A method of estimation of the results of reconstruction of the trajectories of drifting buoys

A method for the estimation of the results of reconstruction of the trajectories of drifting buoys is proposed. It is based on the comparison of the estimates of power spectral densities for the components of current velocity computed according to three data sets: the data set of the coordinates of a drifting buoy with a built-in GPS receiver, the data set of coordinates formed on the basis of the first set but with data missing and observational errors corresponding to the actual trajectory measurements by the Argos satellite location and data collection system by the Doppler method, and the data set of coordinates obtained as a result of interpolation of the second set. As an example, we consider the procedure of realization of the proposed method and demonstrate the efficiency of its application for the improvement of the reliability of reconstruction of the trajectories of drifting buoys.     

海鸟系列CTD数据预处理分析

介绍了海鸟系列温盐深测量仪(CTD)原始数据预处理的方法和步骤,解释各个过程中的原理,根据规范和工作实际对处理过程中存在的问题进行分析,提出解决方案,针对资料的标准化提出建议和意见。     

Estimates of the temperatures of hydrocarbon generation in the region of the Sea of Okhotsk

Particular features of the tectonic structure and anomalous distribution of the geothermal, geomagnetic, and gravity fields in the region of the Sea of Okhotsk are considered. On the basis of heat flow data, the ages of large-scale structures in the Sea of Okhotsk are estimated at 65 Ma for the Central Okhotsk Rise and 36 Ma for the South Okhotsk Basin. The age of the South Okhotsk Basin is confirmed by the data on the kinematics and corresponds to a 50-km thickness of the lithosphere. This is in accordance with the thickness value obtained by magnetotelluric soundings. A comparative analysis of the model geothermal background and the measured heat flow values on the Akademii Nauk Rise is performed. The analysis points to an abnormally high (by approximately 20%) measured heat flow, which agrees with the high negative gradient of gravity anomalies. The estimates of the deep heat flow and the basement age of the riftogenic basins in the Sea of Okhotsk were carried out in the following areas: the Deryugin Basin (18 Ma, Early Miocene), the TINRO Basin (12 Ma, Middle Miocene), and the West Kamchatka Basin (23 Ma, Late Oligocene). The temperatures at the boundaries of the main lithological complexes of the sedimentary cover are calculated and the zones of oil and gas generation are defined. On the basis of geothermal, magnetic, structural, and other geological-geophysical data, a kinematic model of the region of the Sea of Okhotsk for a period of 36 Ma was calculated and constructed.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Hierarchy of the models of classical mechanics of inhomogeneous fluids

The methods of perturbation theory and integral representations are used to analyze the general properties of a system of equations of the mechanics of inhomogeneous fluids including the equations of momentum, mass, and temperature transfer. We also consider various submodels of this system, including the reduced systems in which some kinetic coefficients are equal to zero and degenerate systems in which the variations of density or some other variables are neglected. We analyze both regularly perturbed and singularly perturbed solutions of the system. In the case of reduction or degeneration of solutions, the order of the system decreases. In this case, regularly perturbed solutions are preserved (with certain modifications) but the number of singularly perturbed components participating in the formation of the boundary layers on contact surfaces and their analogs in the bulk of the fluid, i.e., the elongated high-gradient interlayers, decreases. The interaction between all components of the currents is nonlinear, despite the fact that their characteristic scales are different.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Influence of the discharge of rivers on the formation of level of a closed sea

Within the framework of a two-layer model, we consider the process of, formation of livel in a closed basin under the action of a source with constant flow rate located on its boundary in the upper layer. The response of the level of the basin to the inflow of liquid is observed in the form of the baroclinic and barotropic modes. The baroclinic mode, has the form of an edge wave for which the deviation of level is positive for the upper layer and negative for the lower layer. The barotropic component of the level is almost spatially homogeneous and its intensity increases with time. The increase in the volume of the upper layer caused by the inflow of liquid on the boundary is almost completely attained in the barotropic mode. In the lower layer, the increase in the volume attained in the barotropic mode is completely compensated by the baroclinic edge wave. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Estimates of fishery potentials of the EEZ of India

An attempt has been made to estimate the fishery potentials of the EEZ of India on the basis of data on primary and secondary production. The total column primary production and zooplankton production have been calculated to be 265·9 and 9 million tonnes of carbon per year, respectively. From these values the fishery potential has been estimated as 2·5 million tonnes per year. To this, if we add the estimated demersal fish catch, being 1·2 million tonnes per year, the total potential yield comes to 3·7 million tonnes per year. Since the present average total catch is about 1·6 million tonnes in a year, the fish catch could be doubled.     

Phosphorites of the Sea of Japan

The lithology and geochemistry of the Miocene concretional phosphorites recovered from four submarine rises in the Sea of Japan (the North and South Yamato, the East Korean, and the Krishtofovich) were examined by means of analytical electron microscopy and ICP-MS chemical and microchemical elemental analysis. The microstructural studies and the data on the distributions of the 57 major and trace elements in these phosphorites revealed their close similarities to the Late Quaternary nodular phosphorites from the Namibian shelf, as well as phosphorites from other parts of the world, thus suggesting a common genetic affinity. Unlike the Namibian phosphorites, our samples collected from the Sea of Japan display a number of geochemical signatures indicative of volcanic and hydrothermal activity. This is supported by the presence of positive Ce and Eu anomalies in some samples and the Ga enrichment in a sample from the Chentsov Volcano.     

A study of indication of trace metal pollution of marine areas by analysis of salt marsh soils

Salt marsh soils from the mean water level and from different levels above the mean water level at two Danish coastal lagoons, which differ in water pollution due to differences in the character of the surrounding land use, were analysed for EDTA extractable Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni and for organic matter and cation exchange capacity. From the results a positive correlation was apparent between the trace metal loading of the soils, expressed by the trace metal concentration in relation to the content of soil organic matter, and the mean trace metal concentration of the lagoon water, submerging the salt marsh at high water. This opens up the possibility of using analyses of salt marsh soils in the indication of trace metal pollution of protected coastal waters.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

我国生物海岸修复现状及展望

介绍了我国生物海岸的分布现状,总结出以柽柳为代表的灌木群落、以芦苇为代表的草本群落、以红树林为代表的常绿灌木与乔木群落以及珊瑚礁是我国海岸带四类典型生物群落。生物海岸的生态、旅游、渔牧和科研价值极高,但从20世纪50年代起,由于对生物海岸的价值认识不足,我国生物海岸被大量破坏,主要破坏原因可归纳为:1)土地功能转换式开发引起的红树林和草本岸线破坏;2)过度采挖及环境恶化引起的珊瑚礁破坏;3)土壤盐碱化引起的柽柳群落退化。从20世纪80年代至今,一系列海岸带保护与生态修复的举措陆续实施,减缓了我国海岸带生态加速破坏的态势,较好地保护和修复了我国生物海岸,其中最重要的举措包括:1)设立生物海岸湿地公园和自然保护区;2)建立健全生物海岸保护相关法律体系;3)开展典型生物海岸相关研究与修复技术探索;4)推进并实施"十三五"海洋规划中三大海洋重点工程。为了解我国海岸带生态修复的现状,于2017-2018年期间,分别在山东日照、潍坊,上海,广东汕头、汕尾以及徐闻进行了实地调研和测量,调研结果表明:在政策支持下,调研地区的生物海岸得到了很好的保护和修复,推进我国海岸带生态修复步入快速发展阶段。基于调研成果,指出我国在海岸带生态修复中应特别重视的一些问题。     

用直接法分析超大型浮体的水弹性响应

探讨了浮舟桥型超大型浮体结构的水弹性响应分析问题。将超大型浮体结构简化成弹性平板模型,用压力分布法计算流体压力,用直接法计算流体-结构系统,给出了它们的数学计算模型。计算表明本计算方法和程序是正确的,并能保证充分的精度,进而计算了更大尺度的超大型浮体,分析了波长、波向等对响应振幅的影响。     

Distinctive features of circulation of waters in the region of the Zmeiny Island under the action of winds of various directions

We use mathematical simulation to study the response of the sea in the region of the Zmeiny Island to the action of winds of various directions. We describe the processes of reconstruction of circulation and thermohaline structure of waters and, in particular, the location and dimensions of the zones of upwelling and downwelling caused by water surges depending on the direction of the wind. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Study of effects of environmental factors on biochemical compositions of four species of marine single-celled algae

INTRODUCTIONThecontentsandtheirvariationofcellularbiochemicalcomponentsinnormallygrowingmarinealgaereflectthedifferenceinecologicalenvironments,reportedbymanyresearchers(MomsandSkea,1978;SmithandMoms,1980;LiandHarrison,1982;SmithandGeider,1985;Yangetal.,1991,1992).Lightintensity,temperatureandnutrientsaremostimPOrtantenvironmentalfactorsintheocean.ThispaperemphasizestheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthecompositionofPhaendactylumtricornutum,Dunaliellaspp.,SkeletonemacostatumandIsOChr…     

台风过程影响下的滨海湿地物理变量观测及湿地系统响应

如何研究台风等极端天气事件影响下的湿地系统响应过程,进而提出有效的生态完整性维护和管理方案,对关键区域的湿地管理及生态安全维护具有重要意义。本文于2021年9月“灿都”台风期间在南汇东滩南岸设置水动力观测点,采集表层沉积物、测量滩面高程并用无人机获得植被影像,运用ArcGIS空间分析,探讨了台风过程影响下的南汇东滩水动力、滩面沉积变化与植被分布面积响应。结果表明:台风中,观测点近底层平均流速为0.23 m/s,植被边缘平均有效波高和波能是台风前后的1.54倍和2.14倍,近底层1 m的滩面出现“高悬沙浓度层”（>10 g/L）且存在时长为8.13 h。台风后高程低于4 m的稀疏海三棱藨草和互花米草滩面侵蚀0～4.8 cm,高程高于4 m的茂盛互花米草和芦苇滩面淤积0～14.7 cm;研究区植被分布面积共减少1 827.67 m2,减少量占台风前植被总量的1.63%,其中侵蚀滩面植被分布面积减少31.9%,淤积滩面减少68.1%。对台风过程影响后的湿地管理,可以总结为:（1）湿地在台风过程后滩面基本表现为明显的侵蚀、淤积区域共存的特征;（2）对高程低于4 m的侵蚀滩面,建议确定植被适宜生长的高程,结合台风过程冲淤变化通过“微生物膜”和植被斑块移植的方法消浪、固滩和促淤,加速湿地在台风过程影响后的修复。     

Numerical Study of the Generation and Propagation of Trigger Meanders of the Kuroshio South of Japan

We examine the processes underlying the generation and propagation of the small meander of the Kuroshio south of Japan which occurs prior to the transition from the non-large meander path to the large meander path. The study proceeds numerically by using a two-layer, flat-bottom, quasi-geostrophic inflow-outflow model which takes account of the coastal geometries of Kyushu, Nansei Islands, part of the East China Sea, and the Izu Ridge. The model successfully reproduces the observed generation and propagation features of what is called "trigger meander" until it passes by Cape Shiono-misaki; presumably because of the absence of the bottom topography, the applicability of the present numerical model becomes questionable after the trigger meander passes by Cape Shiono-misaki. The generation of the trigger meander off the south-eastern coast of Kyushu is shown to be associated with the increase in the supply of cyclonic vorticity by the enhanced current velocity in the upper layer along the southern coast of Kyushu where the no-slip boundary condition is employed. Thereafter, the trigger meander propagates eastward while inducing an anticyclone-cyclone-cyclone pair in the lower layer. The lower-layer cyclone induced in this way, in particular, plays a crucial role in intensifying the trigger meander trough via cross-stream advection in the upper layer; the intensified trigger meander trough then further amplifies the lower-layer cyclone. This joint evolution of the upper-layer meander trough and the lower-layer cyclone indicates that baroclinic instability is the dominant mechanism underlying the rapid amplification of the eastward propagating trigger meander.     

Evaluation of the ecological effects of heavy metals on the assemblages of benthic foraminifera of the canals of Aveiro (Portugal)

Aveiro is a town with 80,000 inhabitants situated in the central west coast of Portugal. It is located at the centre of the Ria de Aveiro, a coastal lagoon that functions as a multi-estuarine area. This town is crossed by several canals which are connected with lagoon channels through canal locks. The operation of the canal locks influences the hydro dynamism in Aveiro's canal and this and other human activities have left a sedimentary record. The study of these records was based on the sediments grain size and composition, mineralogy (by XRD techniques), geochemical (by ICP-MS), total organic carbon (TOC), and microfaunal (benthic foraminifera) content in 15 grab-samples collected in 2006 in Aveiro's canal. The total elemental concentrations evaluated by total digestion of the sediment fraction <2000 μm revealed the presence of “hot spots” of pollution caused by heavy metal contaminants in some Aveiro canals, related to legacies of past industrial activities. These “hot spots” have, for instance, higher available concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn and Zn (evaluated by sequential chemical extractions) and are located in Paraíso, Alboi, Botirões and Cojo Canals, at sites where the sediments are finer and richer in TOC. Abiotic and biotic variables submitted to principal component analysis and cluster analysis highlights the hydrodynamics and human effects on the system and the negative influence of pollutants on the benthic organisms (foraminifera).     

Analysis of time series of global mean values of thermodynamic and circulation parameters of the atmosphere and concentrations of ozone and water vapor

Models for global mean values of temperature; air, ozone, and water-vapor concentrations; and zonal and meridional winds at heights of 0–45 km are developed and constructed from data of the European ERA-40 and Era Interim databases over the period 1958–2007. An analysis of the time series consists of the decomposition of parameter values into harmonic, trend, and pulsation components. A comparative analysis of these models is performed, and a relationship between the global mean ozone concentration and solar activity is detected. A hypothesis about the physical mechanism for the relationship between the total ozone concentration (TOC) and solar activity is proposed.     

潜江凹陷马王庙地区古近系新沟嘴组下段物源分析

根据重矿物百分含量分区、岩石碎屑组分特征、地层倾角测井特征等对潜江凹陷马王庙地区古近系新沟嘴组下段物源情况进行了分析。研究表明马王庙地区受到北东向的汉川和北西向的汉水两个方向物源影响。在此分析基础上,结合砂岩百分含量分布特征和沉积环境详细阐述了古近系新沟嘴组下段各个油组沉积时期不同物源的影响程度,认为马王庙地区新沟嘴组下段主要受东北部汉川方向物源的影响,西北部物源的影响次之,两物源影响交汇于马10井—马39井区附近。Ⅲ油组沉积时期研究区受到西北物源的影响较小;Ⅱ油组时期东北物源影响较前期增大,受西北部物源影响变化不大;Ⅰ油组时期仍以东北部物源影响为主,但其影响变小,而西北物源影响范围变大。