纤维加筋土中单根纤维的拉拔试验及临界加筋长度的确定

纤维加筋土物理力学性质主要受纤维与土界面之间作用力大小的控制,了解界面的微观力学行为对研究纤维加筋土的机制及工程应用具有重要意义。首先,利用自行设计的纤维拉拔试验装置,对不同含水率和不同干密度的土样进行了单根纤维的拉拔试验,测试并计算了单根纤维与土接触面之间的剪切强度和残余剪切强度,分析了含水率和干密度大小对它的影响。结果表明,设计的试验装置和试验方法能较好地进行单根纤维的拉拔试验,具有较高的准确性和精度。获得了纤维加筋土中界面剪切强度和残余强度与土样含水率和干密度之间的定量关系;分析拉力-位移曲线表明,加筋土中纤维的拉拔特性取决于筋土界面的力学行为,曲线的形状受含水率和干密度的影响不明显。最后,利用测得的筋土界面强度导出了纤维加筋的临界长度。     

Performance of a compaction-grouted soil nail in laboratory tests

This study proposed a new soil nail known as the compaction-grouted soil nail, and a physical model was established to investigate its pull-out behaviour with different grouting pressures. The study on scale effect of the physical model was performed subsequently via numerical modelling. Additionally, interface shear tests were performed using the same boundary conditions as the physical model test. The strength parameters obtained were used to estimate the pull-out resistance of a conventional soil nail. The merits of these two soil nail types were compared based on their pull-out resistances. The physical model test results showed that the pull-out resistance of the compaction-grouted soil nail increases with increasing grouting pressure. In addition, the pull-out resistance exhibits hardening behaviour without a yield point, indicating that the compaction-grouted soil nail enables soils to remain stable against a relatively large deformation before ultimate failure. Furthermore, a higher grouting pressure results in a higher rate of increase for pull-out resistance versus pull-out displacement, which improves the performance of the compaction-grouted soil nail in the stabilization of large deformation problems. A comparison of the two types of soil nails suggests that the new compaction-grouted soil nail is more sensitive to grouting pressure than the conventional soil nail in terms of pull-out resistance improvement. In other words, the performance (pull-out resistance) of the compaction-grouted soil nail can be markedly improved by increasing the grouting pressure without inducing any accidental or undesired cracking or soil displacement.

     

土钉抗拔试验过程中钉周土体应力变化研究

土钉的抗拔强度是土钉支护结构设计需要用到的重要参数。抗拔强度的大小取决于拔出过程中作用于土钉表面的法向应力的大小。通过室内模型抗拔试验以及三维有限元分析,研究了钻孔灌注型土钉在钻孔、注浆及拔出过程中土钉杆周围土体中的应力变化情况。研究发现,对于钻孔灌注型土钉,孔周土体中的应力在钻孔结束时几乎全部释放掉;对于低压灌浆土钉,灌浆结束到浆体硬化的过程中土钉杆周围土体中的应力没有得到有效恢复;拔出过程中,由于土体的剪胀变形受到约束,土钉周围土体中的应力随着拔出位移的增加逐渐增加,从而导致抗拔应力的增加,说明土的剪胀性对钻孔灌注型土钉来说非常重要,对于低剪胀性土,需要通过增加灌浆压力等方法对钻孔过程中释放掉的应力进行补偿     

玄武岩纤维与钢筋锚杆锚固性能现场对比试验研究

玄武岩纤维（BFRP）锚杆具有抗拉强度高、耐腐蚀性能好等优点,是岩土锚固结构中钢筋的良好替代品,近年颇受业界关注。通过在黄土地层中开展4组?25 mm BFRP锚杆和钢锚杆的现场拉拔试验,初步研究两种材质锚杆的破坏模式和锚固性能差异。研究结果表明：对于诸如?25 mm类较大直径土层锚杆,拉拔过程中锚固体系的灌浆体内外界面破坏迹象共存,但最终破坏模式受控于灌浆体与土层界面（第二界面）,且BFRP锚杆与砂浆内界面（第一界面）破坏程度明显高于钢锚杆;两种材质锚杆的极限承载力相近,界面黏结强度均随锚固长度的增大而减小;受两种材质锚杆本身的加工工艺和材料力学性能影响,试验中钢锚杆与灌浆体的黏结性能优于BFRP锚杆;相同荷载水平,相同位置处,BFRP锚杆杆体轴力大于钢锚杆,轴力衰减速率略小于钢锚杆;峰值剪应力BFRP锚杆小于钢锚杆。     

Influences of overburden pressure and soil dilation on soil nail pull-out resistance

Soil nailing is the most popular technique for stabilizing newly formed and existing sub-standard slopes in Hong Kong because of its economic and technical advantages. The nail–soil interface shear resistance is an important parameter in design of soil nailed structures. A three-dimensional finite element model was established and used for simulating soil nail pull-out tests. The finite element model was verified by comparing simulated results with measured data. The agreement between the experimental and simulated results in terms of both average pull-out shear stress and stress variation was very good. Using this finite element model, a parametric study was carried out to study the influences of the overburden pressure and soil dilation angle on the soil nail pull-out resistance. The simulated peak pull-out resistance was not directly related to the overburden pressure, which was coincident with the observations in laboratory pull-out tests. The simulated pull-out resistance increased significantly with the increase in dilation angle of the shearing zone. This analysis indicated that the constrained dilatancy of the nail–soil interface and the soil surrounding the nail contributed a lot to the development of peak pull-out resistance.     

Effect of rod friction on vane shear tests in very soft organic harbour mud

Very soft organic harbour mud is increasingly used as a filling and construction material in harbour construction and reorganization. The undrained shear strength of such soft sediments is the critical geotechnical soil parameter with regard to any specific construction design. Field and laboratory vane shear testing is a standard method to quickly determine this important parameter. So far, the effect of rod friction on vane shear tests in very soft organic soils is unclear. In this study we present results from laboratory experiments on harbour mud from a construction site in northern Germany. Relations among vane and rod geometry, penetration depth, water content, rod friction and undrained shear strength are derived. Based on these relations the influence of rod friction on vane shear test results is investigated. The results indicate that field and laboratory vane shear test measurements may be significantly influenced by rod friction. Methods are proposed to correct for the rod influence, which is shown to increase with rising water contents.     

Modelling of fibre–cohesive soil mixtures

A new constitutive model for fibre-reinforced cohesive soil is proposed. The model combines a Cam-Clay like bounding surface model with an elastic–plastic one-dimensional fibrous element model. A “smearing procedure”, which can consider any spatial distribution of fibre orientation, is employed to transform discrete tensile forces developed in the fibres into stresses for the composite material. The fibre stress contribution is bounded by both degradation of soil–fibre bonding due to pull-out mechanism and tensile strength of the fibres. Eventual occurrence of fibre breakage is also considered. The model performances are analysed for both consolidation and shearing loading modes, and qualitative comparison is performed with experimental data available in the literature. For consolidation loading, tensile stresses are not developed in the fibres and thus the fibre effect is rather limited. For drained shear loading, addition of fibres can result in a consistent shear strength increase. The beneficial effect of fibres seems to be controlled by two parameters: the fibre tensile stiffness and the fibre/soil strain ratio that accounts for any possible slippage or shear deformation at the fibre/soil matrix interface. For undrained shear loading, the strengthening effect of the fibres appears to be counteracted by the increase in pore water pressure, induced by the additional confining contribution of the fibres. In agreement with published experimental data, the model suggests also that the moisture content is a key factor governing fibre effectiveness for undrained shearing. Finally, analysis of the model predicted critical states for fibre-reinforced cohesive soil is provided.     

横肋对螺纹钢树脂锚杆荷载传递的影响

螺纹钢横肋的外形及尺寸显著影响树脂锚杆的锚固能力。为分析横肋对螺纹钢树脂锚杆荷载传递的影响,将拉拔条件下的螺纹钢树脂锚杆简化为轴对称模型,基于剪切-位移原理导出了关于剪切位移的二阶周期间断变系数齐次微分方程,对周期间断变系数进行Fourier变换,基于MATLAB求解出横肋影响下螺纹钢树脂锚杆剪切应力分布规律,并与圆钢锚杆进行对比分析;采用ABAQUS对螺纹钢锚杆受力进行模拟分析,并与理论分析结果对比验证;提出横肋应力集中因数F,对横肋的影响范围与影响程度进行了分析。研究表明,螺纹钢锚杆剪切应力沿锚杆轴向呈锯齿状递减分布;锚杆有效锚固承载区域内横肋应力集中因数F范围为[1.875,2.156];300 MPa拉拔荷载条件下横肋附近剪切应力峰值可达36 MPa,预示着锚固系统易从横肋附近损伤破坏。     

Study on soil–cement grout interface shear strength of soil nailing by direct shear box testing method

An important design parameter in cement-grouted soil nailed structures is the shear strength at the interface between the grouted nail and the surrounding soil. Both field and laboratory pull-out tests are normally used to investigate this interface shear strength. However, these tests have some limitations. In this study, direct shear box tests are adopted to investigate the interface shear strength behaviour between a completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil and a cement grout plate. Tests were carried out in a large direct shear test apparatus over a range of constant normal stress, soil moisture content, and soil–cement grout interface surface waviness. The laboratory test procedures are briefly described and the main test results are presented, followed by a discussion of the shear behaviour of the soil–cement grout interface. The interface shear behaviour is compared with the shear strength behaviour of the same soil tested under comparable conditions. It is shown that the shear stress–displacement behaviour of the soil–cement grout interface is similar to that of the soil alone. The test results indicate that the interface shear strength of the CDG and cement grout material depends on the normal stress level, the soil moisture content, and the interface surface waviness.     

节点突起影响格栅加筋性能的离散元研究

为研究筋土界面特性及节点突起对格栅加筋性能的影响,采用三维离散元方法,通过副颗粒的引入从构造上对节点处突起进行了模拟,并对含节点突起的三向土工格栅拉拔过程进行了仿真分析,系统研究了筋-土界面剪胀效应,揭示了宏观强度发展与细观组构演化的内在关联,明确了节点突起对格栅工作性能的改善。研究结果表明,傅里叶系数曲线与拉拔力曲线偏离较大,综合考虑法向接触力幅值与各向异性程度的组构演化系数更能准确反映宏观强度的发展;节点突起调整了纵肋内力分布,允许筋-土间发生较大程度的相对位移,更有助于材料性能的充分发挥。研究成果可为从细观角度优化格栅加筋性能提供参考。     

筋土之间直剪试验与拉拔试验的对比分析

直剪试验和拉拔试验是研究土工合成材料与土界面剪切特性的两种手段,但二者的试验机理存在明显的差异。本文根据筋土界面直剪试验和拉拔试验结果,对这两种试验方法进行了对比分析,探讨了直剪试验和拉拔试验得到的界面剪切强度之间的差别及其原因。试验结果表明:对于机织土工布来说,直剪试验的结果与拉拔试验得到的界面剪切强度相近,但峰值位移差别较大;对于玻纤格栅来说,直剪试验得到的界面剪切强度大于拉拔试验的结果。     

Experimental Investigation of Frictional Behavior Between Cohesive Soils and Solid Materials Using Direct Shear Apparatus

Soil shearing resistance is very important while designing various structures which have direct contact with soil, for example, sheet piles, piles, retaining walls, reinforced earth structures and shallow foundations. Even though designers use empirical values for their design, it is very important to obtain more accurate values for soil–solid materials shearing resistance. In this work, laboratory tests have been carried out to investigate the effect of roughness interface and texture models on friction angle between cohesive soils and steel, as well as abrasive paper material, using direct shear tests. All tests were carried out under consolidated drained shear conditions. The behavior at the soils–solid interface was found to vary according to surface roughness. It also seems that the type of material (steel or paper of abrasive) used does not have a major influence on the shear strength. As far as roughness is concerned, friction behavior is likely to be generally classified into three failure modes, namely full sliding at the interface, shear failure within the soil, and a mixed behavior where interface sliding and shear deformation of the soil specimen proceed simultaneously. However, for the second mode, the shear strength at the interface soil-rough solid materials steel was found to be lower than the shear strength of the soil, for a soil that is classified as high plasticity clay. Furthermore, it was found that the interfacial shear strength is independent of the texture surface for a given roughness.     

煤矿井下可退式卡瓦打捞筒的研制及应用

煤矿井下卡钻、埋钻导致的孔内断钻杆事故时常发生,目前常用的公母丝锥造扣的打捞方法成功率较低,不仅耗费大量的人力物力,还会影响煤矿开采生产进度。基于此,设计了井下可退式卡瓦打捞筒,通过外筒的螺旋锥面驱动卡瓦径向卡紧断裂的钻杆,实现起拔打捞井内钻杆。卡瓦抱紧钻杆的结构设计,提高了打捞筒对断裂钻具的把持力。控制环的键槽结构设计,实现了复杂工况下可退式操作。分析了打捞作业时钻机回转扭矩产生的切应力与打捞筒强度的关系、钻机起拔力产生的正应力与打捞筒强度的关系,为打捞筒壁厚参数设计提供理论支持;分析了钻机起拔力转换为卡瓦对钻杆抱紧力的公式,验证了卡瓦打捞筒打捞孔内钻具的可行性;试制的打捞筒在山西新源煤矿井下现场进行了打捞试验,试验表明其结构设计合理,打捞性能可靠。本研究为煤矿井下处理复杂钻孔断钻事故提供新型工具,为打捞工具结构设计提供了理论依据。      

盐渍化冻土-混凝土衬砌接触面直剪试验研究

土与结构接触面的研究一直以来是岩土工程研究的热点之一。为研究位山灌区渠系工程冻害破坏问题,开展了不同盐类型、不同含盐量、不同含水率条件下渠道下卧盐渍土-混凝土衬砌冻结接触面直剪试验研究。结果表明：冻结状态下接触面的应力-位移破坏性状呈脆性破坏,存在明显的峰值应力;剪切变形包括线性变形和非线性变形,线性变形随含水率和含盐量的增大而减小,非线性变形随含盐量的增大而增加;剪切模量随含水率的增加而提高;随含盐量的增加而降低;抗剪强度随含水率的增加而增大,随NaCl含盐量增加而降低,随Na₂SO₄含盐量增加先降低后升高;通过对变形能的分析发现,含水率w=14.7%和w=16.7%时具有相似特征,即NaCl含量为0.5%时,曲线存在极（最）小值。     

填料粗粒含量对筋土界面拉拔性状的影响

基于可视化拉拔系统及数字照相量测技术,针对5种不同粗粒含量 （粒径>5 mm颗粒的质量百分数）的粗粒土开展拉拔试验,探讨了粗粒含量 对筋土界面强度指标、颗粒位移演化及土工格栅应变等的影响。研究表明：界面黏聚力c与界面摩擦角 随 增加呈不同程度增加; 从20%增长至35%后,土工格栅末段出现应变及拉拔力峰值时所对应的格栅拉拔位移均减少,但各段土工格栅应变量增加;随着 的增加,筋土界面粗粒土颗粒位移矢量方向逐渐趋于水平,其位移量显著减小。同时,筋土界面空洞明显减少; 增加使筋土界面的粗粒土颗粒位移减小,而间接影响区范围扩大,使一定高度范围内的粗粒土颗粒被间接带动,在宏观上使界面似黏聚力增加; 增加后,位于筋土界面V3处的土颗粒最大位移速度减小。位于间接影响区的V1、V2处的土颗粒最大位移速度因受间接影响区范围扩大,颗粒扰动加强而有少量增大。     

试验条件对土工格栅与膨胀土界面拉拔性状的影响

采用高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）单向土工格栅,以及南水北调中线工程新乡段的膨胀性泥灰岩风化土,在填土尺寸为600 mm×600 mm×600 mm的大型叠环式剪切试验机上进行一系列拉拔试验,研究了土工格栅与试验箱侧壁距离、拉拔速率、上覆荷载大小等试验条件因素对筋土界面拉拔性状的影响。结果表明：不排水条件下,土工格栅与试验箱侧壁的距离,对峰值拉拔力、界面强度与切向刚度的影响不大;拉拔速率较大时,拉拔力增长较快,其拉拔力峰值和界面强度较大;上覆荷载和拉拔力不同,格栅的变形量及筋土相对位移量不同,不同上覆荷载下界面摩阻力沿格栅埋入长度分布的非均匀程度不同,并可导致较小上覆荷载下界面平均摩阻力反而较大的反常行为。     

冻结粉质黏土-桩基接触面剪切特性试验研究

在寒区工程中, 建筑物的冻拔病害和冻土-桩基接触面间的剪切特性密切相关。借助自制的试验模具, 采用压桩法对冻结粉质黏土中埋置的混凝土桩、 钢桩以及木桩进行了不同负温条件下的剪切试验。结果表明： 在负温下随着剪切位移的增加, 剪切力经历线性增长、 骤降的脆性破坏、 维持恒定三阶段。温度越低, 桩与冻土间的冰胶结力越大, 冻结强度越大, 残余强度越大, 破坏允许位移也越大。在-30 ℃时, 木桩与冻土间的冻结强度最大, 混凝土桩与冻土间的冻结强度次之, 钢桩与冻土间的冻结强度最小。混凝土桩、 钢桩对应的冻结强度及残余强度与温度的关系可用线性拟合, 木桩对应的冻结强度及残余强度与温度的关系可用二次多项式拟合, 三种桩的破坏允许位移与温度的关系均呈现线性规律。研究成果可为寒区结构物抗冻拔病害防治提供参考。     

原状膨胀土剪切力学特性的应变速率效应

为研究应变速率对原状膨胀土力学性状的影响,通过GDS三轴试验系统进行了不同速率和围压下的固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析了应力−应变曲线、孔隙水压力、剪切强度以及破坏模式随应变速率的变化规律。结果表明：不同应变速率下,膨胀土应力−应变曲线均呈应变硬化型。随着应变速率的增加,不排水剪切强度单调递增,引入应变速率参数ρ_0.9后发现,不排水强度增长率为14.3%～23.2%,平均值为18.4%。低围压下,应变速率对孔隙水压力影响较小,随着围压的增大,孔隙水压力的发展趋势由软化型转变为硬化型,孔隙水压力峰值随应变速率的增大而减小。原状膨胀土应变速率效应与其多裂隙性密切相关,破坏形式表现为小应变速率下主剪切带与次剪切带共存,大应变速率下仅有主剪切带,裂隙或多剪切带的出现强化了膨胀土强度的应变速率效应。     

管缝式锚杆在拉拔荷载作用下受力分析模型

建立了管缝式锚杆在拉拔荷载作用下的受力分析模型,该模型能够反映锚杆破坏的渐进过程。分析表明,在拉拔荷载作用下管缝式锚杆在荷载作用点最先发生相对滑移,且随着荷载的增加滑移段的长度逐渐增加,直到整根锚杆与围岩发生相对滑移。根据能量守恒原理得到了管缝式锚杆在安装入钻孔后对围岩径向作用力的计算公式。对管缝式锚杆进行了非局部摩擦分析,得到了基于非局部摩擦模型的管缝式锚杆界面剪应力分布。研究了管缝式锚杆直径对锚杆界面剪应力分布的影响,同时得到了锚杆最大抗拉拔力与锚杆长度之间的关系。将理论模型预测值与试验结果对比,验证了理论模型的有效性。     

土工格栅筋土拉拔界面的弹性-指数软化模型与性状

土工格栅被广泛应用于路堤、边坡、挡土墙等加筋土工程,而筋土界面分析是研究加筋作用机理的关键。根据土工格栅拉拔荷载下的受力状态,分析了拉拔试验实际剪应力与位移关系,发现界面软化阶段剪应力与位移近似呈指数分布,已有计算模型大多高估了界面剪应力,提出了能够考虑界面渐进破坏及非线性特性的弹性-指数软化模型。通过筋土界面基本控制方程,得到了土工格栅拉拔荷载下不同阶段受力状态的计算模型。对界面剪应力发展历程及分布规律展开了较为细致的研究,同时进行了参数分析,包括剪切刚度、抗拉刚度、加筋长度、软化指数衰减特征系数等。结果表明,土工格栅拉拔过程中,当筋土界面处于弹性阶段时,界面剪应力不均匀性及界面最大剪应力随剪切刚度增大而增加,弹性模量则相反;软化阶段内,加筋长度越长,界面软化现象越明显,加筋长度较短时,可近似认为界面剪应力呈均匀分布;软化指数衰减特征系数越大,界面剪应力波动越大,其峰值往拉拔端移动;进入残余阶段后,界面剪应力由拉拔端向自由端增大且逐渐趋于残余应力。研究成果可为加筋土工程土工格栅选取提供理论指导。