基于面向对象知识表达的空间推理决策及应用

提出了一种基于面向对象知识表达的空间推理决策方法 ,该方法扩展了常规的GIS空间分析功能 ,使其建立在GIS空间分析与领域知识基础上。认为GIS空间分析与领域知识利用的结合需要建立统一的知识表达概念模型 ,通过将常规决策知识设计为决策知识类 ,将决策事实作为事实知识类处理 ,并由知识类的消息机制进行内部通讯 ,实现空间推理决策的智能化。在进行领域知识分析与知识分类的基础上 ,给出了领域知识类的层次结构组织图和知识类定义以及决策知识及事实知识的面向对象表达 ,最后给出了空间知识类的形成及空间推理决策过程。方法的实用性在实践中得到验证     

数据仓库及其在城市规划决策支持系统中的应用探讨

在分析传统决策支持系统在城市规划决策应用中存在的问题的基础上 ,初步提出一种基于数据仓库的城市规划决策支持系统的基本框架 ,探讨了该系统建立中数据仓库的数据组织、数据挖掘、知识发现方法等关键技术问题 ,并进一步阐述城市规划决策支持系统的建立方法 ,最后以荆州市环境规划为例 ,说明数据仓库在城市规划决策支持系统中的具体应用。     

专题制图决策支持系统的设计

专题制图中有很多决策问题,如何建立一个专题制图决策支持系统是本文要讨论的问题。本文对下面的问题进行了讨论和介绍;专题制图决策支持系统的总体设计、子系统间的信息交换、地图表达手段、数据处理方法等。     

Visualizing Geospatial Information Uncertainty: What We Know and What We Need to Know

Developing reliable methods for representing and managing information uncertainty remains a persistent and relevant challenge to GIScience. Information uncertainty is an intricate idea, and recent examinations of this concept have generated many perspectives on its representation and visualization, with perspectives emerging from a wide range of disciplines and application contexts. In this paper, we review and assess progress toward visual tools and methods to help analysts manage and understand information uncertainty. Specifically, we report on efforts to conceptualize uncertainty, decision making with uncertainty, frameworks for representing uncertainty, visual representation and user control of displays of information uncertainty, and evaluative efforts to assess the use and usability of visual displays of uncertainty. We conclude by identifying seven key research challenges in visualizing information uncertainty, particularly as it applies to decision making and analysis.     

Assessing Resistance to Volunteered Geographic Information Reporting within Local Government

Using volunteered geographic information (VGI) as a cost‐saving environmental monitoring and public participation mechanism has been thought to be a proof of concept to assist environmental decision‐making with insufficient managerial resources. However, research literature also often found institutional resistance when implementing VGI as part of the decision‐making process. This research develops a conceptual framework as the foundation to conduct a cross‐case comparison for four empirical cases in recreation and invasive species monitoring, but general enough for other such case comparisons. The VGI Reporting Assessment Framework (VGI‐RAF) adopted aspects of the Decision Situation Assessment (DSA) framework as the foundation to address institutional flexibility, stakeholder dynamics, and technical considerations. Using a cross‐case comparison can accumulate deep observations from cases and increase validity of insights through comparing processes. Results show that eight aspects of the VGI‐RAF reveal the suitability of embedding voluntary information within existing institutional decision‐making processes. VGI‐RAF depicts considerations for: (1) existing participation arrangements, (2) institutional arrangements, (3) managers’ needs and stakeholder expectation, and (4) interaction mechanism and technical needs. The cross‐comparison results indicate that a public participation mechanism should be accompanied by VGI development to increase effectiveness. Institutional arrangements should match local government's information needs with participants’ expectations. Knowledge gaps between institutional information needs and volunteer knowledge should be filled through technology enhancements. For ease of implementation and to promote long‐term success, we recommend that volunteered information be connected with existing communication channels to minimize changes to existing information systems.     

基于模糊综合评判的选址空间决策支持系统

传统的选址空间决策支持系统的数学模型难以全面考虑复杂、抽象的选址影响因素,难以把一些模糊的约束条件纳入数学模型,因而模型存在一定缺陷。利用模糊综合评判进行选址空间决策支持系统的研究,可以充分利用GIS的空间和非空间信息,且考虑的因素更为全面,极大地避免了人为因素的影响,是对选址决策支持系统数学模型的改进。     

基于文本挖掘的个性化地图服务模型研究

随着个性化地图服务的深入研究,如何获取更加实时可靠的用户个性化信息和需求,成为当前研究的难点。本文从人们最重要的交流工具——文本数据出发,在当前文本挖掘技术的支持下,提出了一种能够识别挖掘用户所言,分析提取用户所需,并最终实现地图可视化的个性化地图服务模型。通过实例验证,该模型能够有效地提取地图知识和用户信息,为个性化地图服务的发展提供技术和数据支撑。     

远程智能诊断与决策支持系统的设计与开发

在分析远程智能诊断与决策支持系统实现的关键技术因素基础上，结合农业领域应用，给出远程智能诊断与决策支持系统核心部件设计及系统实现。     

面向不同主题的交通大数据可视分析

大数据时代,交通数据如何更快更准确地实时反映交通状况成为研究热点。使用不同交通数据对不同的研究主题进行可视分析,进而揭示蕴含的交通信息知识,为交通部门提供决策支持。首先,分析了大数据的基本特征,总结了大数据可视分析的研究现状;其次,对交通大数据的基本构成、获取方式及数据类型特点进行详细描述;最后,按照不同的研究主题选择不同的数据源与不同的可视化表达方式,揭示不同研究主题蕴含的交通规律,为交通大数据的自动模型分析提供可靠的可视化知识。     

The design and composition of persuasive maps

Persuasive maps are ubiquitous in society, yet cartographers have largely neglected to conduct serious, holistic research on them. Persuasive maps represent a form of visual communication that differs markedly from scientific geovisualization. First, many of these maps' communicative goals are anathema to those of scientific representation. Second, many persuasive maps ignore and defy established cartographic conventions. This article argues two things. First, the cartographic discipline can gain insight about how maps communicate information from the longitudinal and holistic analysis of persuasive maps. By comparing the differences and similarities of persuasive maps to scientific geovisualizations, researchers can begin to understand how persuasive maps communicate differently than scientific ones. Second, breaking persuasive maps down into composite parts may make it possible to identify persuasive map norms (i.e., methods of design that are embraced by producers of persuasive maps). The results of a content analysis of 256 persuasive maps are discussed. The article concludes that it may be possible to take the most statistically significant results from this study to begin identifying different rhetorical styles of persuasive maps.     

The Role of Knowledge Representation in Geographic Knowledge Discovery: A Case Study

With the advent of massive, heterogeneous geographic datasets, data mining and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) have become important tools in deriving meaningful information from these data. In this paper, we discuss how knowledge representation can be employed to significantly enhance the power of the knowledge discovery process to uncover patterns and relationships. We suggest that geographic data models that support knowledge discovery must represent both observational data and derived knowledge. In addition, knowledge representation in the context of KDD must support the iterative and interactive nature of the knowledge discovery process to enable the analyst to iteratively apply, and revise the parameters of, specific analytical techniques. Our approach to knowledge representation and discovery is demonstrated through a case study that focuses on the identification and analysis of storms and other related climate phenomena embedded within a spatio‐temporal data set of meteorological observations.     

Sparse representation-based correlation analysis of non-stationary spatiotemporal big data

As the basic data of digital city and smart city research, Spatiotemporal series data contain rich geographic information. Alongside the accumulation of spatial time-series data, we are also encountering new challenges related to analyzing and mining the correlations among the data. Because the traditional methods of analysis also have their own suitable condition restrictions for the new features, we propose a new analytical framework based on sparse representation to describe the time, space, and spatial-time correlation. First, before analyzing the correlation, we discuss sparse representation based on the K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) algorithm to ensure that the sparse coefficients are in the same sparse domain. We then present new computing methods to calculate the time, spatial, and spatial-time correlation coefficients in the sparse domain; we then discuss the functions' properties. Finally, we discuss change regulations for the gross domestic product (GDP), population, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) spatial time-series data in China's Jing-Jin-Ji region to confirm the effectiveness and adaptability of the new methods.     

地理模拟优化系统(GeoSOS)及其在地理国情分析中的应用

第一次全国地理国情普查工作已基本完成,需要对所获取的地理国情监测数据进行空间统计分析,以得到地理国情的时空分布模式、演变规律及发展趋势,形成地理国情信息和知识。地理国情监测生成的基础数据源,可用于土地资源集约利用、城乡及城市群协调发展、生态环境保护等问题的空间智能决策分析,但目前有效的模拟分析工具还比较缺乏。笔者提出的地理模拟优化系统(GeoSOS)理论框架,耦合了地理过程模拟预测和空间优化,为上述研究提供了有利的理论支持和实用工具。为进一步方便与GIS进行无缝的链接,本文提出了基于ArcGIS插件的GeoSOS以方便进行高效的地理模拟分析。并以快速城市化地区的城市扩张与生态保护研究为例,通过在地理国情信息分析中的应用,得到了一些重要的发现。模拟结果显示,按照现在的发展趋势,广东省优化开发区域在2020年其土地开发强度将超出规定的约束指标,并发现各区域均存在大量城乡建设用地占用生态保护压力等级高和较高地块的现象,而基于土地开发强度和生态保护双重约束的城镇化扩张能够在满足约束指标的同时获得更紧凑的景观格局。表明GeoSOS及其ArcGIS插件可以成为地理国情信息分析的有利工具,并给出了今后需解决的问题和发展方向。     

通讯光缆选线的遥感及GIS辅助决策分析

详细介绍了基于遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)的某地通讯光缆选线基本流程。借助遥感和栅格GIS分析软件Idrisiforwindows,成功规划出了最佳通讯光缆支线位置,实现了通讯光缆选线的遥感和GIS辅助决策分析。     

政务地理空间大数据研究进展综述

近年来,地理空间大数据引起了产学研及政府部门的高度关注,甚至引发了许多变革。面向电子政务的地理空间大数据技术为政府信息管理和决策提供了新的手段。本文在阐述政务地理空间大数据的内涵及特点的基础上,重点梳理了政务地理空间大数据处理的关键技术,包括政务地理空间大数据整合、存储与管理、挖掘与分析、可视化以及决策支持服务技术,最后分析了当前和未来政务地理空间大数据所面临的机遇和挑战。     

基于WebGIS的离散时序空间数据动态可视化研究

人类对地球的监测和模拟形成了大量的离散时序空间数据,如何有效表达这些数据以便为相关部门提供分析和决策依据,是众多信息系统建设过程中遇到的难题之一.利用网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)平台,综合应用了OpenGL,Ajax和JavaScript等技术,实现了离散时序空间数据的解析、渲染和地理底图的快速一体化动态可视化.该技术方法具有通用性,可以通过网络平台广泛应用于各类离散时序空间数据的监控(如对环境污染扩散实测数据)与预警(对模型数据),为政府科学决策和应急响应提供依据.     

GNSS/GIS集成的采煤沉陷区铁路自动化监测系统研究

主要研发基于Mobile GIS技术、GNSS CORS技术、网络通信技术、常规测量技术以及移动计算平台的开采沉陷实时数据采集终端,以到达对铁路移动变形信息实时采集和监控的目标。研发基于数据库技术和软件工程技术的面向对象的数据处理和分析系统,在数据处理中心进行铁路移动变形信息的精化处理分析;根据预计的地表移动变形信息,建立井下开采对铁路及其主要附属建(构)筑物动态影响的三维虚拟现实模型并进行预警。研究成果为列车安全运行及煤矿安全生产提供决策依据。     

基于GIS的巢湖流域考古信息系统研究与建设

基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立"巢湖流域的考古地理信息系统",为考古发掘、研究以及文化遗产保护提供了一种数字化的手段与方法。建立了考古信息系统的属性数据库和空间数据库,并详细地介绍了数据的采集与处理、空间查询与检索、空间模拟与分析、知识获取与空间决策支持等主要功能及其研究与实现的途径。     

KGI-XGIS SUPPORTING DECISION MAKING WITH KNOWLEDGE-BASED TECHNIQUES

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ (ＳｏｕｔｈＳｈｅｔｌａｎｄＩｓｌａｎｄｓ,Ａｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｄｅｎｓｅｌｙｐｏｐｕｌａｔｅｄａｒ ｅａｓｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ .Ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｎｉｎｅｄｉｆｆｅｒ ｅｎｔｎａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄａｎａｉｒｓｔｒｉｐｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅｆｏｒｈｕｇｅａｉｒ ｃｒａｆｔｓａｒｅｌｏｃａｔｅｄｏｎｉｔｓｉｃｅｆｒｅｅａｒｅａｓ.Ｔｈｅｓｅａｒｅａｓｃｏｍｐｒｉｓｅｌｅｓｓｔｈａｎ 5%ｏｆｔｈｅｉｓｌ…     

Cartography in the GIS age

Abstract

At the end of the 1980s, the computer experts who had been in the vanguard of cartographic development lost their position due to the fact that computers became democratised. This may be ascribed to the 'Macintosh' effect. This in turn led cartographic companies back to the core of their professional know-how: it is cartographers themselves who now develop the scope of their profession, utilising all the resources provided by the new computer technology. But, if cartographers want to keep playing a major role in the geographic information arena, they have to determine and develop the specific elements of their discipline: if technology mobilizes all forces to the detriment of theory, then the discipline progressively weakens and ends in being swallowed by another discipline.

It is the cartographers' task to transform the spatial information from its verbal, social and numerical form into visual form for visual thinking; this visualisation provides for cognitive functions, communication functions, decision support functions and social functions. In order for maps to perform these functions cartographers should continue, now with digital tools, to safeguard data quality by monitoring the compilation stage during which they have to see to it that the heterogeneous datasets in databases will be made comparable, both from a geometrical, semantical, updatedness and completeness point of view. This main aspect of the cartographer's job can be called its engineering part. The other main aspect will remain the map design part, that leads to proper communication of the spatial information. Both aspects will remain the cartographer's domain if he/she succeeds in providing a theoretical basis for his/her work.