The Satellite Atmospheric Sounder IKFS-2: 2. Validation of the Temperature Sounding of the Atmosphere

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The validation of measurements of vertical temperature profiles by the IKFS-2 instrument (the Meteor-M no. 2 satellite) in cloudless conditions was...     

The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was measured in marine surface waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean between 25°N and 25°S. H₂O₂ concentrations decreased from 80 nM in the north to 20 nM in the south, in agreement with earlier observations. A diel cycle of H₂O₂ production as a function of sunlight in surface waters was followed twice whilst the ship steamed southward. Around 23°N a distinct diel cycle could be measured which correlated well with irradiance conditions.The wavelength dependency of H₂O₂ formation was studied near the equator. For 16 hours, water samples were incubated with wavelength bands of the solar spectrum, i.e. visible (VIS: 400–700 nm), VIS and ultraviolet A radiation (UVAR: 320–400 nm) and VIS, UVAR and ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR: 280–320 nm). A significant relationship was found between wavelength band and the production of H₂O₂. In addition, a clear positive relationship between intensity and production was found. UVAR was 6.5 times more efficient than VIS in producing 1 nM of H₂O₂, whereas UVBR was 228 times more efficient than VIS. When these data were weighted with respect to the energy of the solar spectrum at zenith hour, 28% of the H₂O₂ was formed by VIS, 23% was formed by UVAR and 48% was formed by UVBR. Considering the strong attenuation of UVBR in marine waters as compared with UVAR and VIS radiation, the role of UVAR deeper in the water column is recognised. Furthermore results of this research emphasise the importance of VIS radiation in the formation of H₂O₂.     

Fishery provisions of the ICNT: Part 2

In the second of two articles analysing the fishery provisions of the ICNT/Rev 2, the author concentrates on unresolved legal problems of the world's marine fisheries. Difficulties associated with MSY and OSY, TAC, surplus, coastal state control over the EEZ, high-seas fishing, anadromous species, land-locked and geographically disadvantaged states, and sedentary species are discussed, and an assessment is made of the ICNT's attempt to ensure a more equitable distribution of world fishery resources.     

The IKFS-2 Infrared Fourier-Transform Spectrometer Operating Onboard the Meteor-M No.2 Satellite

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The results of the commissioning of the IKFS-2 instrument and its subsequent operation onboard the Meteor-M no. 2 polar orbiting meteorological...     

Rockall and the limits of national jurisdiction of the UK: Part 2

Part 1 of this article, published in the July issue of Marine Policy, contained the first in a four-section examination of the Rockall question. Section I presented a survey of the law governing the delimitation of the continental shelf, the EEZ, and exclusive fishing zones, thus providing a background for sections II–IV, which constitute Part 2. In this Part, the author examines the geography and geology of the Rockall sector and the claims made by the UK, Ireland and Denmark, before drawing conclusions from the whole article.     

On the CO2O2 system in the Northeastern Pacific

The TCO₂, O₂, TA and δ¹³C data of the 1969 Geosecs Intercalibration Cruise was analyzed and found to be consistent with a vertical mixing model which assumes that each point along a vertical profile is a mixture of the upper and lower boundaries. Calculated regression coefficients are in agreement with the model of Redfield et al. (1963) and with the assumption that TA variation is due to carbonate reaction. Oxygen consumption and TCO₂ production decrease exponentially with depth and approximately 80% of ΔCO₂ can be accounted for, on average, by O₂ consumption. The remaining 20% are probably due to carbonate solution which seems to take place at depths below 2,500 m. The present study suggests that the isotopic composition (δ¹³C) of the carbon source, required to account for most of the oxygen consumed, may be heavier than the value of −23%. assigned to dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon.     

Determination of the Total Ozone Content in Cloudy Conditions based on Data from the IKFS-2 Spectrometer onboard the Meteor-M no. 2 Satellite

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - A new technique has been developed to obtain the total ozone content (TOC) under cloudy conditions from the spectra of outgoing thermal IR radiation...     

Focused fluid flow and the sub-seabed storage of CO2: Evaluating the leakage potential of seismic chimney structures for the Sleipner CO2 storage operation

The integrity of the caprock of a storage formation is the most crucial parameter for the long-term performance of a geological CO₂ storage site. The Sleipner area in the Southern Viking Graben hosts the first and longest operating industrial scale CO₂ storage project, where CO₂ is injected in a saline aquifer of the Utsira Formation. Time-lapse seismic monitoring shows neither that CO₂ has left the Utsira Formation nor indications for fracturing of the caprock by the CO₂ injection activity, which is in agreement with previous numerical simulations. However, large chimney structures as close as 7 km from the injection point indicate that the caprock has been breached in the geological past, which may raise questions about the integrity of the caprock above the Sleipner CO₂ storage site. Here, we present seismically constrained numerical fluid flow simulations that evaluate the influence of chimney structures on the long-term performance of the CO₂ storage operation at Sleipner. The simulation could reproduce the spreading of the Sleipner CO₂ plume, which is controlled by the anisotropic permeability field of the Utsira Formation and the regional dip of the formation top. We have performed long-term plume evolution simulations, which show that the injected CO₂ will not reach the existing chimney structures assuming a realistic injection duration of 30 years. Our simulations indicate that an unrealistically long injection period between 92 and 140 years would be required for the CO₂ to reach the existing chimney structures. In this case, a comparably low chimney permeability of 10 mD may be sufficient to facilitate CO₂ migration from the storage formation to the seafloor, once the CO₂ has reached a chimney structure. However, the simulations indicate that it is very unlikely that the CO₂ may migrate along existing chimney structures at Sleipner. Our results highlight that the reconstruction of palaeo fluid flow systems and the identification of focused fluid conduits should be considered in the assessment of CO₂ storage sites.     

Thermodynamics of the system H2ONaClMgCl2Na2SO4MgSO4 at 25°C

Osmotic coefficients and Gibbs energies of mixing for the system H₂ONaClMgCl₂MgSO₄ have been calculated from isopiestic vapor pressure measurements. These results have been combined with earlier results from the system H₂ONaClNa₂SO₄MgSO₄ to construct Jänecke diagrams giving osmotic coefficients at constant ionic strength. Osmotic coefficients calculated from the theory of Reilly and Wood are in good agreement with measured values for the four-salt system, for compositions and ionic strengths comparable to those of natural brines.     

A numerical experiment of the M2 tide in the Yellow sea

Semi-diurnal tides in the Yellow Sea are calculated by integrating the shallow water wave equations with frictional and inertial terms.It is found that the results depend on the bottom friction. In the frictionless case the tidal range is unstably amplified because of the occurrence of resonance of the semi-diurnal tidal component in Inchon Bay. When the bottom friction is in the form of the square of velocity, the results agree fairly well with the observations.The following results are obtained. First, the tidal range is larger at the coast of the Korean Peninsula than at the China Coast. Second, resonance of the semi-diurnal tide occurs in Inchon Bay. Third, bottom friction is very important in the shallow ocean,i.e., when the bottom friction become large, the phase lag is retarded and the tidal range decreases.The amplitude and the phase lag calculated in this study agree well with the observations in the case of _b =_b ² V¦V¦, _b ²=0.0026, especially in the coast of the Korean Peninsula.     

Constraining the 2-component model of marine dissolved organic radiocarbon

Keeling plots of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and Δ¹⁴C depth profiles imply rapid, diapycnal transport of DOC to the meso- and bathypelagic zones, but do not constrain the mechanism of redistribution. We review the 2-component Keeling plot model, and present an alternative formulation explicitly based on homogenization of water parcels. Applying this new model to DOC and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) depth profiles suggests that the dominant controls on DOC redistribution differ throughout the water column. DOC concentration and Δ¹⁴C gradients were consistent with biogeochemical processing in the epipelagic and advection in the mesopelagic. Vertical gradients in DOC concentration and Δ¹⁴C were insufficient for further interpretation in the bathypelagic. Ultimately, additional concurrent measurements of DOC and DIC concentrations and Δ¹⁴C values throughout the water column at more locations are needed to constrain the applicability of two-component mixing models to marine DOC.     

Temporal Evolution of the North Pacific CO2 Uptake Rate

The recent changes in the North Pacific uptake rate of carbon have been estimated using a number of different techniques over the past decade. Recently, there has been a marked increase in the number of estimates being submitted for publication. Most of these estimates can be grouped into one of five basic techniques: carbon time-series, non-carbon tracers, carbon tracers, empirical relationships, and inverse calculations. Examples of each of these techniques as they have been applied in the North Pacific are given and the estimates summarized. The results are divided into three categories: integrated water column uptake rate estimates, mixed layer increases, and surface pCO₂ increases. Most of the published values fall under the water column integrated uptake rate category. All of the estimates varied by region and depth range of integration, but generally showed consistent patterns of increased uptake from the tropics to the subtropics. The most disagreement between the methods was in the sub-arctic Pacific. Column integrated uptake rates ranged from 0.25 to 1.3 mol m⁻²yr⁻¹. The mixed layer uptake estimates were much more consistent, with values of 1.0–1.3 μmol kg⁻¹yr⁻¹ based on direct observations and multiple linear regression approaches. Surface pCO₂ changes showed the most obvious regional variability (0.5–2.5 μatm yr⁻¹) reflecting the sensitivity of these measurements to differences in the physical and biological forcing. The different techniques used to evaluate the changes in North Pacific carbon distributions do not completely agree on the exact magnitude or spatial and temporal patterns of carbon uptake rate. Additional research is necessary to resolve these issues and better constrain the role of the North Pacific in the global carbon cycle. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Feasibility of dumping fossil-fuel CO2 into the deep ocean

An idea has been proposed to recover and dispose of the fossil-fuel CO₂ generated by stationary power plants into the deep sea, thereby reducing the CO₂ emission to the atmosphere. The assessment of its environmental effects and risks is essential for developing new technology for the recovery/disposal system, which has recently received growing attention in Japan.The simple calculation made here did not yield any decisively significant environmental risks so far. However, a further detailed study is needed for the consequences of lowering local pH and the abrupt dissolution of CaCO₃ in the deep-sea sediments. It is also shown that, on longer term, the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ may be influenced by the degree at which the reaction between the disposed fossil-fuel CO₂ and the sedimentary CaCO₃ takes place under such conditions. At any rate, the problem should be brought to serious scientific attention much like the case of ocean dumping of radioactive wastes.     

卤代噻唑胺基类化合物TSC-2c的抗肿瘤活性机制研究

三阴性乳腺癌是一种具有高度转移性,侵袭性的乳腺癌亚型,是女性易患且预后较差的肿瘤之一。本课题组修饰合成的噻唑胺基类杂化物TSC-2c具有对MDA-MB-231细胞独特的敏感性,细胞半数抑制率达到了4.45mM,且对正常细胞无毒副作用。本文中采取细胞划痕、Transwell小室、克隆形成、流式细胞术等方法,研究了该化合物对MDA-MB-231细胞迁移、侵袭、克隆斑形成及细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明,TSC-2c通过增加细胞凋亡比例,显著影响了MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力,对三阴性乳腺癌的药物研发及治疗具有重要理论意义。     

Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Hg~(2+)对泥蚶鳃及消化腺显微结构和超微结构的影响

研究了9μg/L暴毒浓度的镉(Cd2+)、铅(Pb2+)和1.08μg/L暴毒浓度的汞(Hg2+)对泥蚶鳃和消化腺组织显微结构和超微结构的影响。实验处理时间为28d。3种重金属胁迫下鳃组织显微结构观察显示鳃丝排列混乱,血细胞堆积现象严重;超微结构观察发现,Cd2+和Hg2+胁迫下鳃细胞发生细胞核皱缩,有大量的线粒体和溶酶体。Pb2+攻毒组的鳃细胞中聚集大量的嗜锇性物质。3种重金属胁迫下消化腺组织显微结构显示消化腺细胞破碎,完整度变差;从超微结构来看,在Cd2+和Pb2+的胁迫下,消化腺细胞中出现嗜锇性物质;另外在Pb2+胁迫下,消化腺细胞中有溶酶体;然而在Hg2+胁迫下,泥蚶消化腺细胞受到的影响不明显。本研究推测在重金属胁迫下,泥蚶可能会通过溶酶体和重金属形成不溶性颗粒,从而将重金属隔离进行解毒作用;大量产生的线粒体可能对重金属引起的氧化胁迫进行呼吸补偿反应。     

基于反转法的O2 -CO2 输运性质预测

采用反转法计算得到了O₂-CO₂混合气体新的势能参数.在此基础上,根据分子动力学理论,计算了混合气体在零密度下的输运性质,包括黏度系数、热扩散系数和热扩散因子,计算的温度范围为273.15—3273.15 K.与实验值比较表明,计算结果可以满足实际工程应用.     

Uncertainty in the application of the parabolic bay shape equation: Part 2

This paper attempts to highlight issues that are relevant in the application of the Parabolic Bay Shape Equation (PBSE) to a non-equilibrium bay. For this case, the bay of Imbituba in southern Brazil was chosen. The construction of a breakwater to shelter the port of Imbituba in the south of the bay was accompanied by an increase in sedimentation to the port area from an eroding downdrift beach. Superimposed plots of the coastline of the Bay of Imbituba from different years confirm a general trend of accretion of the southern part of the bay accompanied with a retreat of the coastline in the northern part. After the application of the PBSE it became clear that the breakwater caused a change in the equilibrium state of the bay. Between 1947 and 2001 the Bay of Imbituba has changed from a dynamic equilibrium to a natural beach reshaping or self-reshaping. The tendency of the sedimentation of the southern part of the bay can be explained by the SEP associated with the new updrift diffraction point (tip of the breakwater): The seaward position of the SEP predicts a need for additional sediment in order to achieve a stable plan form.     

Accurate measurement of O2, N2, and Ar gases in water and the solubility of N2

The degree of atmospheric saturation for O₂, Ar, and N₂ gases in water can be determined to accuracies of ±0.1–0.3% using mass spectrometry to determine the gas ratios and Winkler titrations for oxygen analysis. We describe methods used to obtain this level of accuracy and precision. Oxygen accuracy of ±0.1% can be obtained by careful attention to standardization using KIO₃ standards that have been corrected for impurities. Accurate O₂/Ar and O₂/N₂ gas ratios (±0.1–0.2%) are obtainable by measuring the mass ratios against the atmosphere if the effect of different gas concentrations on the performance of the mass spectrometer are taken into account. Oxygen and argon saturation values have been determined previously to accuracies of less than or equal to ±0.1%, but published estimates of the saturation value for nitrogen differ by more than 1%. We have redetermined the N₂ saturation value at 19°C and zero salinity to be 0.92% greater than the results reported in the work of Weiss (1970).     

Dynamics of planktonic foraminiferal community in the Sea of Japan during the last 2 My

Based on the analysis of the foraminiferal assemblages in 118 sediment samples from the 210-m-long core of ODP Hole 798 drilled near Honshu Island, it is shown that the structure of their tanathocoenoses experienced three large reorganizations during the last 1.9 My, namely 0.68, 1.21, and 1.36 My B.P. The first reorganization coincides with the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary marked by the magnetic polarity reversal. The second reorganization corresponds to the sharp and progressive temperature fall caused by general climate deterioration. The third event is poorly interpretable thus far. Using the K-average method, the assemblages were differentiated into two types differing in their taxonomic structures. The replacement of one type of community with another occurred simultaneously with the cooling onset 1.21 My B.P. Spectral analysis of the variations in the integral characteristics of the taxonomic structure revealed three groups of cycles with average periods of 136, 59, and 33 ky. These estimates are one-third higher as compared to the duration of the Milankovitch climatic cycles. The species structure of the foraminiferal community is shown to be well consistent with the rank model of geometric series.     

Variability of the oxygen deficit near the H2S zone in the Black Sea

Historical oceanographic databases are statistically treated to obtain the mean multi-annual oxygen deficit distributions in the 70–90 m layer for the four seasons of the year. Generalization of the results from 1596 measurements has shown that the oxygen deficit is maintained only at one 1°×1° square at a level of 70–90%. This fact is accounted for by the rise of waters in the cyclonic gyre area. Conversely, small oxygen deficit values in the coastal areas are related to the sinking of water, this being consistent with the pattern of vertical circulation in the sea.Translated by V. Puchkin.