A dynamic dissolution model of rock salt under gravity for different flow rates

The dissolution mechanism of rock salt under the effect of gravity was investigated in the laboratory using a dynamic dissolution test apparatus. Rock salt specimens were subjected to dissolution at different flow rates and the weight of the dissolved salt was measured over time and a comparison between the dissolution weight changes under the effect of gravity of this paper and those of dissolution without considering the gravitational effect was analyzed. After introducing the partial differential equations of a dynamic dissolution which conducted in a non-gravity condition, the influence of different parameters on the dissolution model was discussed to establish the dynamic dissolution model of rock salt under gravitational effect. Then, a numerical solution based on the finite-difference method and parameter inversion was conducted, whose numerical calculation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. The results of this paper can provide a basic theoretical foundation and analytical means that can serve a guide for studies on the dissolution mechanism of rock salt.     

盐膏层造斜井段井眼缩径及套管外载数值模拟

盐膏层是油气成藏的良好盖层,塔里木盆地多个大型油气藏都属于巨厚盐下油气藏,为了提高单井产能,决定采用定向井和水平井来开发盐下油气藏。由于盐膏层距离产层较近,需要在盐膏层进行造斜。造斜井段盐膏层井眼的缩径规律及其对套管外载的影响国内外鲜有报道。应用有限元方法建立了造斜井段砂岩和盐膏岩地层、水泥环及套管耦合的三维力学模型,以塔里木羊塔克区块岩石力学测试成果为基础,研究得到造斜段井斜和方位对井眼缩径及套管外载的影响规律。该研究成果成功应用于塔里木巨厚盐下定向井、水平井轨迹设计,钻遇盐膏层泥浆密度的确定和井身结构设计,为塔里木盐膏层钻井、完井施工提供了重要的理论参考。     

磨料水射流作用下岩石损伤场的数值模拟

磨料水射流（AWJ）破碎岩石的过程是多相流体与结构物体之间非线性碰撞动力耦合问题,其内部的复杂机制涵盖了诸多方面。基于ALE（Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian）流-固耦合罚函数算法,从连续损伤力学和细观损伤力学角度出发,建立了磨料水射流冲击破碎岩石模型。研究表明：岩石的破坏主要以冲击破坏为主,破坏具有明显的局部效应,破碎过程以漏斗状交替推进;岩石内部的损伤场以阶段性演化,即分为线弹性阶段、非线性失稳破碎阶段,岩石在射流冲击交替应力的作用下50 ?s内完全破坏。计算结果与相关文献基本吻合,研究结果对深入研究磨料水射流破岩理论及应用有着重要的学术和现实意义。     

磨料射流冲击岩石损伤机制的数值分析

针对岩石透明条件差,磨料射流冲击岩石的损伤机制不易观察等问题,运用SPH和FEM耦合算法,并引入J-H-C含损伤本构模型描述磨料射流冲击下岩石的损伤场的演化机制。研究结果表明,磨料射流侵彻岩石的深度与磨料射流中磨料的浓度与磨料形状有关;岩石在磨料水射流作用下的沿径向和轴向损伤是呈阶梯式的,距离冲击表面越近,损伤曲线的梯度越大,损伤演化的阶梯形式越不明显;距离冲击表面越远,损伤曲线的梯度越小,损伤演化的阶梯形式越明显。     

Numerical simulation on excavation-induced damage of rock under quasi-static unloading and dynamic disturbance

During the excavation of underground opening, the rock may experience a complex loading path that includes the highly confined compression before excavation, unloading of confining stress and further disturbance of dynamic loading after excavation. By using Rock Failure Process Analysis for Dynamics (RFPA-Dynamics), the failure of rock sequentially subjected to this complex loading path is numerically simulated, in order to examine the rock failure mechanism induced by excavation. The RFPA-Dynamics is firstly used to reproduce the failure of rock under confined compression, followed by unloading of confining pressure, and it is validated against with the existing experimental observation. Then, the failure characteristics of rock specimen sequentially subjected to the quasi-static triaxial loading, unloading of confining pressure and dynamic disturbance are numerically simulated, where the effect of magnitude of axial loading and confining pressure, and duration and amplitude of the dynamic disturbance on the final failure patterns of rock are examined. The numerical results indicate that the arc-shaped spalling damage zone is prone to develop with the increase in the axial pressure and lateral pressure coefficient. As for the effect of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of duration and amplitude of dynamic disturbance on the energy input are similar, where the area of damage zone increases with the energy input into the rock specimen. In this regard, the area of the damage zone is influenced by both the magnitude of in situ stress and waveform of dynamic disturbance. This study denotes that it is of great significance to trace the complex loading path induced by excavation in order to capture the rock failure mechanism induced by underground excavation.     

岩体爆生裂纹的数值模拟

利用广东岭澳核电站现场角岩岩体的基本动态力学特性和爆破参数,以及材料的Von Mises破坏准则,通过ANSYS/ LS-DYNA程序模拟了岩体单孔柱状装药的爆破破裂过程,分析了岩体爆破裂纹产生和扩展的机制,得到了岩体粉碎区和裂隙区的范围以及爆源近区岩体质点峰值压力的衰减规律。研究结果表明,岩体爆破粉碎区半径约为装药半径的6.5倍,裂隙区的半径约为装药半径的75倍,炸药起爆时粉碎区形成时间很短,大约为80 μs,而裂隙区的完全形成则需要较长的时间。     

碳酸盐岩溶蚀模拟实验技术进展及应用

碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用是指流动的侵蚀性流体与碳酸盐岩之间相互作用的过程及由此产生的结果,从地表到深埋藏地层中均可发生。碳酸盐岩溶蚀模拟实验是指通过模拟地层环境来再现碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用的过程和结果,是研究碳酸盐岩储层规模溶蚀有利条件和分布规律的重要方法。中国石油集团碳酸盐岩储层重点实验室自主研发高温高压溶解动力学模拟装置,最终建成由岩石内部溶蚀、岩石表面溶蚀和高温高压原位可视化检测组成的碳酸盐岩溶蚀模拟实验技术。利用高温高压溶解动力学模拟实验装置,开展了碳酸盐岩埋藏溶蚀温度窗口和孔隙演化样式的实验研究,取得2个方面的认识:①高盐度流体背景模拟实验表明,随着温度增加,碳酸盐岩的溶蚀量具有缓慢下降—缓慢上升—快速下降的特征,由于地层水两种相反离子效应的作用,在80～110℃范围内存在一个有利于碳酸盐岩溶蚀的温度窗口;②通过粒间孔隙型、晶间孔隙型、溶蚀孔洞型、鲕模孔隙型和格架孔隙型5种碳酸盐岩溶蚀模拟的对比实验,认识到连通孔隙是埋藏溶蚀发生的先决条件和有利区域,碳酸盐岩内部组构差异会进一步加剧储集空间在孔、洞和缝组合上的复杂性。     

苏北盆地层状盐穴储气库CO2封存数值模拟研究

地下盐岩溶腔是CO₂封存的有效地质体,CO₂沿盐岩软弱夹层和盐层-夹层交界面泄漏是制约地下盐岩溶腔CO₂安全封存的关键。以苏北盆地金坛地区CO₂盐穴储气库为研究对象,建立了层状盐穴储气库CO₂封存的流-固耦合数学模型,分析了盐岩及泥岩夹层中CO₂运移泄漏规律及其对CO₂安全封存的影响,并探讨了盐岩及泥岩夹层渗透率的动态响应特征。结果表明：渗透率是决定盐岩层中CO₂运移速率和泄漏范围的关键,在其影响下,相同封存时间内泥岩夹层中CO₂运移速率和影响范围远大于盐岩,但随封存时间延长,盐岩和泥岩夹层中CO₂运移速率和压力增幅均呈降低趋势,并随着CO₂压力传播至模拟边界而趋于稳定。渗透率动态变化是上覆地层压力负效应与盐岩层中CO₂压力正效应共同作用的结果,并受盐岩和泥岩夹层力学性质的影响。CO₂封存时间<3 ...     

三轴应力作用下岩盐溶解速率影响因素分析

利用自行研制的三轴岩盐溶解试验机,实现在三轴应力条件下岩盐试样溶解试验。进行三轴应力条件下溶液浓度、温度、流量以及偏应力4个因素相互耦合状态的岩盐溶解速率正交试验,研究各个因素对岩盐溶解速率的影响规律。对任意两个影响因素分别进行二元线性回归,根据其标准回归系数对岩盐溶解速率相对重要性比值构建判断矩阵,运用层次分析法计算各个影响因素的权值。研究结果表明,岩盐溶解速率随着浓度增大迅速降低,随着温度升高而增大,随着流量增大缓慢增加,但变化并不明显;随着偏应力增大先减小,后缓慢增大。极差分析和权值计算结果表明,岩盐溶解速率影响因素主次关系依次为浓度、温度、流量和偏应力。4个因素对岩盐溶解速率影响权值大小依次为0.570、0.384、0.048、0.005,其中浓度和温度两个影响因素权重占到95%。     

节理岩体爆破的DDA方法模拟

在非连续变形分析（DDA）方法中,通过跟踪炮孔扩张和炮孔周边裂隙的发展贯通求得爆腔的即时体积,进而根据爆生压力状态方程计算爆腔即时压力,并将爆生压力载荷作用到主炮孔内壁和贯通裂隙面上,实现了爆生产物作用下节理岩体爆破的DDA方法模拟。采用DDA方法模拟了节理岩体中的水平柱状炮孔抛掷爆破问题,得到了爆腔的体积扩张和压力衰减时间曲线,模拟很好的再现了岩石爆破过程中的炮孔扩张、岩体破坏、块体抛掷和爆堆形成过程。     

Two-dimensional dynamic finite element simulation of rock blasting

In the present study, the two-dimensional blast model has been simulated using finite element software Abaqus/CAE. The John–Wilkins–Lee equation of state has been used to calculate the pressure caused by the release of the chemical energy of the explosive. Detonation point from center of hole has been defined for the traveling path of explosive energy. Elastoplastic dynamic failure constitutive with kinematic hardening model was adopted for rock mass responses under high explosive pressure to understand the mechanism of blast phenomena. In this model, it is assumed that failure of rock occurs under tensile failure when yield plastic stress exceeded to its static tensile strength. The hydrostatic pressure was used as a failure measure to model dynamic spall or a pressure cut off. Variation of detonation velocity has been measured in terms of simulation blast output energies index results.     

地震作用下边坡动力响应的数值模拟研究

汶川地震中在硬岩、次硬岩区域出现的一些大规模斜坡破坏现象超出了以往对地震作用下边坡稳定性问题的认识。本文使用FEPG有限元程序分析了水平和垂直2种不同加载方式作用下,经过不同的震动持续时间,不含裂隙岩质坡体内部的应力场和位移场的变化规律。得出的结论认为,在输入震动振幅为0.1m的加载作用下,岩质边坡内部的应力和位移均出现极值:在边坡的顶部及坡面上最大拉伸应力值大于100MPa,超过了花岗岩、灰岩等硬岩、次硬岩的抗拉强度,可能使岩体产生破裂发生崩塌、滑坡灾害。研究结果还表明,与水平方向振动加载相比,垂直方向振动加载产生的响应结果要大,边坡顶端一点的在垂直方向位移的峰值达到0.43m,远远超过了输入的震动振幅,垂直方向的震动是引起边坡的不稳定的主要因素。此外,震动持续时间越长,造成的变形和破坏就越大。     

动静组合作用下刀具破岩机制数值分析

基于细观损伤有限元方法,模拟分析了刀具在单一动载、动静联合荷载、静态围压条件下动静联合荷载3种情况下岩体破碎的全过程。模型采用黏弹性人工边界剔除了边界应力波反射对模拟结果准确性的影响。数值模拟结果表明：在弹性情况下,静压的存在对岩体内部最小主应力值影响不大,却显著提高了材料内部最大主应力水平,增大了剪应力的大小,导致剪切破坏可能性增加;当有围压存在时,岩体内部受拉区域减少,岩体强度有所提高。单一动载和动静联合荷载破岩时,岩体内部除刀头附近呈现少量压破坏外,破坏均以拉破坏为主;而围压条件下,岩体破碎面积相对减小,裂纹在围压的作用下向两侧自由面延伸,岩体内部破坏形式则趋于多样化,压破坏比重明显增大,整体表现为拉压复合作用。模拟结果还表明,刀头侵入量主要受动载力大小影响,在相同幅值增量下,动载力增加导致的刀头侵入量远大于静压增加所导致的侵入量。相对单一动载和静压作用下的岩石破碎机制来说,动静组合加载破岩的研究还需更为深入的探讨。研究结果可望对岩体破坏机制以及地下工程作业等实际应用提供一定的参考。     

扭转导波在锚固锚杆中传播的数值模拟

采用有限元数值模拟的方法研究了扭转导波在锚固锚杆中的传播性质。建立了自由锚杆和锚固锚杆的有限元模型,在锚杆顶端激发20～60 kHz扭转导波信号,计算得到导波在自由锚杆和锚杆锚固段的传播速度值与理论值吻合很好,证明了扭转导波数值模拟方法的有效性。数值模拟结果表明：随着激发波频率的增大,扭转导波在自由锚杆和锚杆锚固段中的衰减值均呈线性递增趋势,导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射回波逐渐减弱;扭转导波在锚杆锚固段的衰减值较大,无法在锚杆顶端采集到锚杆底端反射回波信号,所以扭转导波不适用于锚杆长度的检测;随着锚固介质弹性模量的增大,同一频率扭转导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射波逐渐增强。通过检测扭转导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射回波,可以确定锚固介质弹性模量的大小。     

Numerical computations of rock dissolution and geomechanical effects for CO2 geological storage

The paper is motivated by the long‐term safety analysis of the CO₂ geological storage. We present a methodology for the assessment of the geomechanical impact of progressive rock dissolution. The method is based on the use of X‐ray tomography and the numerical dissolution technique. The influence of evolution of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties of the rock is analysed by using periodic homogenization method. The numerical computations show progressive degradation of all components of the stiffness (orthotropic) tensor. Moreover, the evolution of associated mass transfer properties (as tortuosity and conductivity tensors), by using the periodic homogenization method, is also calculated. The correlation between the mechanical parameters and the transfer properties during the dissolution process is presented. The results show that the highest increase of the hydraulic conductivity (in direction Y) is not associated with the highest decrease of Young modulus in this direction. Moreover, the highest decrease of Young modulus (in the direction X) is not associated with percolation in this direction. Finally, an incremental law to calculate settlement, in case of a rock with evolving microstructure, is proposed. The solution of the macroscopic settlement problem under constant stress and drained conditions showed that the geomechanical effects of the rock dissolution are rather limited. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩质边坡动态开挖模拟的复合单元模型

复合单元法是一种具有高效建模能力的数值模拟方法,适合用于岩质边坡的动态设计,能够实现模型中结构面、加固措施和开挖面三部分的快速调整。目前复合单元法已经完成对结构面和加固措施的模拟,但还未实现对开挖面及开挖过程的模拟。针对该问题,借鉴复合单元法中结构面模拟的方法,同时结合新的开挖算法,建立了复合单元开挖模型,并使用FORTRAN语言编制了相应的程序。基于边坡开挖算例,与有限元结果的对比,验证新方法的可行性。     

层状盐岩力学和变形特性数值试验研究

对含泥岩夹层层状盐岩力学和变形特性进行有限元分析。首先,用数值试验方法预测含泥岩夹层层状盐岩体宏观等效弹性力学参数,然后,建立层状盐岩复合体细观有限元模型,研究其在单轴和三轴压缩荷载下盐岩、泥岩以及界面细观应力应变场分布特征、应力集中问题,并将上述研究与已有的理论和试验成果进行对比。结果表明,运用细观有限元方法预测层状盐岩宏观弹性力学参数是一种直观有效的方法;泥岩和盐岩力学特性上的不匹配导致在层状盐岩的泥岩夹层中以及界面边缘处存在较为明显的应力集中和差异变形。单轴压缩时,泥岩体由于侧向变形能力差会受到横向拉伸应力作用而盐岩层则相应的受到横向压应力作用,三轴压缩时因围压和偏应力大小不同层状盐岩细观应力应变场分布特征则更为复杂;此方法能更为直观的分析层状盐岩的变形和破损特征,这一分析结果对进一步进行层状盐岩体内油（气）储库硐室稳定性分析提供了理论基础。     

地应力场下岩体爆体的数值模拟

建立了地应力作用下岩体在爆炸荷载作用下的运动微分方程,并对岩体中的地应力采用隐式分析方法,对爆炸的高速动载作用采用显式分析方法,通过隐式－显式连续求解完成地应力作用下岩体爆炸的数值模拟。数值算例结果表明,近爆腔处,较低的静应力场与较高的动应力场作用时爆炸动态应力波占主导地位,初始应力对爆破应力波影响较小。在远离爆腔处,高地应力存在改变了爆破应力波的传播规律,对爆炸岩体有很大影响。