制边坡失稳的作用发挥得最充分。     

Reliability analysis of slope stability under seismic condition during a given exposure time

Evaluating the failure probability of a slope under the seismic condition during a given exposure time is important for performance-based assessment of slope stability. In this paper, a two-stage method is suggested to study the seismic stability of a slope during a given exposure time. In the first stage, the exceedance probability of the horizontal pseudo-static acceleration is evaluated. In the second stage, the vulnerability curve of the slope, which shows the relationship between the horizontal pseudo-static acceleration and the failure probability of the slope, is established. The failure probability of the slope during a given exposure time is then assessed by combining the exceedance probability curve of the horizontal pseudo-static acceleration and the vulnerability curve of the slope. Examples investigated show that the reliability of a slope under the seismic condition is controlled by multiple slip surfaces. A slope may have different failure probabilities during the same exposure time when it is at different locations because of different levels of ground shaking. Event at the same site, different slopes may have different failure probability because of the difference in factors like slope geometries and geological conditions. The method suggested in this paper can be used to quantify the effect of the above factors on the reliability of a slope.     

土石坝下游坝坡砌块在地震作用下的稳定性评价

分析了用水平最大反应加速度这一指标评价坝坡散粒体在地震作用下的稳定性的不足,以护坡用的砌块为研究对象,提出了砌块逸出安全系数Ks的公式,使对坝坡散粒体稳定性的评价由定性发展到定量阶段。计算Ks时综合考虑了砌块水平和竖向反应加速度和坡角等因素,使评价相当合理。用所提方法分析了一面板堆石坝下游坡砌块在地震作用下的稳定性。     

基于滑面正应力分布的爆炸震动荷载作用下边坡稳定性分析

假定滑面正应力分布为2个待定参数的拉格朗日函数,推导出爆炸震动作用下滑体的水平力、垂直力和力矩平衡方程。通过算例分析证实计算方法的可行性,说明爆炸振动拟静力系数与边坡安全系数的关系。研究结果表明,垂直向下、水平指向坡外的爆破振动荷载以及两者的联合爆破荷载对边坡稳定性安全系数有很大的影响;爆破荷载拟静力系数从0增加到0.3 ,每步增加 0.05,爆破振动水平指向坡外时,边坡安全系数减少6.65%～23.54%,爆破振动垂直向下时,边坡安全系数减少1.18%～2.52%, 联合爆破荷载的方向对边坡稳定性也有影响。