CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV)equation was deduced from a completeset of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heat-ing and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the de-velopment of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework ofmoist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,orconvergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analy-sis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According tothis theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,or convective stable orunstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind ormoist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surfaceis slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the develop-ment of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist airto the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region mostfavorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of theChangjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially theisobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,iseffective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low lati-tudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction oftorrential rain.     

湿位涡和倾斜涡度发展

从完整的原始方程出发，在导出精确形式的湿位涡方程的基础上，证得绝热无摩擦的饱和湿空气具有湿位涡守恒的特性。并由此去研究湿斜压过程中涡旋垂直涡度的发展。结果表明，在湿等熵坐标中，涡旋的发展与对流稳定度的减少，等熵面上的辐合和潜热的释放有关。由于等熵位涡分析的应用受等熵面倾斜的限制，又进而发展了Ｚ坐标及Ｐ坐标中的倾斜涡度发展理论。指出无论是湿对称不稳定或对流不稳定大气，还是湿对称稳定或对流稳定大气，除对流稳定度的影响外，风的垂直切变的增加或水平湿斜压的增加均能因湿等熵面的倾斜而引起垂直涡度的增长。湿等熵面的倾斜越大，这种由干湿斜压性加强所引起的涡旋发展更激烈。在梅雨锋附近及其南侧暖湿区的北端，湿等熵面十分陡立，是涡旋发展及暴雨发生的重要地区。对１９９１年６月１２—１５日江淮流域暴雨过程的湿位涡分析表明，湿位涡分析，尤其是等压面上湿位涡量ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分析不仅在中高纬有效，在低纬度及低对流层也十分有效，是暴雨诊断和预报的有力工具。     

ISENTROPIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS ON THE MESOSCALE CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT IN A TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS*

The mesoscale model MM4 is used to simulate the torrential rain associated with Meiyu front occurring on 5-6 July.1991 in the Changjiang-Huaihe Basin.Based on the outputs of the model,the cause of the mesoscale cyclogenesis on the lower troposphere is investigated in terms of the potential vorticity principle.The results show that because of the favorable pattern of moist isentropic surface,the absolute vorticity increases when cold air with high moist potential vorticity value rapidly slides down southwards along the moist isentropic surface,and then causes the cyclonic vortex development.     

湿位涡守恒条件下西南涡的发展

运用高分辨率数值预报模式 (HIRLAM)模拟了一次中国西南地区在多种活跃天气系统影响下 ,西南涡的发展过程。分析了东亚季风、青藏高压、地形等多种尺度与不同高低空环流形势配合以及在湿位涡守恒条件下对流发展时 ,潜热及不稳定能量的释放 ,对中尺度涡旋和强对流发生发展的作用 ,探讨了西南涡和局地降水增强与消亡的成因与理论 ,并具有实用意义     

珠三角一次暖区强降水过程湿位涡的演变特征

首先利用常规资料分析了2008年6月13日发生在珠江三角洲地区的一次暖区强降水的天气背景,再借助于高时空分辨率的WRF中尺度数值模拟结果,对等压面湿位涡在强降水过程中的演变进行了诊断分析,结果表明:暴雨出现在高层高值MPV1和低层低值MPV1、低层高值MPV2的配置区,本次暴雨高层高值MPV1扰动来自西北和西南方向,低...     

湿位涡诊断分析在东南亚强降水中的应用

文章应用湿位涡理论 ,分析了发生在东南亚夏季的两个强降水个例 ,讨论了湿位涡与东南亚强降水形成的关系。东南亚夏季具有利于强降水发生的湿位涡场分布特征 ;强降水的发展与湿位涡的变化有很好的对应关系 :当对流层低层MPV1<0、同时MPV2 ≥ 0时 ,易产生强降水 ;当对流层高层MPV1正值区与低层MPV1负值区相互作用 ,即高层下滑的干冷空气与低层上升的高温高湿空气交汇 ,容易贮存和释放湿对流不稳定能量 ,有利于强降水产生。湿位涡理论在东南亚强降水诊断中有很好的应用前景。     

THE THEORY OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOON RAINFALL AND INTENSITY

This paper tests the impacts of cloud-induced mass forcing on the moist potential vorticity (MPV) anomaly associated with torrential rains caused by Typhoon No.9914 (Dan) by using fine model simulation data outputted by the Fifth-Generation NCAR / Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5). The diagnostic results show that the positive MPV anomaly region, which is obtained by integrating the MPV from 600 hPa to 300 hPa in the vertical, roughly coincides with the precipitation at their synchronous stages either in position or in the distribution pattern, and the maximum positive MPV area of Dan is located mainly between 600 hPa and 300 hPa, which is much higher than torrential rain cases. Further analyses also showed that the value of positive MPV anomaly increased or decreased with the development of Dan, and the positive MPV anomaly may also be served as a tracer to indicate the evolution of tropical cyclone intensity.     

三次强对流天气过程的湿位涡分析

本文对发生于江苏苏北地区不同季节的三次强对天气过程,应用湿位涡这样一个表征大气动力、热力、水汽诸因素特征的综合物理量进行了分析,揭示了倾斜性涡度的发展是强对流天气发生发展的一种重要机制,表明该物理量在强对流天气分析中能很好地反映热力学和动力学成因,尤其是湿位涡的垂直通量、湿位涡通量的水平散度、位涡变化率对强对流天气有较大的作用。     

ISENTROPIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS ON THE MESOSCALE CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT IN A TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS

The mesoscale model MM4 is used to simulate the torrential rain associated with Meiyu frontoccurring on 5—6 July.1991 in the Changjiang-Huaihe Basin.Based on the outputs of the model,the cause of the mesoscale cyclogenesis on the lower troposphere is investigated in terms of thepotential vorticity principle.The results show that because of the favorable pattern of moistisentropic surface,the absolute vorticity increases when cold air with high moist potential vorticityvalue rapidly slides down southwards along the moist isentropic surface,and then causes thecyclonic vortex development.     

LOCAL POTENTIAL AND PRINCIPLE OF VORTICITY CONSERVATION

In this paper,the local potential of nondivergent flow on beta plane is derived from the motion equa-tion.The conservation principle for vorticity is obtained when the local potential tends to be minimumwith the variational technique.Some other properties st,ch as Lagrangian of vorticity equation,energyetc.are also discussed briefly in the paper.     

倾斜涡度的发展与云南冬季强降水

应用倾斜涡度发展理论,对云南的一次冬季强降水天气进行诊断分析。结果表明：强降水发生在θｅ 陡立密集区内;倾斜涡度发展和条件性对称不稳定是形成强降水的重要因子;大气的弱位势稳定和强斜压性有利于云南冬季强降水的发生。     

滇中暴雨的湿位涡诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论,对１９９８年６月滇中地区罕见的６场暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：θｅ面陡立且南侧暖湿气流活跃,易导致湿斜压涡度发展,形成θｅ陡峭密集区,密集区内暴雨容易发生;湿空气对流活动层仅能达到５００ｈＰａ至６００ｈＰａ之间,若对流层低层ＭＰＶ１〈０,同时ＭＰＶ２〉０,易产生暴雨。     

EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS*

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause and stratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latent heat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It is demonstrated that(1) the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontal structure only in the upper levels;(2) a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and a region of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists on the warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is located on the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3) the above mentioned structure deteriorates as the frontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic process with condensational heating;(4) the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and the latent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to form an intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoretical importance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especially in understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during early summer over East Asia.     

INSTABILITY OF SYMMETRIC TYPHOON CIRCULATION AND ADAPTIVE OBSERVATION

This study presents a new way to identify the sensitive areas for typhoon adaptive observations, that is, sensitive areas are determined by invoking the negative anomalies of moist potential vorticity (MPV). It is found that the areas of negative MPV are the symmetric instability areas and can be taken as sensitive areas for typhoon adaptive observations. Three typhoons in 2008, Nuri, Fung-wong, and Fengshen, were simulated with the help of MM5 model. It is shown that these typhoons are well simulated in the first 12 hours. Based on these investigations, the calculations of MPV are carried out sequentially. The result shows that the negative maxima of MPV are always around the typhoon eyes for all the cases, which means that the sensitive areas are also near them all the time.     

“98·5”华南前汛期暴雨的湿位涡异常诊断:质量和热力强迫的数值分析

利用MM5输出的高分辨率资料对“98．5”华南暴雨的湿位涡进行了诊断分析，分析了质量强迫和热力强迫引起的湿位涡异常。结果揭示：降水区位于负湿位涡的下方，负湿位涡的趋势走向与降水区的一致。造成本次暴雨的成因中包括湿对称不稳定和对流不稳定两种机制，湿位涡MPV（moist potential vorticity）的分量MPV2对MPV起主要作用，其中主要是MPV2v的贡献。质量强迫和热力强迫共同作用引起湿位涡异常变化，它们的作用大小相当，在研究暴雨时，不可忽略因降水造成的质量强迫。     

POTENTIAL VORTICITY STRUCTURE OF SUMMER CYCLONES OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE VALLEY*

Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical profiles of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.After discussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences from typical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the midlevel of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation under favourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cyclonic circulation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and become a typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic surfaces into the region of interest.     

MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY DIAGNOSIS OF A MEIYU FRONTAL HEAVY RAIN PROCESS SIMULATION DURING SUMMER,1991

In this paper,the heavy rain process from June 30 to July 2,1991,has been simulated by MM4.and three-dimensional moist potential vorticity distribution of the simulation results has beencalculated.It is shown that moist potential vorticity is an important physical variable to reveal heavyrain structure and dynamic mechanisms.Negative moist potential vorticity corresponds to the Meiyufront-wind shear line system and the negative center corresponds to the heavy rain center.Negativemoist potential vorticity mainly attributes to the effects of meridional baroclinic term and convectiveunstable term.The former is favourable to the maintenance of zonal precipitation and the latter is themechanism of the heavy rain center propagating along the rain belt.The heavy rain is contributed bythe cooperative effects of conditional convective instability,baroclinic instability and upper air inertialinstability.     

MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY DIAGNOSIS OF A MEIYU FRONTAL HEAVY RAIN PROCESS SIMULATION DURING SUMMER, 1991

In this paper,the heavy rain process from June 30 to July 2,1991,has been simulated by MM4.and three-dimensional moist potential vorticity distribution of the simulation results has been calculated.It is shown that moist potential vorticity is an important physical variable to reveal heavy rain structure and dynamic mechanisms.Negative moist potential vorticity corresponds to the Meiyu front-wind shear line system and the negative center corresponds to the heavy rain center.Negative moist potential vorticity mainly attributes to the effects of meridional baroclinic term and convective unstable term.The former is favourable to the maintenance of zonal precipitation and the latter is the mechanism of the heavy rain center propagating along the rain belt.The heavy rain is contributed by the cooperative effects of conditional convective instability,baroclinic instability and upper air inertial instability.     

与天气系统发生和发展有关的非均匀饱和湿位涡理论分析

在动力气象理论方面,无论大尺度、中尺度还是小尺度大气运动,对于同一尺度之内大气运动演变机制,有着相当完美的讨论。然而,对于不同尺度天气系统之间转换演变机制讨论,即使因为它与天气系统的出现和发展密切相关而显得非常重要,却很少涉及。为了讨论这个重要的转换演变机制,在导出无粘滞非均匀饱和湿位涡（NUSMPV）方程的基础上,首先,通过对这方程进行数理分析证明：在非均匀饱和湿绝热大气运动中,干区和饱和区之间的不饱和区的NUSMPV是不守恒的,并进一步证明：只在次饱和区（0．78〈q/q1〈1）,NUSMPV不守恒才是明显的,而在其它不饱和区,NUSMPV是接近守恒的。接着,根据守恒的相对性原理,通过NUSMPV无因次形式的讨论,把大气运动分成三类,即NUSMPV守恒,准守恒和不守恒运动。然后用数理分析方法讨论了各类运动的出现条件,时空之间关系,物理机制和一些特征。最后分析了不同尺度之间天气系统的转换机制,指出：当与狭义NUSMPV（P0）有关的涡管项（A）和非绝热加热项（B）之间的动力不平衡（A＋B）／P0减少,以至NUSMPV守恒条件满足时,大气运动将主要通过非常快的频散适应过程继续失去不平衡能量,从较小尺度向较大尺度转换;而当（A＋B）／P0增加,以至NUSMPV不守恒条件满足时,大气运动将主要通过非常快的外源激发过程,而从较大尺度向较小尺度转换。无论上述两种转换过程是那一种,一旦产生都将持续进行,直至大气运动重新回到NUSMPV准守恒运动状态。     

全型垂直涡度倾向方程和倾斜涡度发展

文中证明了不仅包括动力因子,而且包括热力因子、摩擦耗散及非绝热加热作用的和可用于三维空间的全型垂直涡度倾向方程。证明经典的、平面上的涡度方程只是它的特例。并且用该全型涡度方程严格证明了倾斜涡度发展（ＳＶＤ）理论。沿着倾斜等熵面下滑的气块,当热力参数ＣＤ减小时,其垂直涡度将发展。最后通过用θ坐标模式模拟一次西南低涡的形成,证明ＳＶＤ引起的涡度发展要比传统所考虑的辐合项的贡献大一个量级。