鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩裂缝特征与地应力研究

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组是我国近些年陆相页岩气的重点勘探区之一。本文从页岩的露头观测、岩石学特征、成像测井分析、地应力特征及可压裂性等方面,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地延长组泥页岩层段的裂缝发育特征,以及地应力对人工压裂诱导缝的影响。基于岩石学分析,延长组长7和长9段的泥页岩脆性矿物平均含量较高,分别为57.2%和44%。根据泥页岩露头观测和成像测井分析,长7段泥页岩发育有北东东向为主的垂直裂缝组,同时可见北北东向和南北向的垂直裂缝组。此外,压裂诱导缝的优势方位和成像测井分析结果表明,现今最大水平主应力方向为70°左右（即北东东向）。裂缝开启性分析表明,北东东向至近东西向裂缝组与现今最大水平地应力方向一致,开启性较好;而北北东裂缝组与现今最大水平地应力交角相对较大,开启性相对较差。因为现今地应力的水平应力比值（σH/σh = 1.54）相对较小,在后期人工压裂中延长组泥页岩中的诱导裂缝更倾向形成复杂的裂缝网格系统,这样会使裂缝与储层之间获得最大的接触,从而更有利于提高产能。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000892

Shale with high quartz,feldspar and carbonate,will have low Poisson’s ratio,high Young’s modulus and high brittleness.As a result,the shale is conducive to produce natural and induced fractures under external forces.In general,there is a good correlation between fracture development in shale and the volume of brittle minerals present.Shale with high TOC or abnormally high pressure has well-developed fractures.Shale fracture development also shows a positive correlation with total gas accumulation and free gas volume,i.e.,the better shale fractures are developed,the greater the gas accumulation and therefore the higher the gas production.Fractures provide migration conduits and accumulation spaces for natural gas and formation water,which are favorable for the volumetric increase of free natural gas.Wider fractures in shale result in gas loss.In North America,there is a high success ratio of shale gas exploration and high gas production from high-angle fracture zones in shale.Good natural gas shows or low yield producers in the Lower Paleozoic marine organic matter-rich rocks in the Sichuan Basin are closely related to the degree of fracture development in brittle shales.     

川东南丁山地区龙马溪组页岩裂缝特征及对含气性的影响

川东南丁山地区是近年来四川盆地页岩气勘探开发的热点区域,裂缝的发育对页岩含气性及保存条件有重要的影响。综合运用野外露头、岩心、测井资料,结合岩石脆性矿物含量、岩石力学参数等数据,深入分析龙马溪组页岩裂缝发育特征和控制因素,并探讨了裂缝发育对含气性的影响。结果表明,丁山地区龙马溪组页岩裂缝主要以构造成因的剪切缝为主,裂缝优势方位共6组,主要包括4组平面剪切缝和2组剖面剪切缝,其发育主要受2个方向、3个阶段的构造应力场影响而成;裂缝延伸稳定,平均密度小,宽度小,充填程度高,主要被方解石和黄铁矿等充填。裂缝受控因素主要包括古构造应力场、构造部位、脆性矿物组分、岩石力学性质等;断层对裂缝发育具有明显的控制作用,其中断层两盘均存在裂缝发育程度急剧下降的临界范围,临界范围内裂缝发育程度高,超过此临界范围,裂缝发育程度变差且变化趋于平缓;不同期次的裂缝中,形成时间晚、规模过大、充填程度不高、与现今地应力方向一致或呈低角度相交的裂缝易造成页岩气的散失,对提高页岩含气性不利;龙马溪组岩石脆性矿物含量高,脆性指数属中等偏上程度,有利于构造缝发育且可压性较好。随着距齐岳山断裂距离的适当增加,龙马溪组页岩埋藏深度适中,地层压力增大,抗压强度增强高,脆性指数适中,构造保存条件变好,有利于不同方位的裂缝发育和页岩含气量的增加,位于该区域的DY2井与DY4井均位于该有利区域,含气性良好。研究结果对下一步深化页岩气勘探开发具有重要指导作用。     

雪峰隆起西缘湘张地1井牛蹄塘组页岩含气性特征及控制因素

雪峰隆起周缘是四川盆地外围页岩气勘探的重要区域,下寒武统牛蹄塘组为该区主要的页岩气层位,为深入研究页岩含气性特征,以隆起西缘湘张地1井钻井资料为基础,借助现场含气测试数据,对页岩纵向含气性进行精细描述,并以此探讨牛蹄塘组页岩气分布规律与控制因素.湘张地1井牛蹄塘组页岩气整体呈上低下高、局部富集的分布规律,受有机质含量、矿物组分、孔隙与裂缝、物性、滑脱构造等因素共同控制.下部页岩有机质和脆性矿物含量高、裂缝与孔隙较发育,气体吸附的比表面积主要由有机质孔隙提供,脆性矿物有利于孔缝的形成与保存,裂缝与孔隙的发育有效改善了储层物性,为游离气提供大量储集空间,配合存在的滑脱构造带,使下部总含气量较高,且以游离气为主,占比58%~82%,尤其底部滑脱带内吸附气含量极低,孔缝发育程度对总含气量的影响大于有机质含量,同时,孔缝分布的不均也导致气体在局部较为富集;上部页岩孔缝欠发育,有机质与脆性矿物含量均低于下部,整体含气性较差,吸附气占比略大,主要受有机质含量控制,可作为下部含气段直接有效的盖层.此外,下部页岩岩石力学脆性强、成岩作用晚、热演化程度高、抗压强度与主应力差低,具备较强的可压裂性,有利于后期改造.      

Pore structure and heterogeneity of shale gas reservoirs and its effect on gas storage capacity in the Qiongzhusi Formation

Fine characterization of pore systems and heterogeneity of shale reservoirs are significant contents of shale gas reservoir physical property research.The research on micro-control factors of low productivity in the Qiongzhusi Formation(Fm.)is still controversial.The lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Fm.in the Qujing,Yunnan was taken as the object to investigate the influence of mineral compositions on the phys-ical properties of the reservoir and the heterogeneity of shale,using the algorithm to improve the char-acterization ability of Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM).The results showed that:(1)The pores are mainly wedge-shaped pores and V-shaped pores.The pore diameter of the main pore segment ranges from 5 to 10 nm.Mesopores are mainly developed in the Qiongzhusi Fm.shale in Well QD1,with the average pore diameter of 6.08 nm.(2)Microscopic pore structure and shale surface properties show strong hetero-geneity,which complicates the micro-migration of shale gas and increases the difficulty of identifying high-quality reservoirs.(3)The increase of clay mineral content intensifies the compaction and then destroys the pores.Conversely,brittle minerals can protect pores.The support and protection of brittle minerals to pores space depend on their content,mechanical properties and diagenesis.(4)Compression damage to pores,large microscopic roughness and surface fluctuations and strong pore structure heterogeneity are the reasons for the poor gas storage capacity of the Qiongzhusi Fm.,which will lead to poor productivity in the Qiongzhusi Fm.     

四川盆地五峰-龙马溪组页岩储层非均质性特征

通过对比焦石坝、长宁和威远气田五峰-龙马溪组页岩产层段的岩矿、物性、含气性以及可压裂性等地质参数及其纵向变化规律,综合分析了页岩储层的平面和纵向非均质性及其对“甜点”优选和储层改造的影响。研究表明,纵向非均质特征在不同地区具有总体一致性：石英含量、有机碳含量和含气量均呈现下高上低的基本趋势;底部深水陆棚沉积层段普遍具有高有机碳含量、高脆性、高孔隙度和高含气量的特征,一系列属性参数的相互耦合和匹配决定了五峰组-鲁丹阶成为“甜点”的主要发育层段。平面非均质特征主要表现为储层品质以及“甜点”发育层段和厚度的区域差异：长宁和威远地区的钙质含量明显高于焦石坝地区,发育钙质硅质混合页岩相;焦石坝地区的水平应力差明显低于长宁和威远地区,且天然裂缝更为发育;长宁和焦石坝地区的“甜点层”发育于五峰-鲁丹阶下部,而威远地区的“甜点层”则发育于鲁丹阶-埃隆阶中部。页岩储层的非均质性决定了“甜点”的分布范围、发育层段和厚度;矿物组成、天然裂缝、岩石力学参数和地应力场的空间变化是进行压裂设计的重要依据。     

湘西北HY1井下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层可压性评价

为系统深入研究湘西北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层可压裂性,以HY1井为依托,通过密集取心采样、实验测试分析、测井综合解释等多种方法手段,系统分析了牛蹄塘组页岩储层有机地球化学特征、储集物性、裂缝发育特征、脆性矿物组成、岩石力学性质,进而探讨了牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩可压裂性.结果表明:HY1井牛蹄塘组有机碳含量高(0.25...     

Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area (South China). Part one: Fracture characteristics and comparative analysis of main controlling factors

Natural macro- and micro-fractures in the Longmaxi shale (Lower Silurian) from Yuye-1 well and the Niutitang shale (Lower Cambrian) from Yuke-1 well are characterized. Regional geological structural evolution and shale geochemistry (including TOC and mineral composition, etc.) are analyzed. The controlling factors of natural fractures in Palaeozoic shale in the southeast of Chongqing have been confirmed, which have been analyzed qualitatively or semi-quantitatively. The results show that fractures are abundant, in both the Longmaxi Shale and Niutitang shale, due to the multiphase strong tectonic movement in the southeast of Chongqing. Therefore, tectonic factors are the principal factors that control fracture development in the Paleozoic shale of this region, followed by the mineral composition of the shale. Vertically, the mineral composition of shale in Yuke-1 well has a high dispersion degree and a strong heterogeneity (the dispersion coefficients of quartz and dolomite were 0.48 and 1, respectively), therefore, the development and distribution of fractures are controlled by quartz and dolomite content in the Niutitang shale, moreover, the quartz content shows positive correlation with the fractures quantity, and fractures are most abundant where dolomite content up to 64.7%. While the mineral composition of shale in Yuye-1 well has a low dispersion degree and a strong homogeneity in a vertical position (the dispersion coefficients of quartz and plagioclase were 0.15 and 0.26, respectively), which shows unconspicuous control effect for fractures, therefore, the development and distribution of fractures are mainly controlled by the TOC content, moreover, the TOC content shows positive correlation with the fractures quantity. Fractures are sealed by calcite, quartz and pyrite. Although sealed fractures do not contribute to the permeability of the reservoir, they are important planes of weakness that tend to be reactivated by hydraulically induced fractures. SEM images show that intergranular pore is connected by microfractures, thereby, the validity of porosity has been improved. The mixed network of microfractures and micropore provide enhanced permeability or storage capacity for the reservoir.     

煤系页岩气储层研究进展

煤系页岩气是煤系非常规天然气的重要类型。储层研究可为煤系页岩气开发提供理论基础。基于国内外文献调研分析,从煤系页岩分布与地化特征、储层特征与含气性、煤系页岩气赋存状态、富集影响因素、有利储层优选方面,阐述了煤系页岩气储层研究进展。研究表明:煤系页岩单层厚度薄,累计厚度大,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,储层矿物中黏土矿物含量相对较高,含气量具备商业开发所需条件。煤系页岩气赋存状态本质上取决于储层孔隙结构,页岩气在微孔中主要以吸附态的形式存在,而在中孔和宏孔中游离态是其主要存在形式。煤系页岩气富集主要受到有机质特征、储层矿物组成、储层结构特征、岩性组合的影响。有机质含量高有利于页岩气赋存;黏土矿物具有较强的吸附能力,多发育微孔和中孔,有利于页岩气富集;储层孔隙度的增加有利于页岩气富集;煤系页岩与煤层互层时,存在压力封闭和煤层气充注,利于富集。煤系页岩气有利储层优选为:TOC含量>2%,R o>0.7%,孔隙度>2%,脆性矿物含量>30%,黏土矿物含量<50%,含气量>1 m 3/t,煤系页岩有效厚度定为>30m、埋深>1000m,同时应考虑气藏封闭性及构造稳定性。     

渝东南下古生界页岩构造裂缝形成及分布控制因素

天然裂缝对页岩气储集和渗流有重要影响,但目前对页岩构造裂缝研究不够深入。本文通过露头、岩心裂缝观察和分析,探讨了渝东南下古生界页岩构造裂缝类型、形成机理及分布控制因素。基于裂缝特征及力学成因,将剪切裂缝分为高角度剪切裂缝、倾斜滑脱裂缝和水平滑脱裂缝。倾斜滑脱裂缝是在上覆岩层重力和水平构造应力共同作用下沿应力集中的软弱面发生剪切滑动形成,水平滑脱裂缝是在构造挤压应力作用条件下主要沿页理面方向的剪切或层间滑动形成;页理发育程度及岩层曲率是控制水平滑脱裂缝形成的关键因素,岩石矿物组成、构造作用及岩层厚度是控制其它类型构造裂缝形成和分布的主要因素,页岩岩石力学层的划分需要根据裂缝特征、岩性变化特征、岩石力学参数及沉积界面等综合确定,岩层厚度与层间构造裂缝密度呈负相关关系。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组页岩储集层裂缝测井识别与有效性分析*

中国页岩油资源潜力巨大,裂缝的发育程度是影响页岩油产量高低的重要因素。以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组页岩储集层为研究对象,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、常规及成像测井方法总结归纳了研究区裂缝的发育特征,提出“常规+成像+岩心”的页岩储集层裂缝测井综合识别方法,建立了典型裂缝发育类型的测井综合识别图版。结果表明,玛湖地区天然裂缝在风三段密集发育,风一段次之,风二段中部几乎不发育。裂缝主要在长英质页岩、云质页岩和混合质页岩中发育,以高角度构造裂缝与低角度成岩裂缝为主,开启程度高,少数被碳酸盐矿物充填,走向主要为NW-SE向。基于裂缝参数定量计算结果,结合岩性及矿物组分和地应力等因素分析了储集层裂缝有效性。研究认为,脆性矿物组分含量高、走向平行于现今水平最大主应力的高角度未充填裂缝发育段对储集层有效性存在明显的控制作用,与产液资料较为吻合。此裂缝测井综合评价方法效果显著,可为页岩储集层裂缝识别与有效性评价提供方法支撑。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组页岩储集层裂缝测井识别与有效性分析*

中国页岩油资源潜力巨大,裂缝的发育程度是影响页岩油产量高低的重要因素。以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组页岩储集层为研究对象,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、常规及成像测井方法总结归纳了研究区裂缝的发育特征,提出“常规+成像+岩心”的页岩储集层裂缝测井综合识别方法,建立了典型裂缝发育类型的测井综合识别图版。结果表明,玛湖地区天然裂缝在风三段密集发育,风一段次之,风二段中部几乎不发育。裂缝主要在长英质页岩、云质页岩和混合质页岩中发育,以高角度构造裂缝与低角度成岩裂缝为主,开启程度高,少数被碳酸盐矿物充填,走向主要为NW-SE向。基于裂缝参数定量计算结果,结合岩性及矿物组分和地应力等因素分析了储集层裂缝有效性。研究认为,脆性矿物组分含量高、走向平行于现今水平最大主应力的高角度未充填裂缝发育段对储集层有效性存在明显的控制作用,与产液资料较为吻合。此裂缝测井综合评价方法效果显著,可为页岩储集层裂缝识别与有效性评价提供方法支撑。     

页岩岩相类型对裂缝形成及演化的影响研究——以黔西北地区龙马溪组为例

沉积环境的变迁导致岩相的递变,进而控制着裂缝的形成和演化,揭示不同页岩岩相中裂缝的发育规律及有关机制,对于“甜点”层的脆性精细评价具有重要的工程意义。以黔西北地区龙马溪组页岩为例,通过X‐射线衍射实验、偏光显微镜、岩石力学实验以及有限元数值模拟,对不同岩相类型进行了划分,深入探讨了不同页岩岩相类型岩石的力学性质以及破坏模式,最后再现了两种不同岩相叠置的地质体模型中裂缝的形成和演化的动态可视化过程。结果表明:龙马溪组富有机质页岩层段主要发育硅质页岩、钙质硅质混合页岩以及粘土质硅质混合页岩等3种岩相类型;硅质页岩具有较高的应力跌落速率和弹性能量转化效率,裂缝拓展能力较强,岩石整体具有较强的脆性,纵向和横向裂缝均有发育且相互之间发生交会和联结,而钙质硅质混合页岩裂缝拓展能力次之,最弱者为粘土质硅质混合页岩;粘土质硅质混合页岩夹层对孔隙水压力和主应力的传播有较强的应力屏障效应,裂缝跨层传播能力随应力的急剧下降而受到削弱,钙质硅质页岩应力屏障效应较弱,裂缝具有较强的跨层传播能力。这些研究成果对“甜点”层优选、水平井地质导向以及压裂施工参数的调整等具有较好的参考价值。     

大尺寸真三轴页岩水平井水力压裂物理模拟试验与裂缝延伸规律分析

采用真三轴物理模型试验机、水力压裂伺服系统、声发射定位系统以及压裂液中添加示踪剂等方式,在真三轴条件下对大尺寸页岩水平井进行了水力压裂物理模拟试验,通过裂缝的动态监测和压裂后剖切等分析了裂缝的扩展规律,并对页岩压裂缝网的形成机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明：（1）水力裂缝自割缝处起裂并扩展、压开或贯穿层理面,形成相对较复杂的裂缝形态;（2）裂缝中既有垂直于层理面的新生水力主裂缝,又有沿弱层理面扩展延伸的次级裂缝,形成了纵向和横向裂缝并存的裂缝网络;（3）水力裂缝在延伸过程中会发生转向而逐渐垂直最小主应力;（4）水力裂缝在扩展过程中遇到弱层理面时的止裂、分叉、穿过和转向现象是形成页岩储层复杂裂缝网络的主要原因,而弱结构面的大量存在是形成复杂裂缝的基础。其研究结果可为页岩气藏水平井分段压裂开采等提供有力技术支持。     

页岩裂缝发育主控因素及其对含气性的影响

依据国内外页岩气大量资料和测试数据,对影响页岩裂缝发育的岩性和矿物组成、有机碳含量、岩石力学性质、异常高压等非构造因素和构造因素进行了定性或半定量分析,初步探讨了页岩裂缝发育与含气量之间关系。结果表明:页岩中石英、长石和碳酸盐岩含量高,岩石的泊松比低、杨氏模量高,脆性大,容易在外力作用下形成天然裂缝和诱导裂缝,其发育程度一般与页岩中脆性矿物的含量呈正相关关系。高有机碳含量或异常高压页岩裂缝发育。裂缝发育程度与有机碳含量关系可以划分为4类。页岩裂缝发育程度与总含气量和游离气量呈正相关关系,页岩裂缝越发育,其含气量越大,产气量也越高。裂缝对页岩气藏的形成具有双重作用,一是裂缝可以作为天然气和地层水的有效储集空间和快速运移通道,有利于页岩层系中游离态天然气体积的增加和吸附态天然气的解吸,裂缝密度越大,走向越分散,产气量越高;二是裂缝规模过大,可能导致天然气散失。北美地区页岩裂缝发育带内的页岩气勘探成功率高,产气量高,中国四川盆地下古生界海相富有机质脆性页岩层中天然气有良好显示或高产气井均与裂缝发育密切相关。     

页岩储层构造应力场模拟与裂缝分布预测方法及应用

裂缝是页岩气富集高产的关键因素。页岩储层相对于其他类储层,其塑性相对较强,非构造裂缝比较发育。构造裂缝除了高角度的张性裂缝以外,还发育有较多近水平的层理缝和低角度构造滑脱缝等。针对页岩储集层的特点和裂缝发育特征,从地质成因的角度,明确了页岩储层构造应力场模拟数值模拟与裂缝分布预测的方法,其核心在于建立模拟地区目的层的精确地质模型、力学模型和计算模型。利用页岩的单轴和三轴压缩变形试验和声发射古、今地应力测试结果进行应力场数值模拟,获得研究区构造应力场分布,将应力场模拟果与实际地质资料对比分析,进一步检验校正已建立地质模型的合理性;在此基础上,针对富有机质页岩主要发育张裂缝和剪裂缝的特殊性,分别采用格里菲斯、库伦摩尔破裂准则计算页岩储层张破裂率、剪破裂率,依据张裂缝与剪裂缝所占的比例关系,求取页岩储层的综合破裂率,据此分别定量表征页岩储层中张裂缝、剪裂缝和构造裂缝的发育程度及分布特征;并在全面考虑影响页岩储层裂缝发育程度的综合破裂率、脆性矿物含量、有机碳含量多种主控因素的基础上,进一步提出了页岩“裂缝发育系数”作为最终判别指标,综合定量表征页岩储层裂缝的发育程度和预测裂缝的分布,页岩裂缝发育系数越大,裂缝发育程度则越高。该方法在我国渝东南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层裂缝分布预测中得到了有效应用。此不仅为页岩气甜点优选提供了一种新的技术方法,而且模拟成果对页岩气水平井和压裂改造方案的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Numerical investigation of hydraulic fracture network propagation in naturally fractured shale formations

Hydraulic fracture network (HFN) propagation in naturally fractured shale formations is investigated numerically using a 3D complex fracturing model based on the discrete element method. To account for the plastic deformation behavior of shales, the Drucker–Prager plasticity model is incorporated into the fracturing model. Parametric studies are then conducted for different Young's moduli, horizontal differential stresses, natural fracture (NF) properties, injection rates, and number and spacing of perforation clusters. Numerical results show that horizontal differential stress primarily determines the generation of a complex HFN. The plastic deformation of shale can reduce the stimulated reservoir volume; this is more obvious with Young's modulus of less than 20 GPa. In addition, a higher injection rate could largely increase the fracture complexity index (FCI). Moreover, increasing perforation cluster numbers per fracturing stage is beneficial for increasing the FCI, but it also increases the potential merging of neighboring fractures, which may lead to non-uniform development of HFN in far-wellbore regions. To achieve uniform development of HFN within a fracturing stage, the distribution of NFs should be fully considered. The results presented here may provide improved understanding of HFN generation and are favorable for optimizing fracturing treatment designs for shale formations.     

应用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法研究四川九老洞组页岩微观孔隙特征

微观孔隙结构是页岩储层研究的重点,而扫描电镜方法无法识别机械抛光中由于页岩硬度差异所造成的不规则形貌。本文利用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法对四川威远区块九老洞组页岩进行研究,发现了三种孔隙类型:1无机孔以粒间孔和黏土矿物层间孔为主,同时发育晶间孔和生物孔,孔径主体100~500 nm;2有机孔受控于热成熟度或有机黏土复合体,孔径范围数十纳米至数微米;3微裂缝包括成岩收缩裂缝、高压碎裂缝、构造裂缝和人为裂缝,缝宽数微米,缝长数微米至数十微米。研究表明无机孔和微裂缝是九老洞组页岩气的主要储集空间。     

页岩沉积环境对其油气潜力的影响:以中国和北美对比研究为例

页岩油气是当前全球油气勘探和研究的热点,但其潜力评价一直是难点。该文以中国和北美的四套典型页岩为例,包括北美湖相Green River组、内陆海相Niobrara组、中国环境来评价相龙马溪组和济阳坳陷湖相页岩,发现页岩沉积环境与其油气潜力具有密切关系,因此可通过分析发现这四套页岩的沉积环境都具有页岩沉积环境评价其页岩油气潜力。通过微量元素、生物标志化合物、扫描电镜、X-CT和X射线衍射等方法,发现这四套页岩都具有一定的还原性和较高的生产力,且具有差异性。内陆海相Niobrara组页岩具有弱还原的沉积环境,在四套页岩中有机碳含量较低,呈块状沉积构造,裂缝与微裂缝较少,储集空间相对有限。焦石坝海相龙马溪组页岩为还原的沉积环境,岩石以富含有机质的硅质岩为主,可观察到大量的大孔隙与少量的微裂缝。Green River页岩和济阳坳陷页岩形成于陆相咸化的强还原沉积环境,有机碳含量高,页岩以纹层状结构为主,岩石组成脆性矿物含量高,含有大量的裂缝。可见,具有强还原沉积环境的页岩通常具有较好的勘探前景。     

Mineral characteristics and their geological significance of black shales in southeastern Ordos Basin by X-ray diffraction analysis

X-ray diffraction analysis of black shale of Upper Triassic Member Chang 7 of the Yanchang Formation in southeastern Ordos Basin showed that black shales were deposited in brackish, strongly reducing, semi-deep-deep lacustrine facies, and mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, carbonate （dolomite）, clay minerals （illite and il- lite/smectite） and a certain amount of pyrite. The mineral composition characteristics of this set of black shales are similar to those of highly productive shale gas in North America, for example shallow burial, low clay mineral and abundant brittle mineral, so the strata are conducive to the development of cracks and fractures. Thus, this area is favorable for shale oil/gas exploration and development.