条形基础加筋砂土地基极限承载力计算

基于传统的极限平衡条分法,利用临界滑动场法计算了条形基础的加筋地基极限承载力。假定土体处于极限平衡状态时,土体与筋材间存在均匀的摩擦力,通过建立土体条块极限平衡方程,推导了地基承载力的递推关系式。首先,设定计算土体范围,并划分条块和离散状态点;其次,根据递推公式计算各个状态点的参数,并搜索临界滑面;最后,根据搜索出的滑面计算地基承载力。通过实例比较进一步验证了计算结果的可靠性,并分析了首层筋带埋深、铺设层数和长度对地基承载力和滑面位置的影响。研究结果表明：地基承载力随着筋带埋深的增加先增大后减小;随着层数和长度的增加先逐渐增大,最后趋于稳定;滑面位置的变化规律主要是垂直影响深度和水平影响范围增大或减小。该方法原理简单、易于编程,为条形基础加筋地基承载力的计算提供了一种新思路,是临界滑动场法在地基承载力计算中的推广应用。     

条形荷载下不排水土坡破坏模式判定及极限承载力估算

为了确定边坡放置地基的极限承载力,采用弹-理想塑性有限元,分析了不排水土坡(u=0)的坡肩上放置条形基础的地基极限承载力。结果表明,不排水土坡地基极限承载力仍可沿用Terzaghi水平地基极限承载力计算公式qu=cuNc。不考虑重度条件下,土坡地基的破坏模式类似于水平地基破坏模式,承载力系数Nc与极限分析法计算的结果一致;考虑重度条件下,可用土坡实际状态的Taylor数与其极限状态的Taylor数的差值N作为判别指标,当该值较小时将发生边坡破坏模式,较大时发生地基破坏模式,找出了两种破坏模式的N分界点,确定了Nc与N的关系,建立起坡肩作用条形荷载下不排水土坡极限承载力计算公式。     

基于极限分析的圆形浅基础地基承载力上限解

地基承载力问题是岩土工程领域最重要的研究课题之一。针对圆形浅基础地基,从空间问题着手,根据极限分析上限分析理论,选择合适的地基破坏模式及机动位移速度场,首次考虑了单元土体所受的侧向土压力对地基极限承载力的影响,同时考虑到土体自重及地面超载等因素的作用,推导出理论上更为合理的三维圆形浅基础地基极限承载力上限解。结合工程实例,用相应Matlab计算程序计算出上限解,并与实测值进行了对比,证明了其方法的合理性与实用性。     

顶部加箍碎石桩极限承载力上限分析

针对软土区顶部加箍碎石桩复合地基,根据理论上较为严密的极限分析上限法,通过构建协调的速度场,综合考虑土重和加箍段桩侧摩阻力等因素的影响,基于能量平衡原理推导出了单桩极限承载力递推计算公式。在此基础上,利用随机优化搜索方法搜索出临界滑裂面,从而获得更为合理、严密的顶部加箍碎石桩极限承载力计算方法。最后,结合典型的工程实例进行了对比验证和参数分析,结果表明：计算结果与实测值、既有方法计算值相比相对误差在5.4%范围内,最优顶部加箍深度约为桩体半径的8倍,可为工程实践提供一定的参考。     

各向异性损伤对地基承载力影响分析

应用耦合损伤的滑移线法,求解平面应变条件下的极限荷载问题,推导出考虑各向异性损伤的平面应变问题应力场的滑移线解,针对平顶钝角楔体极限荷载的滑移线场进行了详细推导,绘出滑移线场图,推导出极限荷载的公式,分析了各向异性损伤对浅基础极限荷载的影响,即损伤对地基承载力系数Nq影响很大;损伤越大,地基承载力系数Nq值越小,且随着D1,D2的增加,Nq越接近最小值。     

柔性支护黏性土基坑非极限被动土压力研究

经典的Rankine和Coulomb土压力计算理论均建立在土体达到极限平衡状态的基础上,并不适用于位移需要严格控制的基坑工程。以柔性支护的黏性土基坑边坡为研究对象,考虑边坡土拱效应、非极限状态下柔性支护结构与土体间内摩擦角以及黏聚力发挥值、土体内摩擦角以及黏聚力发挥值的影响,从黏性土应力莫尔圆出发,采用微层分析法建立静力平衡,搜索边坡土体潜在滑动面,推导柔性支护黏性土基坑的非极限被动土压力计算式。通过实例计算对比分析了本文计算理论与经典Rankine计算理论,推导公式计算得到的被动土压力小于Rankine计算值19%,合力作用位置低于Rankine计算值,作用位置距桩底距离较Rankine计算值小1.5%,计算得到的潜在滑动面为一水平倾角随深度逐渐减小的曲面,潜在滑动面范围小于Rankine极限状态滑动面。     

降雨过程中边坡临界滑动场

降雨入渗过程中孔隙水压力的升高与基质吸力的降低引起边坡稳定性的下降,是导致边坡滑塌的主要诱导因素。利用饱和-非饱和渗流有限元计算得到的孔隙水压力场,基于Fredlund提出的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出可以考虑降雨过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,能够方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数和相对应的临界滑动面在降雨过程中的变化历程。将该法用于一个典型均质边坡和一个非均质边坡在降雨过程中的稳定性计算,分析降雨持续时间、降雨强度和非饱和强度参数取值等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,并将计算结果与其他方法进行比较,结果表明临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状最危险滑面,计算的安全系数合理。     

水位变化过程中边坡临界滑动场

库水位升降过程中,会引起边坡体内孔隙水压力分布的变化,对边坡的稳定性产生影响。对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出了可以考虑水位变化过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数在水位变化过程中的变化历程。通过对一个典型边坡在水位上升和下降过程中的稳定性分析,并和其他方法进行比较分析,结果表明,临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状的最危险滑面,计算的安全系数是合理的。     

统一强度理论在地基承载力确定中的应用研究

基于统一强度理论,考虑中间主应力对地基承载力的影响,给出了静止侧压力系数 条件下的地基临塑与临界荷载公式。结合实例,对基于统一强度理论和Mohr-Coulomb准则的地基承载力计算结果进行了对比分析。新的理论公式更为确切地反映了地基承载力的实质,有利于地基土体强度的充分发挥。基于河北境内177组不同土质地基的土性指标及载荷试验资料的统计分析,对中间主应力系数b的取值进行了深入细致的探讨,研究表明,对于粉土及黏性土地基,b的取值范围在0～0.5之间变化,理论计算所得地基承载力特征值与载荷试验实测值间的相对误差一般不超过5%     

条形基础极限承载力数值分析

根据塑性力学滑移线理论,推导了条形地基在极限平衡状态下的平衡微分方程,然后利用有限差分法推出地基土在极限状态时的有限差分公式,结合边界条件编制出地基承载力计算程序,该程序求解条形地基极限状态下的滑移线区域及相应的地基极限承载力值时可以考虑基础埋深、地基土重度、土的内摩擦角、基础与地基摩擦等参数。利用程序,得到了土的内摩擦角与地基承载力系数N? 的对应表,并全面讨论了基础埋深、地基土重度、内摩擦角及基础与地基摩擦角等参数对地基承载力和滑移线形状的影响,得到了一些有意义的结论。     

Bearing Capacity Factors of Ring Footings by Using the Method of Characteristics

Ring footings can be more effective and economical than circular footings. In spite of similarities between circular and ring footings, their behaviors are different in some respects such as bearing pressure distribution under the footing and settlement. But no exclusive theoretical prediction of ultimate bearing capacity has been reported for ring footings. In the present study, stress characteristics method is employed for coding the bearing capacity of ring footing with horizontal ground surface. In the calculations, friction at the contact between the soil and foundation is considered. In this research, the soil obeys the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion and that is cohesive–frictional-weighted with applied surcharge pressure. The bearing capacity factors Nγ, Nq and Nc for ring footings were calculated by a written code based on the method of characteristics. Bearing capacity was determined for different conditions of soil and different ratio of radii in comparison with the principle of superposition results. The findings show that the principle of superposition is effective for determining the bearing capacity of a ring footing.     

临近边坡的条形基础地基极限承载力数值分析

建筑物或构筑物基础临近边坡置放的情况在实际工程中十分普遍,但目前对于临近边坡基础的地基承载力及破坏模式尚缺乏深入研究。采用不连续布局优化（DLO）极限分析法建立数值模型,分析边坡几何尺寸、土体参数和基础位置对临坡条形基础的极限承载力和边坡破坏模式的影响,并对国内外现行规范推荐的计算方法进行评价。结果表明：极限承载力随边坡高度和边坡倾斜角的增大而减小,当坡高超过临界高度后,极限承载力将不受其影响;极限承载力随土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的增大而提高,滑动面随黏聚力的增大而变浅,随内摩擦角的增大而变深;极限承载力随基础与坡肩相对距离的增大而提高,当基础置放位置超过某临界距离后极限承载力不受边坡影响。在土体强度高、坡角较大时,《建筑地基基础设计规范》规定的临坡基础最小置放距离偏于危险,设计时仍需考虑边坡对承载力的减损作用;在土体强度较低、坡角较小时,规范规定值偏于保守。美国AASHTO规范对边坡地基极限承载力的取值在砂土边坡时较为可靠,但其仅适用于坡面破坏模式的情况;饱和黏土边坡的承载力曲线有悖于理论解,对临界距离的规定同样存在低估。     

Bearing Capacity of Two-Layered Artificial Ground with Firm Crust and Weak Subgrade Under Circular Pressure

Classical bearing capacity expressions can not afford variant engineering requests, since they were deducted under hypotheses of strip footing on homogeneous soil. An often met case was taken into account that circular footing on two-layered ground, which has firm crust and weak subgrade. Weighted method and layered method were used in capacity deduction, respectively. The former counts layered soils as single layer of weighted structure and material parameters. But it is restricted to conditions with close strength to each layer. The latter is preferred in engineering calculation, which regards the whole bearing capacity as subgrade’s capacity under the influence of the upper layer. Thus the issue is transformed to K. Terzaghi model plus stress reduction and dispersion effects. At last, the expressions gained from both methods and finite element analysis (FEA) were used in an example calculation, respectively. It approves layered calculating method and suggests the corresponding security coefficient based on elastoplastic FEA results.     

PSO-based stability analysis of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes using non-circular slip surface

Slope stability analysis is one of the most intricate problems of geotechnical engineering because it is mathematically difficult to search the critical slip surface of earth slopes with complex strata owing to the involved multimodal function optimization problem. At present, a minimum factor of safety for a non-circular slip surface in a uniform and unreinforced earth slope can be calculated using several methods; however, for a reinforced soil slope, it cannot be easily calculated because of the additional effect of the reinforcement. One efficient method to search the critical slip surface is particle swarm optimization (PSO). PSO can solve complex non-differentiable problems, and its increasing ease of use has facilitated its application to multimodal function optimization problems in a variety of fields. However, the recommended PSO parameters to calculate the safety factors of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes, namely the inertia and local and global best solution weighting coefficients, have not been sufficiently investigated. Moreover, the computational efficiency of PSO for safety factor calculation, including computational accuracy and time, has not been clarified. To calculate the unreinforced and reinforced soil slope safety factors, this study considers force and moment equilibriums, including the tensile force of the reinforcement. Firstly, the computational efficiency of the calculation process by PSO was shown to increase the maximum number of slip surface nodes in the calculation of the safety factor. Then, an analysis was carried out to investigate the safety factor sensitivity to the PSO parameters. Based on this analysis, appropriate PSO parameters for the safety factor calculation of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes were proposed.

     

An improved search strategy for the critical slip surface using finite element stress fields

The finite element method can be used to advantage in slope stability problems. This paper proposes a technique to search for the critical slip surface as well as to define and calculate the factor of safety for the slope, when the finite element method is used to model its formation. First, stresses are estimated at each Gaussian point from the finite element analysis. Then, the global stress smoothing method is applied to get a continuous stress field. Based on this stress field, the factor of safety is calculated for a specified slip surface by a stress integration scheme. An improved search strategy is proposed for a noncircular critical surface which starts with a search method for a circular critical surface. During the search process, points defining a trial slip surface can freely move in the finite element mesh subject to some kinematical constraints. This method can be applied to both the limit equilibrium method and the finite element method. Effects of the slope stress history and soil parameters on the resulting critical surface are investigated.     

非均质地基承载力及破坏模式的FLAC数值分析

利用基于Lagrangian显式差分的FLAC算法，通过数值计算，对黏结力随深度线性增长的非均质地基上条形基础和圆形基础的极限承载力及地基破坏模式进行了对比计算与系统分析。研究表明：（1）随着地基黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大，地基的破坏范围逐渐集中在地基表层和基础两侧：（2）即使地基的非均质程度较小，当将非均质地基近似地按均质地基考虑时，由此所估算的承载力可能过于保守；（3）地基承载力系数随黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大而非线性地增大。与数值解相比，skempton与Peck等近似公式均可能高估了非均质地基承载力。     

关于偏心荷载下地基承载力的验算方法

针对偏心荷载作用下的地基承载力验算,以条形基础为例,介绍了Meyerhof提出的考虑荷载偏心的地基承载力计算方法,并通过与有限元上下限极限分析这一极限荷载精细数值计算方法的比较验证了其正确性和准确性。所考虑的地基既包括排水条件下的一般地基,也包括不排水强度随深度近似线性增大的饱和黏性土地基。依据有关机理深入分析了基础埋深对偏心荷载下地基承载力计算精度的影响,明确了可以考虑基础埋深有利作用的偏心距上限。进而采用本课题组所提出计算地基承载力的改进公式,通过计算并结合理论分析比较了国内规范验算方法与按Meyerhof方法的验算,表明采用后一方法更为合理。     

土钉加固黏性土坡加载的离心模型试验研究

进行了不同坡度土钉加固边坡坡顶加载的离心模型试验,观测了土坡的破坏过程并测量土坡的位移场,研究了土钉加固黏性土坡的承载力、变形和破坏规律以及坡角对其破坏规律的影响。试验结果表明,坡顶荷载的增加引起土坡变形的增加,变形的集中产生和发展导致滑裂面的形成并使土坡发生破坏。土钉变形规律受加载阶段和加载底板的综合影响,坡顶荷载越大,接近坡顶的土钉弯曲挠度越大,钉土间的相互作用越强。土坡的坡角越大,承载力越低,土体呈现出更显著的向坡面位移的趋势。     

地基承载力经验公式的变异性分析

应用随机场理论,研究了地基承载力表、CPT等地基承载力经验公式的变异性分析方法,提出经验公式确定地基承载力的变异性是由经验公式本身的不确定性和土性参数的不确定性组成,提出了考虑土性参数自相关性的地基承载力经验公式的变异性分析方法,通过对编制CPT确定地基承载力经验公式资料的计算分析,得出CPT确定地基承载力的变异系数在0.1~0.135之间。