火山岩储层质量预测方法探讨——以松辽盆地徐家围子断陷为例

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层火山岩储层具有埋藏深、 温度高、 压力大、 物性差、 非均质性强的特征。为了预测火山岩储层类型和质量在平面上的变化规律,本文讨论了影响火山岩储层物性的主要地质因素。结果表明,火山岩的物性主要受火山岩相（组）和所处对应碎屑岩成岩阶段的影响。距火山口越远的火山岩相组的火山岩储层,其孔隙度和渗透率越低。火山岩工业气层主要分布在晚成岩阶段A期以前的火山岩储层中。在晚成岩阶段B期,只有少量低产气层。本文充分考虑徐家围子断陷火山岩相和成岩作用对火山岩储层物性的影响与控制,应用成岩模拟软件,预测了成岩阶段的横向展布,通过叠合营三段火山岩相图和成岩阶段预测图,预测了火山岩储层的类型和质量,目前已发现工业气流的井主要分布在断陷中部的Ⅱ、 Ⅲ类火山岩储层中。     

Comparative analysis of bacterial contamination in tap and groundwater: A case study on water quality of Quetta City,an arid zone in Pakistan

Water is an essential element on earth, which provides human a variety of services in domestic use, agriculture, or industries. However, some serious health risks of drinking water are associated with microbial contamination, particularly with fecal matter. Therefore, microbial quality assessment is considered to be a necessary component of water quality assessment. This study investigates microbial contamination of water distributary system around the city by comparing groundwater (GW) and tap water (TW) quality in Quetta city. 31 GW samples and 31 TW samples were collected in the study area during the months of September, October, and November. Fecal coliform test was carried out in laboratory and their average total coliform contamination was computed. Results showed that the TW sample were all contaminated by coliform except for Chiltan town, hence are not considered suitable for drinking without any treatment according to WHO drinking water quality standards. The average coliform concentrations were 12 in Quetta main city, 11.6 in Jinnah town, 5.3 in Satallite town, 10 in Shahbaz town and 5 in Brewery town (0/100 mL CFU) and the TW samples from the three towns were even more contaminated with E.coli. Whereas among the GW, average microbial concentrations were 1.8 in Quetta main city, 2 in Satallite town, 1.4 in Shahbaz town, and 0.4 in Chiltan town (0/100 mL CFU), respectively, which shows that the contamination is occurring within the water distributary pipeline system when the water flows through the pipelines. Moreover, this research will be valuable for researchers and administrative authorities to conduct elaborative studies, and develop new policies to prevent further deterioration of drinking water in the water distribution system by pathogenic microorganisms and ensure safe drinking water to the public of Quetta city.     

滇中红层膏盐溶蚀特征及其对水质的影响

滇中红层多含有石膏、岩盐等可溶盐矿物,在可溶盐富集地段,地下水往往表现为咸水或微咸水而不适宜饮用。文章以楚雄市谢家河河谷为例,基于钻探、物探、测井、水质分析等综合勘察资料,研究红层膏盐在地下水循环中的溶蚀特征并分析膏盐溶蚀对水质的影响。结果表明：膏盐溶蚀形式主要为散点状膏盐的溶蚀孔洞和裂隙状石膏的溶蚀裂隙,溶蚀强度主要受控于含水介质孔隙发育程度和地下水循环速度;浅层地下水循环速度快,虽可溶盐溶蚀强烈,但对地下水水质影响较弱,水质超标面较小;深层地下水循环速度慢,可溶盐溶蚀后富集于深层承压含水层中,导致地下水水质超标面大;断裂及其影响带导水造成深层承压水向浅层地下水越流,导致浅层地下水水质变差。     

淮北平原覆盖区土壤采样密度及其环境质量研究——以1∶5万高炉集幅为例

以1∶5万高炉集幅为研究对象,在6个点/km2及4个点/km2两种采样密度条件下,土壤元素在地球化学参数特征及空间分布上均相近,表明该图幅内采样密度4个点/km2可以满足1∶5万土地质量调查评价工作的要求.基于不同采样密度下土壤元素地球化学特征的对比分析,提出淮北平原覆盖区地质背景相对单一的连片耕地区开展1∶5万土地质量调查时可采用最低采样密度(4个点/km2).土壤环境质量评价结果显示,区内土壤环境质量优良,以优先保护类土壤为主,安全利用类土壤仅零星分布,影响土壤环境质量的指标为Cd,研究结果可为该地区实施绿色无公害产业发展提供科学依据.     

A multi-scale study on land use and land cover quality change: The case of the Yellow River Delta in China

This paper presents a case study of the Yellow River Delta in China, to trace land use and land cover changes during the past 20 years, with an emphasis on land quality changes. Three sets of data are used in this case study: remote sensing data derived from satellite images; crop yield data from statistics; and soil data collected by the researchers in the field. Our study reveals that at the regional scale, LUCC has taken place in a positive direction: vegetation cover has been expanding and crop yields per hectare have been on rise. However, while the overall eco-environment has improved, the improvement is uneven across the Delta region. At local levels, some areas show signs of increased salinization and declining organic content. Both natural forces and human activities are responsible for the LUCC, but human activities play a more important role. While some impacts of human activities are positive, the damages are often long-lasting and irreversible. We also conclude that it is necessary to use both macro data (such as remote sensing data) and micro data (data collected in the field) to study land quality change. The former are efficient in examining land quality changes at the regional scale, the latter can serve to verify ground patterns revealed from macro data and help to identify local variations, so as to get a comprehensive understanding of LUCC and promote sustainable land use and land management. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于"层级阶梯评价方法"的地下水质量与污染评价:以铜川市为例

掌握区域地下水质量及污染状况,对于地下水污染防治、地下水资源保护与管理具有重要作用,尤其是对西部内陆干旱区地下水资源尤为重要。本研究针对陕西铜川市地下水进行了系统采样,通过分析常规指标、无机毒理指标、微量有机指标,利用“层级阶梯评价方法”进行了地下水质量与污染评价。水质评价表明,2011年铜川市浅层水水质相对较差,可作为饮用水源或经适当处理后可做饮用水源的样品占样品总数的60%,不宜作为生活饮用水源的样品占40%。浅层水质量受天然背景和人类活动的共同影响,主要影响指标为总硬度、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、TDS、Mg²⁺、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-};深层水水质相对较好,所有采样点均可作为饮用水源。深层水主要受天然背景影响,主要影响指标为Fe。污染评价表明,浅层水污染等级为1级、2级、3级、4级的样品分别占样品总数的44%、16%、32%、8%,污染主要分布在金锁关以南至川口以北的漆水河河谷地带;而深层水污染等级全部为1级,尚未受到人类污染影响。相比其他评价方法,层级阶梯评价法在区分天然背景和污染对地下水水质影响方面具有明显优势,结合区域背景分析和现场调查认识,能够成为科学掌握地下水水质及污染状况的有效手段。     

基于不确定性分析框架的动态环状河网水质模型--以温州市温瑞塘河为例

以温州市温瑞塘河为背景,基于不确定性分析的框架,开发了动态环状河网水质模型。用HSY(Hornberger,Spear and Young)算法作水质参数的不确定性分析,求得模型参数的空间分布,从而提高模型使用的可靠性、降低决策的风险度。模型由水量子模型及水质子模型两部分组成:水量子模型采用圣维南方程并用四级解法求解;水质子模型采用CSTR(Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor)模型的机理,并结合环状河网特征作了修正,由于只需解常微分方程,因而避免了矩阵求解,显著提高了计算效率,使得用HSY算法进行不确定性分析成为可能。模型选取温州市温瑞塘河流域的鹿城区河网进行了首次应用,用HSY算法率定水质参数并讨论了参数的不确定性。对参数率定结果进行验证,结果比较理想。最后简要讨论了参数不确定性传递。     

基于支持向量机的喀斯特山区土壤环境质量评价——以贵州北部一茶叶园区为例

以贵州北部一茶叶园区80个表层土壤样品为研究对象,对其Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu含量进行测定,在MATLAB中应用支持向量机构建土壤环境质量评价模型,并与模糊综合评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法的评价结果对比分析,探究支持向量机模型在喀斯特山区土壤环境质量评价中的适用性,其结果表明:研究区土壤质量Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类样品比例为33∶7,土壤环境质量大多数为I类;支持向量机方法的评价结果与模糊综合评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法结果的相同率分别达到82.5%和80.0%,并分析结果有差异的样品,发现支持向量机评价结果更符合实际情况,这说明该模型适用于土壤环境质量的评价。      

储层砂岩中自生绿泥石对孔隙结构的影响——来自鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组的研究结果

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组10个砂岩样品的薄片分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜分析、物性分析和压汞分析,研究了这些砂岩中自生绿泥石含量与各种孔隙结构参数之间的关系。研究结果表明：①在孔隙度变化不大的情况下,随着自生绿泥石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率降低,排驱压力和中值压力增加,与之对应的喉道半径显著减小,同时喉道均值和各种类型喉道的百分数也都显著降低。②自生绿泥石含量的增加可以改善喉道的分选性和非均质性,但这是牺牲了大喉道的数量来实现的。③砂岩中自生绿泥石含量的增加还会显著降低退出效率。因此,在孔隙度类似的前提下,以孔隙衬里方式产出的自生绿泥石含量的增加,会降低砂岩储层的质量并影响烃类开发的效果。     

储层砂岩中自生绿泥石对孔隙结构的影响——来自鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组的研究结果

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组10个砂岩样品的薄片分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜分析、物性分析和压汞分析,研究了这些砂岩中自生绿泥石含量与各种孔隙结构参数之间的关系。研究结果表明：①在孔隙度变化不大的情况下,随着自生绿泥石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率降低,排驱压力和中值压力增加,与之对应的喉道半径显著减小,同时喉道均值和各种类型喉道的百分数也都显著降低。②自生绿泥石含量的增加可以改善喉道的分选性和非均质性,但这是牺牲了大喉道的数量来实现的。③砂岩中自生绿泥石含量的增加还会显著降低退出效率。因此,在孔隙度类似的前提下,以孔隙衬里方式产出的自生绿泥石含量的增加,会降低砂岩储层的质量并影响烃类开发的效果。     

沉积和成岩作用对湖相重力流致密砂岩储层质量的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长7段为例

为揭示深水重力流沉积致密砂岩储层发育特征及分布规律,笔者等以鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系延长组7段（简称长7段）为例,通过岩芯描述、铸体薄片以及扫描电镜观察,结合物性数据以及分析化验资料对研究区长7段沉积、储层岩石学、孔隙类型以及成岩作用特征进行了分析,在沉积和成岩作用特征研究基础上探讨了优质储层的形成机理,据此建立了湖相深水重力流致密砂岩储层质量的演化模式。结果表明：合水地区长7段储层岩性以长石岩屑砂岩为主,孔隙类型主要为溶蚀孔和残余粒间孔,属于特低孔—超低渗储层,主要成岩作用为压实、胶结和溶蚀作用。重力流致密砂岩储层质量受沉积相和成岩作用共同影响,限制性水道中沉积的砂体由于具有强的抗压实能力、少的伊利石和碳酸盐矿物含量以及较多长石、岩屑溶蚀孔隙,储层质量最好。不同沉积环境中的砂岩在颗粒粒度、分选、沉积厚度方面存在差异,通过影响成岩作用类型与强度综合控制储层质量。研究成果可为相同类型储层的预测和评价提供参考。     

Formation of chlorite rims and the impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality: a case study from Shiqianfeng sandstones in upper Permian of Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China

The source material, precursor and formation processes of chlorite rims, and impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality of the Shiqianfeng sandstones, Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China, are studied using an integrated approach, including core observation, point-count analysis of thin-sections, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and cathode luminescence. The petrographic analysis shows that chlorite rims consist of grain-coating chlorite, poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite and euhedral-crystallised pore-lining chlorite. The chemical composition shows that pore-lining chlorite is mainly Fe-rich with an average of 0.785 for Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio. Petrographic analysis shows a large amount of volcanic dust (3.0～16.0 vol%, average of 7.93 vol%) in Shiqianfeng sandstones, which determines the formation of poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite. Transformation of volcanic dust to smectite rims started with shallow burial depth at an early diagenetic stage, followed by in situ alteration of the smectite rims to poorly crystalline chlorite rims. Euhedral-crystallised chlorite mainly develops in sandstones with high porosity, high permeability and open flow systems. Pore-lining chlorite can inhibit quartz overgrowth but cannot effectively prevent pore-filling of authigenic quartz, carbonate and kaolinite cements, and therefore cannot prevent porosity destruction. However, the occurrence of pore-lining chlorite is a barometer of good reservoir quality and intense hydrodynamic conditions.     

孔隙结构对低渗-特低渗砂岩储层渗流特征的影响段储层为例——以鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界盒8段储层为例

通过铸体薄片显微镜下观察、孔喉图像、毛细管压力、恒速压汞、气水相对渗透率、核磁共振等多种分析实验手段,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界盒8段低孔、低渗-特低渗砂岩储层的微观孔隙结构和渗流特征,探讨了孔隙结构对储层渗流特征的影响。结果表明,孔隙结构特征是影响低孔、低渗-特低渗砂岩储集性能与渗流特征的主要因素。而砂岩的孔隙结构特征主要受砂岩原生矿物组合与成岩演化过程及其产物的控制,盒8段各砂岩类型由于其矿物成分不同导致孔隙结构的差异,也是各砂岩类型储集性能与渗流能力存在差别的直接原因。在孔隙结构参数中,喉道的大小、有效孔隙与喉道的体积及其连通性是决定储层储集与渗流能力的关键。大孔喉对储层渗流能力的贡献更大,中-小孔喉则对储集能力的贡献相对较高。微裂缝是除孔隙结构以外影响砂岩储集性能与渗流特征的重要因素。     

南水北调中线工程水源林生态系统对水质的影响——以秦岭南坡中山地带火地塘林区为例

通过对秦岭南坡中山地带火地塘林区大气降水与支沟溪流水和流域出口径流水质的比较分析,以及溪流水和流域出口径流水质与水量的相关分析,发现7~10月份大气降水呈微酸性,经过森林生态系统的调节,径流pH值升高,且不随流量变化而发生变化;森林生态系统对随降水输入的NO₃-、NH₄+、PO₄3-有很好的净化作用,这种作用对于降低南水北调中线工程取水地丹江口水库水质富营养化的威胁非常有益,对重金属元素Cd、Pb、Mn有固定作用;对K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe有增加作用,尤其对Ca、Mg含量增幅较大,但这种作用不会对水质产生不良影响,对Fe的调升有利于水质改善;森林生态系统在调减Zn含量方面作用显著;林区径流水质与水量之间并无较大关系,水质不随水量变化而发生较大变化,森林生态系统对水质有很好的稳定作用。