邓家桥水库区地震

湖北宜都县境内的邓家桥水库虽是一座坝高不过12米,库容仅35万立方米的水库,但与世界上已知诱震的一百余座水库一样,在水库蓄水以后,随水位的升高,库区相续发生了一系列地震。邓家桥水库于1979年底开始蓄水,1980年7月31日满库,1980年8月1日发生了M_L1.9级地震。刘忠书等曾前往现场进行了调查,并对地震成因与发震构造作了初步的分析。     

重庆三江口水库诱发地震分析研究

通过野外地震地质调查并参考前人研究成果,分析三江口水库区的地质构造背景、地震活动性及水文地质条件等资料,对该水库诱发地震的可能性进行分析。构造类比法分析表明:蓄水后发生构造型水库诱发地震的可能性较小,但有可能发生岩溶塌陷型水库诱发地震。概率预测法分析表明:库首段(新滩子—狮狸弯)发震概率较小,仅为0.02;库中段(狮狸弯—牛鼻子)岩溶不太发育,诱震可能性较小,不发震的概率为0.96;库尾段(牛鼻子—峡马口)有可能诱发微震,发震(M3.0)概率为0.10。     

从新丰江水库地震的环境条件讨论水诱发地震的研究及其预测

新丰江水库诱发6.1级地震与库区存在库水渗透(漏)—储积(存)及孕(诱)震的活动构造有关。水库诱发地震预测应重视库区总体环境条的研究。对比新丰江库及长江三峡水库的环境组合条件,认为三峡水库三斗坪坝址诱发水库地震的可能性很小,而庙河一香溪库段存在有利干诱震的环境因子,发震的可能性较大,但其震级将不超过5 1/2级。     

新丰江水库蓄水时库区附加位移及应力计算结果

新丰江水库于1959年10月20日开始蓄水,库水水位由原河道37.8米开始迅速上升,约一个月后(此时水位标高为56米),库区出现有感地震。随着水位上升,地震频度及强度日益加剧,于1962年3月19日发生一次震级为6.1级强震。由于库区出现频繁地震与水库蓄水密切相关。研究水库蓄水后引起库基岩体附加应力及位移分布状态,对说明诱发地震是有意义的。本文就水库荷载后产生的附加应力及位移计算结果加以总结,并对它的诱震作用做一初步认识。     

水库诱发地震震级预测的统计研究

基于收集到的全球102例水库诱发地震(M≥1.0)资料,选取库容、库深、震区岩性、构造活动(基本烈度)和区域应力状况(断层类型)5个因素,通过构建单因素对水库诱发地震的隶属函数,定量刻画出每个因素对水库发震的贡献大小,根据每个因素在水库诱发地震中的地位及作用确定其权重,选取其权重的集合为:A={0.4,0.6,1.0,1.0,1.0}.     

湖南东江水库地震的预测研究

1986年8月2日湖南东江水库截流蓄水,10个月后发生水库诱发地震。蓄水初期,地震活动频度与库水位有较明显的相关关系,但1993年至今,地震活动的频度与库水位之间的这种相关性已逐步消失。诱发地震空间分布有一定的规律性,受水体、构造、岩性的控制。依据地震构造背景、水库规模、水库蓄水后诱发最大震级的最大概率时间等预测东江水库诱发地震最大震级不会大于4．99级．1991年发生的3．2级地震应为最大震级的概率是80％。今后仍可能发生3级左右地震。     

龙滩水库地震精定位及活动特征研究

水库地震的精确定位,尤其是深度的精确测定是揭示特定属性的水库体系(库区岩性、断层分布和类型、水文地质条件)在库水的动态加卸载过程中,库区介质和应力场发生响应的重要"云图",因此是进一步研究水库地震发生环境及机理,以及判断水库诱发地震危险性的基础.     

对佛子岭地区1954年以来的地震活动的几点补充

欢迎刘盛武、曹定男同志的不同意见。对佛子岭地区的地震是否属水库地震,我们也并不完全有把握。一则是这个地区在蓄水前也有过地震,地震与蓄水过程的关系,由于缺乏系统的地震资料,不得而知;再则震中距水库也相对较远。我们仅根据蓄水后地震活动相对增高,以及地震与其它水库地震相似,具有极浅源地震的一些客观特征等,暂作为水库地震的一个震例。显然,根据是不够充分的,有必要作进一步的研究和探讨。二、至于水库地震与库水位的相关性,在发震的早期阶段是很明显的,但在后期则不然。如新丰江水库在枯水季节(低库水位时)也发生较强地震。因此,在后期阶段,根据“不相关”似乎也不能得出否定的结论     

奥罗维尔水库地震

美国的奥罗维尔(Oroville)水库位于旧金山市北东约二百公里处,南距加利福尼亚州首府萨克拉门托市约一百二十公里,北离奥罗维尔市约四公里。大坝为土坝,座落在内华达山脉西麓的费瑟(Feather)河上,高235米。水库的最大水深为200米,库容44亿立方米。该库于1967年开始蓄水,1975年8月1日诱发了M_L(下同)5.9级地震,从而成为世界上第六个诱发强烈型地震的水库地震震例,为美国乃至国际学术界所     

水库区库仑应力变化及地震活动机理研究

水库地震是由于水库蓄水或者水位变化,使得库区附近地震的次数和震级明显增高的现象。1939年米德湖4.6级地震发生后,水库地震的问题被首次提出。与构造地震相比,水库地震通常具有震源浅、震中烈度高、易于发生滑坡崩塌等次生灾害的特点。事实上,一些发生在水库区的地震常常与库区的构造活动相关,属于构造型水库地震。如何区分这类构造型水库地震和构造地震是当前面临和亟待解决的问题。水库地震发生的机理是解决该问题的关键。本文围绕水库蓄水后引起的库区应力变化和地震发生机理开展了研究。实现了孔弹耦合介质中解析解形式的扩散孔隙压的求解;获取了作为典型水库的三峡水库、紫坪铺水库库区的主要断层面上的孔隙压变化量、正应力变化量、剪应力变化量和库仑应力变化量;分析了引起库区应力变化的主要原因及蓄水与库区地震活动的关系;通过比较不同水库的计算结果,初步尝试性地提炼和总结了水库地震活动的发生机理。同时,本文通过构建新的地质模型,完成了孔弹耦合介质中解析解形式的扩散孔隙压计算程序,并结合弹性半空间理论完成了蓄水引起的水库区主要断层上应力变化量计算平台,针对水库地震机理问题开展定量分析计算,取得了以下研究成果和结论:(1)自1959年至三峡水库蓄水前,库区及邻近区域地震活动主要发生在水库库区外围,空间分布上比较分散。三峡库区蓄水后,库区地震活动显著增加,时间上与库水变化相关,空间上与库区的主要活动断裂带相关,且明显呈丛集状和条带状分布。地震活动主要在库首区九湾溪断裂带和仙女山断裂带交界处、库中泄滩附近和库尾高桥断裂带附近分布。(2)紫坪铺蓄水后,库区的地震活动显著增加,且主要发生在北川–映秀断裂带附近,呈三丛分布,分别为库水正下方区域、库区东北端和库区西南端。(3)水库蓄水后,三峡库区九湾溪断裂带上库仑应力变化量大于0,且最大值可达到0.01 MPa,断层附近发生的地震活动与水库蓄水有关,扩散孔隙压的影响大于水体载荷的作用。仙女山断裂带上的库仑应力变化量小于0,水库蓄水对仙女山断裂带附近地震活动的发生具有抑制作用。高桥断裂带和水田坝断裂带上库仑应力变化量大于0,最大值为0.001 MPa。断裂带附近的地震活动与蓄水在一定程度上相关,其中孔压扩散对地震活动的影响作用大于水体载荷的作用。(4)三峡水库蓄水进入175 m高水位蓄水段后,库区与M5地震有关的扩散孔隙压值为0.01 MPa量级,与M4地震有关的扩散孔隙压值为0.0001 MPa量级。水库水体的重力作用使得库区175 m高水位蓄水段的3次M4地震(2013年12月16日高桥M5.1、2014年3月27日秭归M4.3和2014年3月30日秭归M4.7)震源处库仑应力增加,断层趋于失稳,扩散孔隙压的作用进一步使库仑应力增加,是地震活动发生的主要因素。初步判断,此3次M4地震为构造型的水库地震。(5)紫坪铺水库蓄水后,发生在库岸东北端的丛集中的地震均与水库蓄水有关;地震震源处的库仑应力变化量均大于0,其增量为0~0.002 MPa之间;当扩散系数D=5 m2/s,孔压扩散的影响使得库仑应力变化量的量值增加为0.001~0.003 MPa,是引发地震活动的主控因素。同时,在蓄水后发生在库区西南端丛集中的地震中,10.2%与蓄水载荷作用有关,震源处库仑应力增量为0~0.002 MPa;在发生在库底正下方丛集中的地震中,67.8%与水库蓄水载荷作用有关,震源处库仑应力增量为0~0.02 MPa。在这两丛集的地震中,孔压的扩散作用使得更多的地震震源处的库仑应力变化量增加,表明扩散孔压是引起这两丛集内地震发生的主要原因。(6)无论是否考虑扩散孔隙压的影响,汶川MS8.0地震震源一直处于库仑应力变化量为负的区域。地震发生时,汶川地震震源区及其附近的库仑应力变化量的值为-0.001 MPa。据此初步判断蓄水引发汶川MS8.0地震的可能性微乎甚微。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。