依靠科技进步 发展天然气工业

一、对我国石油天然气工业发展历史、现状、前景的评估 1、世界天然气工业,从50年代以来迅速发展。1950年世界剩余探明储量为8.5万亿m~3,1988年初已达111.9万亿m~3。其探明储量大约每十年翻一番。据十二届世界石油大会(1987年,美国休斯敦)资料介绍,尚可寻找的储量为119万亿m~3。以目前年产约1.5～1.8万亿m~3(有人预测2020年年产可达2.0万亿m~3)计算,世界天然气储量可维持开采100年以上。从全球来看,在可望的未来,天然气仍是不可替代的重要能源和化工原料。天然气工业仍处于蓬勃发展的趋势。     

A planet in transition: The onset of plate tectonics on Earth between 3 and 2 Ga?

Many geological and geochemical changes are recorded on Earth between 3 and 2 Ga.Among the more important of these are the following:(1)increasing proportion of basalts with"arc-like"mantle sources;(2)an increasing abundance of basalts derived from enriched(EM)and depleted(DM)mantle sources;(3)onset of a Great Thermal Divergence in the mantle;(4)a decrease in degree of melting of the mantle;(5)beginning of large lateral plate motions;(6)appearance of eclogite inclusions in diamonds;(7)appearance and rapid increase in frequency of collisional orogens;(8)rapid increase in the production rate of continental crust as recorded by zircon age peaks;(9)appearance of ophiolites in the geologic record,and(10)appearance of global LIP(large igneous province)events some of which correlate with global zircon age peaks.All of these changes may be tied directly or indirectly to cooling of Earth's mantle and corresponding changes in convective style and the strength of the lithosphere,and they may record the gradual onset and propagation of plate tectonics around the planet.To further understand the changes that occurred between 3 and 2 Ga,it is necessary to compare rocks,rock associations,tectonics and geochemistry during and between zircon age peaks.Geochemistry of peak and inter-peak basalts and TTGs needs to be evaluated in terms of geodynamic models that predict the existence of an episodic thermal regime between stagnant-lid and plate tectonic regimes in early planetary evolution.     

Response of 1 × 2 pile group under eccentric lateral loading

A large scale model test of a 1 × 2 pile group was conducted in silts to investigate its behavior under eccentric lateral loading. The model pile group consisted of two well instrumented steel piles and was installed in a large soil tank with a close spacing of three-pile diameters on centers. The test results revealed that the eccentricity of lateral loads had limited effect on the overall performances of the 1 × 2 pile group, but significantly contributed to the unevenness of internal forces of the individual piles. The coupling effect between the lateral deflection and torque gave rise to the substantial increase in the torsional resistance of individual piles within the group, comparing to that of a torsionally loaded single pile. The contribution provided by the torsional resistances of individual piles in resisting the external torque continually decreased when the applied lateral load increased. In addition, a three-dimensional finite-element analysis for the pile group was performed and the simulated response was found to be in good agreement with the measured test results. Based on the same model, more cases with different loading conditions were further analyzed. It could be concluded from the analyses that the layout of individual piles within the group obviously affected the behavior of the 1 × 2 pile group under eccentric lateral loads.     

In situ AFM study on barite (0 0 1) surface dissolution in NaCl solutions at 30 °C

This paper reports in situ observations on barite (0 0 1) surface dissolution behavior in 0.1–0.001 M NaCl solutions at 30 °C using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The step retreating on barite (0 0 1) surfaces changed with increasing NaCl solution concentrations. In solutions with a higher NaCl concentration (⩾0.01 M), many steps showed curved or irregular fronts during the later experimental stage, while almost all steps in solutions with a lower NaCl concentration exhibited straight or angular fronts, even during the late stage. The splitting phenomenon of the initial 〈h k 0〉 one-layer steps (7.2 Å) into two half-layer steps (3.6 Å) occurred in all NaCl solutions, while that of the initial [0 1 0] one-layer steps observed only in the 0.1 M NaCl solution. The step retreat rates increased with an increasing NaCl solution concentration. We observed triangular etch pit and deep etch pit formation in all NaCl solutions, which tended to form late in solutions with lower NaCl concentrations. The deep etch pit morphology changed with increasing NaCl solution concentrations. A hexagonal form elongated in the [0 1 0] direction was bounded by the {1 0 0}, {3 1 0}, and (0 0 1) faces in a 0.001 M NaCl solution, and a rhombic form was bounded by the {5 1 0} and (0 0 1) faces in 0.01 M and 0.1 M NaCl solutions. An intermediate form was observed in a 0.005 M NaCl solution, which was defined by {1 0 0}, a curved face tangent to the [0 1 0] direction, {3 1 0}, and (0 0 1) faces: the intermediate form appeared between the hexagonal and rhombic forms in solutions with lower and higher NaCl concentrations, respectively. The triangular etch pit and deep etch pit growth rates also increased with the NaCl solution concentration. Combining the step and face retreat rates in NaCl solutions estimated in this AFM study as well as the data on the effect of water temperature on the retreat rates reported in our earlier study, we produced two new findings. One finding is that the retreat rates increase by approximately two-fold when the NaCl solution concentration increases by one order of magnitude, and the other finding is that the retreat rate increase due to a one order of magnitude increase in the NaCl concentration corresponds to an increase of approximately 8 °C in water temperature. This correlation may help to understand and evaluate increasing dissolution kinetics induced by the different mechanisms where barite dissolution is promoted by the catalytic effect of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions (through an increase in the NaCl solution concentration) or by an increase in the hydration of Ba²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ (through an increase in water temperature).     

关于发送“地学情报网1986年工作会议纪要”的通知

各成员单位: 院地学情报网一九八六年工作会议于一九八六年八月十日—十四日在青岛召开,并产生了会议纪要,现将纪要发送你们,请各有关单位按照会议纪要及时组织力量,完成所承担的工作。 附件:地学情报网工作会议纪要     

Geology,geochemistry, and geochronology of Fe-oxide Cu (± Au) mineralization associated with Şamlı pluton,western Turkey

The Şamlı (Balıkesir) Fe-oxide Cu (± Au) deposit, one of several iron (+ Cu ± Au) deposits in western Turkey, is hosted by porphyritic rocks of the multi-phase Şamlı pluton and metapelitic–metadiabasic rocks of Karakaya Complex. Two successive mineralization events are recognized in the area as; i) early magnetite and sulfide and ii) late hematite–goethite-native copper (± Au). Alteration associated with the mineralization in Şamlı is characterized by four distinct mineralogical assemblages. They are, in chronological order of formation, (1) plagioclase–early pyroxene (± scapolite), (2) garnet–late pyroxene, (3) chlorite–epidote, and (4) chalcedony–calcite alteration. Geochemical, isotopic (Sr, Nd, O, S) and geochronological (Ar–Ar) data from alteration and magmatic rocks suggest a temporal and genetic link between the multiphase Şamlı pluton and the hydrothermal system that controls the Fe-oxide-Cu (± Au) mineralization. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology on hornblende and biotite separates of the Şamlı pluton yielded an age range between 23.20 ± 0.50 and 22.42 ± 0.11 Ma, overlapping with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of 22.34 ± 0.59 Ma from alteration.The close spatial and temporal associations of Şamlı mineralization with porphyritic intrusions, pervasive Ca-rich alteration (calcic plagioclase, andraditic garnet, diopsidic pyroxene, scapolite, and epidote) are considered as common features akin to calcic assemblages in typical IOCG deposits. Besides abundant low-Ti (≤ 0.5%) magnetite/hematite, high Cu–moderate Au (up to 8.82 ppm) association, structural control and lithologic controls of mineralization, low S-sulfide content (chalcopyrite > pyrite) in the deposit; and the derivation of causative magma from subduction-modified subcontinental lithospheric mantle under a transpressional to transtensional regime, are collectively considered as the features in favor of IOCG-type mineralization for the Şamlı deposit.     

成功的研讨 积极的探索——“秦岭造山带学术讨论会”综述

由国家科学基金委地球科学部主办的“秦岭造山带学术讨论会”于1989年11月在西安召开。其目的在于交流秦岭造山带地质研究的最新成果和新观点、新认识、新方法;并根据当前学科发展和国民经济建设的需要,围绕秦岭造山带岩石圈的组成、结构及其演化的中心议题,集中讨论需进一步深入研究的关键科学问题,研究内容和主攻方向,为国家自然科学基金重大项目的设立提供科学依据。 会议得到国内地学界广泛响应和热情支持,来自教学、科研和生产部门的论文摘要达298篇(选编成册268篇)。经学术讨论会的学术委员会评审,确定会议代表85人,宣讲论文52篇、展示论文33篇;而实际到会代表达121名,来自全国的68个单位,且绝大部分是多年     

In situ trace elements and sulfur isotope analysis of sulfides from the Akiri Cu ± (Ag) deposit,Benue Trough,North-central Nigeria: Implications for ore genesis

The Benue Trough of Nigeria is an intracratonic rift basin hosting several vein-type base metal deposits. The Akiri Cu ± (Ag) deposit represents a distinct sub-class of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba mineralization found throughout the Benue Trough. The deposit is hosted in bleached red beds of the Keana Formation and in shale-siltstones and carbonates of the Ezeaku Formation in the Middle Benue Trough, North-Central Nigeria. Mineralization at the Akiri deposit occurs as vein in-fillings in a series of NE-SW and E-W trending faults and fractures in the Early- to Late-Turonian Keana and Eze-Aku sedimentary rocks. To better constrain the sources of ore minerals and structural controls on the formation of this sediment-hosted Cu ± (Ag) mineralization, we report combined geologic, geochemical, mineralogical, and stable isotopic data for the Akiri Cu ± (Ag) deposit. Major ore-stage sulfides at Akiri are chalcopyrite and pyrite, which were accompanied by several types of alteration, including silicification, hematization, limited pyritization, and bleaching of mineralized sandstone bodies. In-situ trace element and sulfur isotopic data distinguishes early-stage pyrite (Py1) from late-stage pyrite (Py2). The late-stage Py2 co-exists with chalcopyrite suggesting coeval precipitation. Early-stage pyrite (Py1) contains lower Ag (avg. 0.04 ppm) but higher Au (avg. 3.03 ppm) than the late-stage pyrite (Py2) (avg. Ag = 2.78 ppm; Au = 0.424 ppm). The δ³⁴S values of the early-stage sulfide (Py1) vary from 19.07‰ to 25.99‰ (avg. 22.20‰), suggesting that sulfur was largely derived from thermochemical reduction (TSR) of seawater sulfate. The δ³⁴S values for co-existing Py2 and chalcopyrite range from 9.83‰ to 11.24‰ (avg. 10.32‰) and from 7.37‰ to 10.69‰ (avg. 8.96‰), respectively, suggesting a derivation of sulfur from TSR of seawater sulfate with contributions from magmatic sulfur. Based on structural features and ore textures, we propose that sulfide precipitation at Akiri was facilitated by sulfur-rich fluids circulating through pre-existing structures (fractures and faults) under fairly high (>200 °C) to moderate (<170 °C) temperature conditions. Geological, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic data from this study support the classification of the Akiri Cu (+Ag) deposit as an epigenetic sandstone-hosted copper deposit.     

Dielectric spectroscopy of oil-bearing rocks at 0.05–16 GHz

We have measured the dielectric spectra of sand and bentonite mixtures with oil and saline water (NaCl solution) in the frequency range from 50 MHz to 16 GHz at 22 °C. The measured spectra were compared with predictions in terms of the generalized refractive mixing dielectric model (GRMDM), and the respective error was estimated as a check of the model applicability to describe oil-bearing formations. The results may be useful in developing new methods of electromagnetic logging.     

昆明东川区播卡金矿地球化学特征与成因

播卡金矿位于云南的东川区,由16条矿体组成。在搜集以往地质、化探资料的基础上,结合野外实地调研,研究了播卡矿区地层、岩浆岩、矿石的微量元素地球化学特征,从地球化学的角度探讨了播卡矿床的成因,依据稀土元素的分析结果研究了播卡矿床的成矿物质来源,在此基础上分析了播卡金矿的成矿过程及成矿机制。     

Ressaut de marée et Mascaret – exemples de la Garonne et de la Seine

In this article, we present a study on the tidal bore dynamics based on the analysis of the database acquired in 2011 during two simultaneous field campaigns in the Seine and Garonne Rivers. We have shown that in the Garonne River, contrary to the common view, undular tidal bore can form for a large majority of tides, even sometimes at neap tide when the river discharge is low. We have identified, from surface elevation measurements, low-steepness, low-frequency undular tidal bores which are not visually observable. Such low-frequency tidal bores have been also identified and characterised for the first time in the Seine River. In this river, the first undulation wave height can be higher than 1 m. We have shown that the secondary wave steepness strongly increases when the Froude number exceeds the critical value F_c. The large-steepness tidal bore regime corresponds to what is commonly termed in French mascaret.     

我国亚热带东部丘陵山区自然资源合理利用与治理途径

《中国亚热带东部丘陵山区自然资源合理利用与治理途径》是中国科学院“七五”重点科研项目,是一项受国家计委的委托、为我国南方山区找一条生态—经济出路的应用研究。 该项研究由中国科学院自然资源综合考察委员会主持,并与华东师范大学、河南省科学院、中国科学院广州分院、广西师范学院协作,共同组织了40多个单位、300多名科技人员,多学科联合对我国南方九省(区)108万平方公里进行了区、片、点三个层次的综合考察研究。 先后出版30部科考著作,主成果为《南方山区的出路》,1991年获中科院科技进步奖一等奖。 该成果的主要创新点和突出贡献是:     

Glaciation and ~ 770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent,Kazakhstan

The Cambrian explosion, c. 530–515 Ma heralded the arrival of a diverse assembly of multicellular life including the first hard-shelled organisms. Fossils found in Cambrian strata represent the ancestors of most modern animal phyla. In contrast to the apparent explosiveness seen in the Cambrian fossil record, studies of molecular biology hint that the diversification observed in Cambrian strata was rooted in ancestry extending back into the Ediacaran (635–542 Ma). Fossil evidence for this mostly cryptic phase of evolution is derived from the soft-bodied fossils of the Ediacaran biota found throughout the world and bilaterian embryos found in the Doushantuo lagerstätte in South China. The first appearance of Ediacara fauna is thought to have followed the last of the ~ 750–635 Ma Neoproterozoic glacial episodes by 20–30 million years. In this paper, we present evidence for the oldest discovery of the ‘Ediacara’ discoidal fossils Nimbia occlusa and Aspidella terranovica (?) that predate the early Cryogenian glaciations by more than fifty million years. There is considerable disagreement over the significance of discoidal Ediacaran fossils, but our findings may support earlier suggestions that metazoan life has roots extending deeper into the Proterozoic Eon. We also confirm the presence of a Late Cryogenian (e.g. “Marinoan”) glaciation on the Lesser Karatau microcontinent including dropstones and striated clasts within the glacial strata.     

MANAGING PLANET EARTH TO MAKE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT MORE SUSTAINABLE： CLIMATE CHANGE AND HONG KONG

Selected recent findings related to climate change in Hong Kong include： (1)The Hong Kong seafloor has yielded a ca0.5-million year record of climate and sealevel changes.(2)Greenhouse gases produced naturally from subaerially exposed continental shelves and oceanic islands were a probable forcing mechanism in triggering the abrupt termination of past ice ages. (3)An analysis of annual mean temperature records has revealed that the urban heat island effect has contributed ca75％ of the warming. (4)Past volcanic eruptions are found to lower Hong Kongs temperature and to cause extremely dry and wet years. (5)No evidence can be found for an increase in frequency and intensity of typhoons based on the instrumental record since the end of the Second World War. (6)The observed rate of sealevel rise in the South China Sea is much slower than the predictions of the IPCC Fourth Assessment.
For the Earths management, population growth and the depletion of nonrenewable resources must be recognized as unsustainable. The human impact on the natural hydrological cycle is an important forcing mechanism in climate change. In order to delay the demise of the human race, management must include curbing population growth and much more waste recycling than at present.     

通过国际科技论文统计分析看我国地质科研工作的态势

利用国际科技论文和中国科学院年报等统计资科，介绍了我国在国际上科技水平的地位，以及我国一些地质科研单位的研究水平状况，最后阐述了加强地质科研工作的一些措施。