一种基于有限元原理的养殖网箱耐流特性的数值计算方法

对养殖网箱在海流作用下变形而导致的网箱养殖空间减少的有效把握,是网箱设计计算的核心课题之一。本文提出1种基于有限元原理的用于预测养殖网箱耐流特性的数值模拟方法,以期依据计算机模拟结果,在一定程度上代替传统的模型试验和海上实际测试,寻找提高网箱耐流特性的技术措施和解决方案。     

基于有限元方法对鲆鲽网箱耐流特性的数值模拟

鲆鲽网箱结构在海中受到水流的冲击作用会发生运动与变形,针对鲆鲽鱼特有的栖底习性,为确保网底结构的稳定有必要对其进行动力分析。为此利用有限元方法建立了流场中网箱受力和变形的数学计算模型,运用该数学模型对底框中加有支撑管结构并装配方形网目网衣的鲆鲽网箱整体位移进行了数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明,网箱的网衣部分在水流作用下形态变化比较大,网底的水平位移与垂直位移随流速的增加而增大,而网箱的底框架在不同流速条件下均能保持在水平位置,且未发生明显的倾斜。由此可见,此类鲆鲽网箱具有较好的耐流性能。     

一种适用于网箱耐流特性有限元分析的网目群化方法

养殖网箱耐流特性是网箱工程设计中的重要问题之一,探求对这一问题的数值解法在近几年得到了空前的重视。但是,由于深水抗风浪网箱箱体规模大,如果在有限元分析中单纯以网衣网目脚为单元进行数值计算,其计算量相当庞大。文中介绍1种可供网箱箱体有限元分析的网目群化方法,根据保持群化前后网衣水中重量和投影面积相等以保证网箱网衣总体水动力相同的原则,将若干个真实网目群化为1个虚拟的计算网目,以达到有效减少计算单元、提高运算效率和节省运算时间的目的。通过不同群化条件下数值例的计算结果与实验值的比较,验证网目群化方法的可行性。在一般条件下,8×8群化或6×6群化能够有效实现计算精度与计算效率的兼顾。     

碟形网箱水动力特性的研究

根据物模实验得到碟形网箱在不同海况条件下的受力并给出了其估算方法和公式及其相关系数的取值,同时总结了碟形网箱的运动特性。     

深海抗风浪网箱锚泊系统的设计

通过对网箱框架、网衣在风、浪、流作用下的受力分析 ,建立网箱锚泊系统缆绳受力计算的数学模型。以国家十五“86 3”计划课题—“深海抗风浪网箱的研制”所设计的网箱为例 ,选定山东荣成市寻山海域 1 0年一遇的灾害海况为设计计算条件 ,根据 Morison公式 ,采用 Goodman- L ance方法求得单个网箱的锚泊力为 6 5 .6 7k N。在此基础上对网箱的锚泊系统进行设计 ,确定了锚泊系统每只锚重 2 5 0 kg,锚链重为 1 5 0 kg,缆绳长度为 33m。     

在粘土和沙土中负压桶的最新模型试验

在粘土和沙土中的模型试验证实了负压对短的空心桩柱（负压桶）抵抗上拨力的有益作用。对于沙土,"负压桶"的上拨阻力与其内部的负压成比例地增加;对于粘土,由于负压可使"负压桶"失稳方式从基土沿桶体轴向的局部失稳过渡向桶体反向承我能力失效的整体剪切失稳,这种过渡会使"负压桶"的上拨阻力加大．     

后水湾网箱养殖区五测站两周日海流观测的准调和分析

应用短期资料的潮流准调和分析方法,对后水湾网箱养殖区五测站两周日海流观测获得的表、中、底层海流资料进行了分析,计算了五测站O1、K1、M2、S2、M4、MS46个主要分潮的潮流调和常数,并给出了各测站在各层的潮流椭圆要素。计算结果表明:后水湾主要为日潮流海区,从最北的海区边缘向湾内靠近避风锚地,潮流性质由不规则全日潮流变为不规则半日潮流;从湾口到湾内,各分潮北分量基本以全日潮流K1为主,其次为全日潮流O1和半日潮流M2,主要分潮的振幅逐渐降低,且越靠近湾内,浅水分潮的作用越大;各分潮东分量仍以全日潮流为主,但半日潮流的作用增大,可以达到与全日潮流相当的作用。观测期间最大余流值基本出现在中层,且处于两个开边界的F1和F5站位的余流值明显大于其它站位;各站位的表层余流基本指向西北-北-东北向,即朝向湾外;而中、底层余流基本指向西南-南-东南向,即朝向湾内,通过上、下层海水的运动,海区内物质最终可以向湾外输运。整个海区可能最大流速表层在29~70 cm/s之间;中层在43~62 cm/s之间;底层在30~47 cm/s之间。表层海水基本为逆时针的旋转流运动;而中、底层海水由于一直受到邻昌礁的约束,基本为往复流运动。     

网格锚定单体碟形网箱的水动力特性研究

目前碟形网箱在我国并未得到广泛的推广应用,但其良好的抗流抗变形能力和可沉降特点使其在大风大浪水流湍急的深海水域有着不可替代的作用。如能在深水碟形网箱的基础上,开发出具有自主知识产权的深水网箱,必将对我国的养殖业产生重大的影响。本文基于凝集参数法,利用Orca Flex软件建立网格锚定的深水碟形网箱模型,并进行了多海况下的数值计算。结果表明,波流联合作用下,对锚绳张力影响最大的为海流流速,其次为波高,周期对张力的影响并不明显;锚绳最大张力并非出现在入射波与流速同向的情况下,而是发生在两者存在某一夹角时;浮环最大倾角随流速和波高线性增大,随着波浪周期增大而减小;此外,下沉能明显改善网箱系统和锚绳的受力。     

网箱养殖大黄鱼生长特性的研究

对宁德地区网箱养殖大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)生长特性进行了研究。测定了780尾大黄鱼25个月龄的各项生长数据,体长变幅为20.5~320.0 mm,体质量变动范围为0.281~555.5 g;生长指标显示,体长生长指标为0.208~2.123,体质量生长指标为0.529~47.579;肥满度波动范围为1.74%~2.37%;肝指数变动范围为0.92%~2.07%;鳔生长指数为1.08%~1.85%;雌鱼性腺成熟系数为0~10.04%,而雄鱼则为0~2.27%。以Keys氏公式W=aLb,拟合25月龄养殖大黄鱼的体长(L)与体质量(W)的关系式为:W=0.0195 L 2.9775(R2=0.9959),其中b≈3,即此生长阶段的网箱养殖大黄鱼生长均匀,为等速生长类型;体质量生长呈幂函数生长,其回归方程为:y=1.8617x1.8099(R2=0.9931)。体长Y(cm)与养殖时间X(月龄)的生长呈二次多项式关系,其回归方程为:y=?0.0259x2+1.7125x+4.1534(R2=0.989)。     

大鹏澳海水鱼类网箱养殖区水环境的时空变化及营养状态分析

通过2009年10月—2010年7月对深圳大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖区、网箱外0.5km(对照区1)和网箱外2km(对照区2)等3个区域的现场调查,阐明了海水中温度、盐度、pH、溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO),化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,CODMn)、叶绿素a(Chl a)和营养盐等水质因子的时空分布特征及相关性,并评价了海区的营养状态。结果表明,与两个对照区域相比较,大鹏澳网箱养殖对海水中的CODMn、Chl a和SiO3-Si的影响不明显,对DO、pH、PO4-P、NO2-N、NH4-N、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)的影响相对较大,其中对NH4-N的影响已经扩散到了网箱外0.5km区域。网箱养殖区在冬季和春季是中营养水平,而夏季则是富营养水平。总体来说,大鹏澳网箱养殖区水质有恶化的趋势,必须采取一定的有效措施对网箱区环境进行合理调控。     

圆形重力式网箱阻力性能研究

采用网箱模型试验 ,对周长 5 0 m,深 8m的 HDPE双管圆形重力式网箱 ,在不同配重、网片规格和流速条件下的阻力性能进行研究。结果表明 ,在 2 .5 kn的相对流速范围内 ,网箱的整体阻力在 75 0 0 kg以内 ;在网箱整体阻力中 ,框架及重锤阻力所占比重较小 ,而网箱箱体阻力占近90 %。不同重锤配重的网箱 ,其整体阻力与流速均呈幂函数关系 F=a Vb,网箱重锤配重增加 ,网箱阻力也随之增大 ,而重锤配重变化对网箱阻力的影响程度又随流速的增加而减小     

新型网箱浮架系统水动力分析及系泊方式研究

设计了一种新型网箱浮架系统,利用SESAM对其进行了频域水动力分析以及考虑不规则波浪、风、流载荷和系泊共同作用的时域耦合分析,并与传统双浮管网箱浮架系统进行了分析对比,得到方形网箱与圆形网箱的水动力特性的差异以及各自的优缺点,对实际中网箱的开发设计有一定的借鉴意义;通过计算,证明新型网箱浮架系统在工作海况能正常工作,在极端海况下也能满足安全性的要求;最后对4种常见系泊方式进行了时域耦合分析,得到了四种系泊方式的系泊特性,对实际工程中系泊方式的选择有一定的参考意义。     

Test Study on Current Force on Mooring Ships

In respect of an offshore berthing pillar, the test study result of current force acting on mooring ships is described in this paper. Empirical and semi-empirical relationships of current force coefficient are given according to the angle between the flow direction and the ship's longitudinal axis, which are coincident with the result of theoretical analysis.     

重力式与碟形网箱的锚绳受力特性比较

针对常见的重力式、碟形和拟碟形网箱在不同下潜深度状态下的锚绳受力特性进行了试验研究.试验共设模型4组,分别在纯流、纯波以及波流联合条件下进行.测力通过系缚于锚绳底端的4个拉力传感器获得.试验结果表明水流作用力的大小在很大程度上受网箱结构形式的影响,而在波浪条件下其影响相对较小.重力式网箱的配重形式及下潜形式对网箱的受力具有重要影响.另外,网箱在波流组合条件下的受力并不是纯流及纯波单独作用下的简单叠加.最后,在综合比较网箱价格和性能的前提下,对网箱结构形式的选择进行了一些讨论,并提出若干建议.     

HDPE圆形升降式网箱下沉时最大倾角的研究

分析了1种HDPE双浮管圆形升降式网箱的沉降过程,并利用几何分析方法找出该升降式网箱沉降的最大倾角与网箱系统参数之间的关系,制作1个圆形升降式网箱模型,在静水池中进行沉降实验。试验过程中,通过水下摄像及图像处理软件找出网箱沉降时的最大倾角。模型网箱最大沉降倾角的理论计算值为22.77(°),实验观测值20.80(°),二者误差为9.4%,最大倾角的理论计算值和试验测量值基本吻合,说明理论计算方法是可行的。据此,计算出国内常用的周长40 m的HDPE双浮管圆形升降式网箱的最大沉降倾角为31.29(°)。并以周长40 m的双浮管HDPE圆形升降式网箱的尺度参数作为参考,分析该网箱浮绳框边长、沉降水深和网箱直径与网箱最大沉降倾角的关系,得出这三者与沉降倾角呈线性关系的结果,为HDPE双浮管圆形升降式网箱的设计及安全操作提供了理论依据。     

Model Test of Sand Restraining Force on Pipeline

This paper describes the model tests for determining the axial friction and the lateral resistance of sand to pipeline by using fine sand and prototype pipeline, and the calculation method based on limit analysis theory is verified. The effect of cyclic loading is considered in the test.     

Simulation of Gravity Currents Using VOF Model

By the Volume of Fluid (VOF) rnultiphase flow model two-dimensional gravity currents with three phases including air are numerically simulated in this article. The necessity of consideration of turbulence effect for high Reynolds numbers is demonstrated quantitatively by LES (the Large Eddy Simulation) turbulence model. The gravity currents are simulated for h ≠ H as well as h= H, where h is the depth of the gravity current before the release and H is the depth of the in-truded fluid. Uprising of swell occurs when a current flows horizontally into another lighter one for h ≠ H. The problems under what condition the uprising of swell occurs and how long it takes are considered in this article. All the simulated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results available.     

Numerical Analysis on the Effects of Submerged Depth of the Grid and Direction of Incident Wave on Gravity Cage

In this paper,the numerical model of the net cage with the grid mooring system in waves is set up by the lumped mass method and rigid kinematics theory,and then the motion equations of floating system,net system,mooring system,and floaters are solved by the Runge-Kutta fifth-order method.For the verification of the numerical model,a series of physical model tests have been carried out.According to the comparisons between the simulated and experimental results,it can be found that the simulated and experimental results agree well in each condition.Then,the effects of submerged depth of grid and direction of incident wave propagation on hydrodynamic behaviors of the net cage are analyzed.According to the simulated results,it can be found that with the increase of submerged depth of grid,the forces acting on mooring lines and bridle lines increase,while the forces on grid lines decrease;the horizontal motion amplitudes of floating collar decrease obviously,while the vertical motion amplitudes of floating collar change little.When the direction of incident wave propagation changes,forces on mooting lines and motion of net cage also change accordingly.When the propagation direction of incident wave changes from 0° to 45°,forces on the main ropes and bridle ropes increase,while the forces on the grid ropes decrease.With the increasing propagation direction of incident wave,the horizontal amplitude of the forces collar decreases,while the vertical amplitude of the floating collar has little variation.     

Numerical Study on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Biofouled Full-Scale Net Cage

The effect of biofouling on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the net cage is of particular interest as biofouled nettings can significantly reduce flow of well-oxygenated water reaching the stocked fish. For computational efficiency, the porous-media fluid model is proposed to simulate flow through the biofouled plane net and full-scale net cage. The porous coefficients of the porous-media fluid model can be determined from the quadratic-function relationship between the hydrodynamic forces on a plane net and the flow velocity using the least squares method. In this study, drag forces on and flow fields around five plane nets with different levels of biofouling are calculated by use of the proposed model. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data of Swift et al. (2006) and the effectiveness of the numerical model is presented. On that basis, flow through full-scale net cages with the same level of biofouling as the tested plane nets are modeled. The flow fields inside and around biofouled net cages are analyzed and the drag force acting on a net cage is estimated by a control volume analysis method. According to the numerical results, empirical formulas of reduction in flow velocity and load on a net cage are derived as function of drag coefficient of the corresponding biofouled netting.     

Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Behaviors of Gravity Cage in Waves

This paper aims at investigation of the dynamic properties of gravity cage exposed to waves by use of a numerical model. The numerical model is developed, based on lumped mass method to set up the equations of motion of the whole cage; meanwhile the solutions of equations are solved by the Runge-Kutta-Verner fifth-order and sixth-order method. Physical model tests have been carried out to examine the validity of the numerical model. The results by the numerical simulation agree well with the experimental data.