Degassing of primordial major energy source for hydrogen and helium as the internal terrestrial processes

Examples of the mightiest energy releases by great earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and hypotheses providing explanations for them are analyzed along with the results of some recently published researches and visualizations.The emerging conclusions are that the mechanism of the strong earthquake is a chemical explosion;that volcanic eruption is a special type of earthquake wherein the hypocenter rises to the earth-surface;and that there is an association between the seismic-volcanic processes and mantle "fluids" and the lack of energy for mantle plumes.A conceptual system of hypotheses is put forward to explain the conservation of energy during Earth’s accretion,its quasi-stable release by primordial H- and He-degassing and of the crucial role of the energy of degassing-comprisingreactions in endogenic processes.Specific mechanisms and chemical processes are proposed for the gas-liquid mantle plumes melting through the solid mantle using heat-energy released in reactions of their metamorphic and chemical transformation under gradual decrease of pressure and temperature;volcanic gases are put forward as energy carriers.He performance as a unique measuring transformer correlative to the internal heat flow was used for calculation of energy release by degassing;it equals to 5.12×10²⁰ J/yr.an amount of energy five-fold greater than the entire energy loss involved in earthquake and volcanic activity.The hypotheses proposed are objectively testable.     

Capturing and storage of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> by micron-nano minerals: Evidence from the nature

The increase of CO2 in atmosphere is a main factor leading to "greenhouse effect", which causes more and more serious global environmental problems. The reduction of CO2 is a challenge for the survival of human beings, and it is also a big technical problem. CO2 fluid-rock interaction is a key scientific problem involved in geo-logical storage. The CO2 fluid-rock interaction has a variety of multi-scale changes. Due to great differences in the quantity of surface atoms and surface energy between micron-nano-sized minerals, and ions and crystals, the speed and efficiency of CO2 fluid-rock interaction on a micron-nano scale are much higher than those on other scales. As is known from the natural world, the micron-nano structures of pores and the surface chemical modification of natural porous minerals (zeolite, diatomite, sepiolite, palygorskite, halloysite, etc.) should be further investigated, which can be used as the micron-nano -mineral porous materials with high capacity and high efficiency for capturing CO2. Through simulating the adsorption capacity and process of CO2 by minerals in the natural world, the micron-nano technology is applied to calcium- and magnesium-based minerals (olivine, pyroxene, feldspar, clay, etc.) so as to improve the activity of calcium and magnesium and enlarge the reaction contact area. In this way, the efficiency of capturing and storage of CO2 by calcium- and magnesium-based minerals can be greatly improved. These minerals can also be used as the micron-nano-mineral materials with large capacity and high efficiency for capturing and storing CO2.     

Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged. However, because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale, its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively. Based on the energy conservation law, the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking, shale heat-absorption, and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study. The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined, and the factors that influence them were analyzed. The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon (TOC) content. For oil-prone shales, the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%. This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation, making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1. In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits. The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following: (1) exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks, (2) exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas, i.e., exploring technologies with catalytic effects, or the capability to reduce in situ heating time, and (3) establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio, time cost, and engineering cost.     

地质遗产、地质公园及通过2008国际地球年促进地球科学(英文)

In the years 2000 and 2001 a few visionaries in IUGS under the lead of Ed de Mulder, at that time President of IUGS, started to think out loudly about an "International Year of Planet Earth" (YEAR). It was their feeling that globally the geosciences did not get that part of public recognition that geosciences should earn, compared to ecology, economy, sustainable development and environmental sciences at large. They were convinced that geosciences could contribute much more to the well-being of the human society if the available knowledge of geoscientists would be used wisely. The low awareness of the benefits of geosciences to society in the public and at the level of politicians and decision-makers, created a long-lasting and continuing decrease of financial means which was and still is crucial for the decrease in the absolute number of geoscience projects, the reduction of respective university institutes, the closing of federal or state geological surveys or merging them with other institutions, and by such reducing the possibility of immediate impact and action, and, last, but not least, in a decreasing number of university students in geosciences. From the beginning of the considerations it was evident that the YEAR must combine science and outreach components in a balanced way. The best way to reach this challenge seemed to target an "International Year of Planet Earth", proclaimed by the United Nations.     

Characteristics, development and utilization of geothermal resources- a Nordic perspective

Geothermal energy is classified as a renewable energy source and it utilizes the heat generated in the earth primarily from the natural radioactive decay of isotopes of uranium, thorium and potassium. Heat is extracted from the earth to generate geothermal energy via a carrier, usually water occurring either in the liquid or steam phase. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, the first developments of geothermal resources for power generation and household heating got underway successfully. Many of these geothermal fields are still being utilized today, proving their sustainability. Today geothermal energy is being utilized in more than 72 countries around the world and of the Nordic countries Iceland and Sweden have been in the forefront in each of their respective fields. While geothermal heat pumps are widely used for space heating in Sweden, geothermal energy covers 55% of the primary energy consumption in Iceland where it is used for space heating, power generation and industrial purposes. Future developments aim at expanding the range of viable geothermal resources by improving the capabilities to generate electricity from geothermal resources at temperatures as low as 100℃, as well as developing geothermal resources where water needs to be introduced, so-called hot dry rock resources. But the biggest expansion is expected to continue to be in the installations of geothermal heat pumps.     

Notes on the Pre-Devonian Stratigraphy of the Midolle Tzekiang Valley, W Hunan

INTRODUCTIONA preliminary investigation of the early Palaeozoic stratigraphy of W Hunan was first carried out by Wang and Liu[1] who mapped a large part of the Anhua district in 1936. During our trip in the same district and -its neighbourhood, hunting for scheelite in the Middle Tzekiang valley, from April to June, 1948, we had an opportunity to study the pre-Devonian strata en route on meandering from one antimony mine to another. We, thus, encountered the unusual Sinian "marine tillite" under discussion and discovered the strata rich in Silurian fossils. Part of our time was devoted to the study of stratigraphic succession of the Panchi Series which is the oldest formation exposed.     

矿山地热研究的回顾与展望

  70年代我国矿山高温问题趋于严重化，由此而开展的矿山地热研究推动了我国煤炭资源勘稼地温测量的普及;在大量矿山地热研究成果的基础上，建立了矿山地温类型划分系统，为矿山地温勘探和矿山高温对策提供了理论根据。展望前景，矿山地热研究面临新的研究任务，其中，总结全国煤田地温测量成果和强化矿山地热与降温技术联结纽带的研究具有重要意义
        

李四光教授倡导的中国地热研究

李四光教授是中国地热研究的倡导者,作者以中国科学院地质研究所地热室近20年来的研究工作为基础,从大地热流、深部地热、区域地温场、地热数学模拟、地热实验和分析测试系统、地热资源、矿山地热以及油田地热等八个方面阐述了我国地热研究的进展,以资缅怀和纪念李四光教授诞生100周年。     

关于中国全球环境变化人文因素研究发展方向的思考

人类如何合理地管理"地球生命支撑系统",以满足人类对可持续发展的追求,是全球环境变化GlobalEnvironmentalChange ,GEC）研究必须回答的问题。国际全球环境变化人文因素计划（Interna t ionalHumanDimensionsProgramm eonGlobalEnvironmentalChange,IHDP）侧重于全球环境变化的人文因素（HumanDimensionsofGlobalEnvironmentalChange,HDGEC）研究方面。在对国际HDGEC研究发展大势进行科学判断的基础上,概述了中国HDGEC研究进展,分析了中国HDGEC研究面临的挑战和机遇,探讨了我国HDGEC研究的未来发展走势。展望未来,我国HDGEC研究应立足国情,着眼全球,把握趋势与时机,在重大研究问题、能力建设等方面有所发展、突破。     

造山带与造山作用及其研究的新起点

当代地理科学正处于重要的发展时期。人类社会发展向地学发生了新的严峻挑战，地球科学理论自身也处在一个新的发展时期。面对社会与地学的发展及需求。作为地质科学研究最基本主要领域的造山带研究，应如何思考？本文据此在新世纪开始之际，根据社会与科学的发展，回顾和讨论了造山带、造山作用及其研究内容、发展变化和新的研究起点和任务。     

Book Reviews

Books review in this article:
Moraines and Varves. Origin/Genesis/Classification, Ed. by Ch. Schlüchter. A. A. Balkema
Growth Conditions of Manganese Nodules , by D. Heye.
Surficial Sediments of the English Channel (Map) , by the Bureau de Recherches
The Global Carbon Cycle . Report No. 13 of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), Ed. by B. Bolin, E. T. Degens, P. Ketner & S. Kempe.
Modelling of Rivers , Ed. by Hsieh Wen Shen
Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology , by John M.
The Chemistry of Soil Constituents , Ed. D. J. Greenland and M. H. B. Hayes.
The Study of Carbonaceous Substances in Geological Formations ('Contribution A 1'Etude de I'Evolution des substances carbonCes dans les formations g6o- logiques'), Documents du B.R.G.M. No. 6, By Jean- Paul Ragot.
The Ocean Basins and Margins , Vol. 4B: The Western Mediterrmean, Ed. by A. E. M. Nairn, W. H. Kanes & F. G. Stehli.
Journal of Structural Geology , Vol. I, No. 1.
Inkohlung und Geothermik. Beziehungen zwischen Inkohlung, Illit-Diagenese, Kohlenwasserstoff- Fiihrung und Geothermik. (Coalification and Geothermics. Relationship Between Coalification, Illite Crystallinity, Hydro- carbon Content and Geothermics.) A special issue of the periodical Fortschritte in der Geologie volt Rheinland und Westfalen, Vol. 27, Geologisches Landesamt     

当今中国地球物理学发展的机遇、空间和挑战

在二十一世纪的今天,中国正处在快速工业化和经济腾飞的重要时刻,在这世界经济和科学技术突飞猛进的大潮中,对地球物理学来说确是机遇,并展现出多维的发展空间,同时也面临着严峻的挑战。为此,国家战略需求和自主创新已成为中华民族能否独立于世界民族之林的最强音!在这一前提下,地球物理学家就必须超越已有的框架,穿过地平线,全方位的去研究、探索、揭示、发现地球内部的奥秘。研究结果表明,人们必须清晰地认识到:在新的世纪里地球物理学的发展导向,即地球物理学的前沿领域和深化研究与现代科学技术进步的制约;地球物理学必须牢牢地把握住向高层次的综合研究脉络方能有所发现与突破;地球物理学所面临的机遇、发展空间和挑战;地球内部圈层结构与大陆动力学研究的主体内涵和导向。     

金融危机对矿业的影响及分析预测

席卷全球的金融危机正在疯狂肆虐,矿业也难以独善其身。金融危机导致矿产品价格全线跳水、矿业公司股价大幅下跌、矿产品需求下降。矿产品价格大幅下跌是矿产品价格在挤出泡沫之后的一种理性回归。矿业发展自身的规律与百年不遇的金融危机的相互叠加、相互影响,加速了此轮矿业繁荣周期的终结并开始了走向下行期的步伐。金融危机给矿业带来了挑战与机遇,但机遇远大于挑战。对此提出如下建议：改善中国矿业投资环境,调整矿产品进出口政策;培育大型跨国矿业公司,提高竞争力;建立国外资源储备基地,吸引海外地质勘查人才;重新审视和再认识地勘基金的定位;抓住有利时机整合资源,促进矿业结构调整。     

当代中国地球物理学的发展势态与在地球系统科学研究进程中的使命

地球物理学是20世纪迅速发展起来的、涉及面极为广泛的一门边缘学科,百余年来它为科学与技术的进步,社会与经济的发展做出了卓越贡献。本世纪对地球物理学来说是机遇,也更是挑战。然而正当全球迅猛发展的新形势下,我国地球物理学却呈现了“危机”,为此必须较为完整地认识地球物理学的内涵、强化地球物理学学科的整体建设,并从地球系统科学发展的高度来厘定其中坚与先导作用已迫在眉捷。 为此,全文论述了以下几个方面的问题：(1)地球物理学的发展进程与战略意义;(2)20世纪百年来地球物理学主要的重大成就概述;(3)地球物理学研究的主体科学内涵;(4)现代中国地球物理学的导向与使命;(5)中国地球物理学面临的挑战与机遇;(6)当今中国地球物理学的发展势态;(7)诚挚的建议。     

油页岩综合利用对周围环境的影响——以抚顺矿区为例

世界能源日益减少的局面为油页岩的开发应用带来广阔的前景，但油页岩工业所带来的环境影响亦不容忽视。以抚顺油页岩为例，从油页岩综合利用和油页岩工业对环境的影响等方面系统讨论了在我国发展油页岩工业时，如何本着节约能源、保护环境、实现可持续发展的观念，利用现有先进技术，科学发展油页岩工业，降低生产过程中的固、液、气污染物对环境的危害。     

加载速率对砂岩抗拉强度的影响机制

为研究加载速率对砂岩抗拉强度的影响效应及影响机制,设计开展5种加载速率的劈裂试验,综合分析抗拉强度、破坏特征、能量参数和劈裂面微观形貌变化规律及相关性。结果表明,(1) 随着加载速率增大,砂岩劈裂抗拉强度逐渐增大,总体呈现先陡后缓的趋势,加载速率在0.01～0.10 kN/s范围内时抗拉强度增长迅速,0.10～1.00 kN/s范围内时抗拉强度增长趋势渐缓;(2) 随着加载速率的增大,岩样吸收的总能量增大,弹性应变能占总能量的比值逐渐增大,耗散能占总能量的比值逐渐减小,加载至破坏时裂纹扩展形成宏观劈裂面的时间呈数量级减小,达到峰值应力时弹性应变能的释放,导致岩样破坏的突发性增强,使得劈裂面形貌特征在宏观和微观上逐渐变得复杂,对应抗拉强度逐渐增大;(3) 在岩石劈裂试验过程中加载速率、能量参数、劈裂面形貌特征与抗拉强度密切相关,加载速率影响加载过程中能量的总量与分配,能量参数的变化直接影响岩样的破坏过程及劈裂面的形貌特征,最后宏观上表现为抗拉强度的差异。文中相关分析方法和思路可为类似试验提供较好的参考。