新疆北部地区季节性积雪密度变化特征分析

选取新疆北部地区季节性积雪期的定点站和典型区域,应用北疆20个气象站点观测资料和使用便携式测雪仪(Snow Fork),在不同地域、不同雪层和不同时间进行观测与测量,并且在积雪稳定期中的一次降雪过程对新雪密度变化过程中影响它的诸多因子进行观测,对新疆北部地区冬季季节性积雪密度变化特征进行的观测和分析.结果表明:雪面辐射热量和雪层内温度梯度对积雪密度起主要作用,变化主要是通过雪层内深霜和粗粒雪层的温度减小而实现的;在隆冬期全层积雪密度最大的为深霜层,入春2月下旬回暖期以后,由于雪层含水率的增加,季节性积雪密度最大层则为粒雪层.     

近期乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川成冰带及雪层剖面特征研究

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的成冰带20世纪60年代初,自下而上划分为4个成冰带;1988年,由于气候变暖,冰川上部的冷渗浸重结晶带消失,被渗浸带所取代.对近期1号冰川的成冰带进行了划分,并通过大量雪坑资料,研究论述了目前1号冰川雪层剖面的层位特征.研究发现,由于气候变暖,剖面特征和成冰带谱有由“冷”向“暖”的转化趋势.同时还发现,1号冰川东支顶部发生了强烈的消融现象,该处已由渗浸带转化为具有强烈消融特征的局部消融区.     

冰芯和台站记录的近50 a来东南极冰盖边缘地区气候变化格局

对取自东南极冰盖Lambert冰流东、西两侧共支雪芯,恢复了过去50 a来稳定同位素温度序列和积累率序列.对比发现,位于Lambert冰流东侧,即位于Wilks地和Princess Elizabeth 地的5支雪芯(GC₃0, GD03, GD15, DT001和DT085),过去50 a来积累率总体为上升趋势,δ¹⁸O上升速率介于0.34～2.6 kg·m^-2·a^-1; 稳定同位素显示其气温亦呈整体上升趋势, 上升速率介于0‰～0.02‰·a^-1. 但对位于Lamb ert冰流西侧, 即位于Dronning Maud地、Mizuho高原和Kamp地的5支雪芯(Core E,DML 05,W2 00, LGB16和MGA),过去50 a来积累率总体为下降趋势,下降速率介于-0.01～-2.3 6 kg·m^-2·a^-1; 稳定同位素温度变化则十分复杂:Dronning Maud 地西侧为上升, Mizuho高原和Kamp地为下降或变化不明显. 分布于LGB两侧沿岸气象站记录也印证了上述格局. 这种格局可能是南大洋独特的环流形式-环南极波(ACW)-在特殊地形( 如大的冰盆)影响下, 在南极冰盖边缘的表现形式.     

沉积后过程对冰川渗浸带雪坑化学剖面的影响

通过乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川西支典型渗浸带内同一位置先后获取的一个3．0m和一个2．3m雪坑化学剖面的比较，发现沉积后过程不仅能够改变雪层的原始峰谷位置，且能导致不同种类化学记录间的位相差异，在利用高消融地区冰芯记录进行古气候和古环境恢复时，有必要排除沉积后 作用对雪层原始化学记录的干扰作用。     

天山哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川和奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川成冰带与雪层pH值和电导率对比研究

对天山哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川和奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川的雪层剖面及雪坑中pH值和电导率的变化特征进行了初步研究.结果表明:哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川以渗浸-冻结成冰作用为主,一年成冰,成冰带由消融带和渗浸-冻结带组成,渗浸-冻结带的垂直高度在60 m左右或者更大一点;奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川的成冰作用以暖型为主,成冰带由消融带、渗浸-冻结带和渗浸带组成,渗浸-冻结带的垂直高度不大于70 m.雪坑中pH值和电导率的较高值一般出现在冰片和污化层附近,这与冰的阻碍、引起可溶性离子在冰面上部的高浓度值和可溶性离子的淋溶过程与污化物的迁移过程密切联系直接相关.哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川雪坑中pH值和电导率之间的相关性异于奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川,由于雪坑的资料有限,有待进一步的深入研究.     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川不同时期雪层剖面及成冰带对比研究

对20世纪60年代、80年代和21世纪初天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川(以下简称1号冰川)雪层剖面特征、成冰带的对比分析研究,发现自20世纪60年代以来,1号冰川雪层剖面厚度明显减薄,结构变得简单,各层界限变得模糊.成冰带类型及其分布发生了明显变化,60年代存在于冷气候条件下的冷渗浸带,80年代被渗浸带所替代.21世纪初,1号冰川成冰带变化更为显著,尤其是东支,顶部已具有消融带特征.研究表明,20世纪80年代以来河源区气候变暖是导致上述变化的主要原因.     

东南极冰盖中山站－DOme A断面路线考察的初步结果

1996年以来，中国国家南极考察队连续3次进行了南极冰盖内陆考察，最远点距海岸1100km,海拔3900米，沿考察路线对冰盖表面地形，表面雪层特征，雪积累速率，冰体厚度和运动速度等进行现场观测，采集0．6－3．3米深度雪坑样品，在4个地点钻取50－100m，深度冰芯5支，部分资料和样品的初步分析表明，由于研究区域毗邻Lambert冰川和格罗夫山，冰面地形较多起伏，中段很大区域坡面朝向Lambert冰川，自中山站向内陆460km积累速率为46－210kg.m^-2.a^-1(相当于12－60厘米厚度雪层），表面1米深度雪的密度为350－450kg/m^-3，雪变成冰的深度（密度达830kg.m^-3)在几个冰芯钻取地点大约为60米，说明研究区域内雪的变质过程基本相同，300km处50米冰芯初步分析显示，过去几十年积累速率和温度均呈上升趋势，这虽然与南极地区其他针点的结果相一致，但却和毗邻的Lambert冰川西侧研究结果相反。     

南极伊利莎白公主地50 m雪芯雪冰化学研究

利用1996/1997年度中国首次南极内陆冰盖考察获得的50 m雪芯雪冰化学资料, 对南极伊利莎白公主地250 a来的雪冰化学特征进行了初步研究. 结果表明, 3种海盐离子(Cl -, Na+ 和Mg2+)的变化趋势表现出惊人的相似性, 除个别年份出现高值外, 变化均较为平缓, 总体上呈现出略微上升趋势;Ca2+和K+的变化更为平缓, 总体变化趋势很不明显; 变化最为剧烈的是NO-3, NH+4和SO2-4, NO-3和NH+4的变化趋势极为相似, 除变化幅度大外, 总体变化趋势都表现出较为明显的上升趋势, SO2-4最为明显的变化特征是记录了过去250 a来的16次火山活动.     

南极洲伊丽莎白公主地区250年来气候环境变化研究

利用 1996 / 1997年中国首次南极内陆冰盖考察获得的 5 0m雪芯资料 ,恢复了南极洲伊丽莎白公主地区 2 5 0年来的气候变化情况 :2 5 0年来 ,伊丽莎白公主地区的积累率和气温大致可以 186 0年为界分为两段 ,186 0年以前气温和积累率都呈现上升趋势 ,而 186 0年以后气温明显降低 ,积累率变化不明显。同时 ,从 2 5 0年的时间尺度考察近半个世纪以来气温和降水的结果表明 ,虽然目前两者都呈现上升的趋势 ,但都不是历史上的最高值。 2 5 0年来的大气环境变化研究表明 :δ18O与NO-3 、nssSO2 -4 浓度变化表现出一定程度的负相关性 ,即冷期时这两种离子的浓度都较高 ,暖期时浓度低 ,这可能是冷期经向环流加强从而有利于其从中、低纬度传输的缘故 ;而海盐离子Cl-、Na+ 和Mg2 + 与δ18O无任何相关关系 ,可能反映了本地区雪冰中的海盐离子主要来源于周边海洋地区的降水。     

阿尔泰山融雪期不同下垫面积雪特性观测与分析研究

2014年3月融雪期间在阿尔泰山额尔齐斯河河源区,基于已有的气象和积雪(雪深、雪密度)观测,利用Snow Fork雪特性仪和便携式温度计TP3001,选择草地、水泥地和河冰三种不同的下垫面分别观测了分层积雪密度、液态水含量和雪层温度变化.结果表明:三种下垫面上表层积雪的温度、液态水含量和密度变化规律基本一致.积雪特性的差异主要体现在积雪层底部,河冰和草地与积雪接触面温度日变化过程呈现出"单峰型",而与水泥地接触面上的温度日变化呈现出"双峰型";河冰上积雪底部的液态水含量最小且日变化幅度较小,草地次之,水泥上积雪底部液态水含量的波动最大;水泥和草地上底部积雪的密度变化趋势一致,为密实化过程,而河冰上积雪底部的积雪因深霜层的形成致使雪密度逐渐减小.对同一下垫面上的积雪而言,水泥和草地上积雪温度的极大值出现在雪层中间,河冰上雪层的温度廓线沿雪深有波动上升的趋势,最大值出现在积雪与河冰的接触面处.三种下垫面上积雪的液态水含量最大值均出现在中间雪层,雪密度均呈现沿雪深增加而递减的变化趋势.液态水含量受积雪温度的控制,当积雪温度低于-3℃时,积雪中的液态水可以忽略不计;当积雪温度低于-1℃时,积雪的液态水含量低于1%;当积雪温度大于-1℃时,积雪中出现液态水的比例显著增加,且液态水含量的波动范围较大,最高可到6.2%.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861