晚型双星UX Ari的多频射电观测研究

用美国甚大阵（ＶＬＡ）对色球活动性双星系统ＵＸＡｒｉ进行了从１．４ＧＨｚ到１５ＧＨｚ范围内五个频段的观测，观测期间ＵＸＡｒｉ处于活动性比较低的阶段，射电光度为（６．６－１２．６）×１０１６ｅｒｇｓ－１Ｈｚ－１．射电频谱低频部分比较平坦，高频呈幂律形式，低频的圆偏振度很低，趋于零，高频辐射有中等圆偏振度（１５％）．射电发射机制可能是回旋同步加速机制，由此我们估计出发射区的磁场强度为几至几十高斯，相对论电子密度为～１０４－１０２ｃｍ－３量级，热电子数密度～１０８ｃｍ－３。     

小质量X射线双星铁发射线观测特征的理论分析

小质量Ｘ射线双星在６－７ｋｅＶ的铁发射线具有一些明显观测特征，如谱线展宽、红移和轮廓非对称性。这些性质可能是由高价Ｆｅ离子发射线光子穿过致密天体周围较“冷”等离子体介质时的康普软化过程所造成，本文按此模型求解了康普软化扩散方程，所得理论谱线轮廓与观测线拟合得很好。拟合参量（等离子体的汤姆孙散射光深）取为τｅ～３，由此定出散射等离子体电子密度Ｎｅ≈１０＾１６ｃｍ＾－３，散射球半径Ｒ≈１０＾９ｃｍ．     

X Per新发射相的不寻常变化

对ＸＰｅｒ新发射相连续四年的光学光谱和近红外光度监测结果，ＸＰｅｒ近两年的变化不同寻常，主要表现以下两点：（１）尽管它的光学光度Ｖ星等只恢复至失去气壳前的亮度，但Ｈａ发射线等值宽度和近红外，Ｊ，Ｈ和Ｋ光度地超过了历史记录的最大值，分别达到了１６．３４Ａ和５．３＾ｍ，５．３＾ｍ和５．１＾ｍ，表明ＸＰｅｒ新发射相气南的密度和尺度较都大，（２）我们首次观测到ＸＰｅｒ近红外光度和Ｈα发射线等值宽度变化趋势     

太阳硬X射线爆发与行星际质子流量的统计关系

本文根据１９８０年２月至１９８９年１１月期间ＳＭＭ卫星的硬Ｘ射线（ＨＸＲ）暴观测和ＧＯＥＳ卫星的行星际质子积分流量观测，证认出４８个共同样品，统计发现ＨＸＲ暴的寿命Ｔｄ（ｓ）、峰值记数率Ｆｘ（ｃ／ｓ）和爆发期间发射的总光子数ｃ的对数值，与行星际质子积分流量（被归一到耀斑本地）值Ｆｐ的对数值之间，均具有特别显著的线性关系，其中以ｌｏｇＦｐ与ｌｏｇＣ的线性关系为最好，其拟合方程是ｌｏｇＦｐ（＞１０ＭｅＶ）＝一０．６０４＋０．５３８ｌｏｇＣ，相关系数ｒ为０．７０，相对标准误差为０．２８．文中对质子积分流量的预测精度也作了讨论，并给出了置信区间。     

1997年3月9日日全食8.6mm波段射电观测

１９９７年３月９日日全食８．６ｍｍ波段射电观测资料的分析表明,８．６ｍｍ波段射电太阳的半径为１．０１２Ｒ,总流量为２５４０ｓｆｕ（１ｓｆｕ＝１０＾－２２Ｗ／ｍ＾２Ｈｚ）,日面平均亮温度为９６３２Ｋ,径向亮温度分布,在日面光学边缘内侧０．９３６－０．９９２Ｒ处,存在临边增亮,平均增亮幅度相对于日面中心为９．７％。     

1997年3月9日日全食8.6mm波段射电观测

１９９７年３月９日日全食８．６ｍｍ波段射电观测资料的分析表明：８．６ｍｍ波段射电太阳的半径为１．０１２Ｒ,总流量为２５４０ｓｆｕ（１ｓｆｕ＝１０－２２Ｗ／ｍ２Ｈｚ）,日面平均亮温度为９６３２Ｋ,径向亮温度分布,在日面光学边缘内侧０．９３６－０．９９２Ｒ处,存在临边增亮,平均增亮幅度相对于日面中心为９．７％．     

太阳硬X射线爆发行星际质子流量的统计关系

本文根据１９８０年２月至１９８９年１１月期间ＳＭＭ卫星的硬Ｘ射线暴观测和ＧＯＥＲ卫星珠卫星际质子积分流量Ｆｐ观测，证认出４８个共同样品，统计发现ＨＸＲ暴的寿命ＴＤ，峰值记数率Ｆｘ和爆发期间射的总光子数Ｃ的对数值，与行星际质子积分流量（初归一到耀斑本地）值Ｆｐ的对数值之间，均具有特别显著的线性关系，其中以ｌｏｇＦｐ与ｌｏｇＣ的线性关系的最好，其拟合方程是ｌｏｇＦｐ＝－６．０４＋０．５３８ｌｏｇＣ，相     

视超光速射电节点的频谱演化：持续供能的喷流—激波模型

本提出一个持续供能的喷流－激波模型来解释视超光速射电节点频谱演化的普遍特性。理论计算指出，射电爆发频谱的反转频率Ｖｍ和频谱极大流量Ｓｍ之间的关系具有典型的３阶段演化方式，并且与类星体３Ｃ３４５中观测到的视超光速节点Ｃ４的演化行为相当好地符合。令Ｓｍ∝Ｖｍ＾ζ，则在上升阶段ζ〈￣－３；在平坦变化阶段ζ≈０，而在衰减阶段ζ≈１，爆发幅度和流量极大的迟后时间对频率的关系ΔＳｍａｘ（Ｖ）和Δｔ（Ｖ），都     

BL Lac天体和FR—I射电星系的统一模型（I）

从射电结构的角度评述了ＢＬＬａｃ天体和ＦＲ－Ｉ射电星系的统一模型的最新进展，内容包括射电结构，延展射电光度（Ｐｅｘｔ），最大角尺度（ＬＡＳ），射电核主导系数（ｆ）的比较以及对相对论聚束的测试。最新的射电观测资料表明ＸＢＬｓ是介于ＦＲ－Ｉ和ＲＢＬｓ之间的过渡型天体，这对ＢＬＬａｃ天体是聚束的ＦＲ－Ｉ射电星系提供了一个很好的证据。     

仙后座1995新星的光谱

在１９９５ 年至１９９７ 年,用２ ．１６ 米望远镜,５０?／ｍ ｍ 色散观测了仙后座１９９５ 新星的光谱．１９９５ 年的光谱以Ｆｅ Ⅱ及Ｈ Ⅰ的发射线为主要特征,所有发射线呈ＰＣｙｇ 轮廓,１９９６ 年光谱主要是Ｈ Ⅰ及Ｈｅ Ⅰ的发射,１９９７ 年光谱呈现很强的［Ｆｅ Ｘ］ 、［Ｆｅ ＶⅡ］ 、［Ｏ Ⅲ］ 发射,表明新星已进入星云阶段．以观测谱的连续谱估算了抛射物质的有效温度,算得１９９５ 年１０ 月１４ 日温度为２１３００Ｋ、１９９６ 年１０ 月２６ 日为９７００Ｋ、１９９７ 年１２ 月１６ 日为１０２００Ｋ．以测量谱线的流量估算抛射物质总质量约４ ．７ ×１０ － ５ Ｍ⊙,氦的丰度为ＮＨｅ／ＮＨ＝ ０ ．０４７ ．     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

Dynamical study of wide pairs of stars based on data from the WDS catalog

Using the method of apparent motion parameters, we have studied the relative motion of the components in 561 pairs of wide (ρ > 2″) and relatively nearby (Hipparcos parallaxes > 0.01″) visual double stars based on data from the WDS catalog. The minimum masses of the double stars have been calculated at given parallaxes. We have identified 358 optical pairs. For 11 stellar pairs, we have found the minimum mass to exceed the estimate corresponding to their spectral types and luminosities. This excess is 5–7 M _⊙ for two stars, ADS 7446 and 9701.     

Microscopic black hole detection in UHECR: the double bang signature

According to recent conjectures on the existence of large extra dimensions in our universe, black holes could be produced during the interaction of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays with the atmosphere. However, and so far, the proposed signatures are based on statistical effects, not allowing identification on an event by event basis, and may lead to large uncertainties. In this note, events with a double bang topology, where the production and instantaneous decay of a microscopic black hole (first bang) is followed, at a measurable distance, by the decay of an energetic tau lepton (second bang) are proposed as an almost background free signature. The characteristics of these events and the capability of large cosmic ray experiments to detect them are discussed.     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.