龙门山断裂带中段深地震宽角反射/折射剖面研究

射线追踪方法是研究地震波在横向非均匀地壳介质中传播的重要方法.本文推导了理论走时对网格化节点速度的偏导数公式,提出了针对深地震宽角反射/折射剖面数据反演的联合迭代法,并使用该方法对横跨龙门山断裂带中段的一条深地震宽角反射/折射剖面进行了反演和解释.首先,对每一炮的观测数据进行一维反演,在此基础上插值出一个粗略的二维速度模型;然后,使用射线追踪方法计算理论走时,再根据理论走时与观测走时的拟合程度对二维模型进行调整,以获得更加接近实际的二维速度模型;最后,利用联合迭代法对观测走时进行反演,经反复迭代使所有接收点理论走时与实测走时的残差平方和最小,最终获取该剖面的二维地壳速度结构.反演结果表明:测线东段的沉积盖层明显厚于中段褶皱带和西部高原,中部褶皱带部分地区出现基岩裸露;构造转换带两侧的地层分界面近于水平层状分布,其西侧的中、下地壳内各存在一个层间速度间断面;构造转换带内存在薄厚不等的低速层,自西向东有增厚趋势.此外,龙门山断裂带的3条主断裂向下深切结晶基底,这是由于西部松潘—甘孜地块自西向东运动,受到刚性扬子地块的阻挡,沿铲式断裂向上爬升所致;而在断层上盘距地表约15 km深处出现的最大剪应力极值区,正是发生汶川M_S8.0地震的震源位置.      

用地震走时反演长白山天池火山地区的二维地壳结构

应用一种同时获得地壳上地幔二维速度结构和界面形态的地震走时反演算法，对在长白山天池火山区L1剖面获得的人工地震折射和宽角反射走时数据进行反演，得到了该剖面的地壳上地幔二维速度结构和构造．结果表明:长白山天池火山口下方中下地壳存在一倒三角状的低速体，壳内反射界面和莫霍面一致呈下凹形态，幅度2～6km不等，形成一个地壳根，推测是长白山天池火山系统．最后将所得结果与SEIS83正演试错模拟结果进行了比较．      

联合利用走时与波形反演技术研究地壳三维速度结构(Ⅱ)——应用

使用阻尼最小二乘法进行震源参数和地壳三维速度结构的走时联合反演．所用资料为Ｓ波和Ｐ波到时差,并用人工地震资料的二维解释结果作为三维速度模型的特定约束条件．为建立初始模型,又利用天然地震构成了准二维剖面．在走时反演基础上,利用遗传算法进行了几个地震事件的波形反演尝试,并对走时反演获得的地壳速度结构模型的局部进行了修正．以３４°～４２°Ｎ,９４°～１１２°Ｅ作为研究区域,在该区域中收集了１９８６年以来大量地震的Ｓ波和Ｐ波到时差资料,７条人工地震二维速度剖面资料和２个数字化地震台的几个地震的三分向记录资料．对这些资料进行了处理,最后得出了０～２５ｋｍ深度不同截面的速度分布,并对所得结果进行了分析．     

利用走时反演二维多孔介质渗透率

综合利用直接方法和优化方法研究二维多孔介质渗透率反演问题. 问题的提法与前人不同,是由区域内各点流体渗透的走时来反演渗透率. 该反问题的求解可分成两步进行,归结为两个相应的子问题进行研究. 首先由流体走时反演二维多孔介质速度场的数值算法,然后由二维多孔介质速度场反演二维多孔介质渗透率的数值算法,最后给出数值例子. 数值结果表明了所用数值方法的正确性和有效性.     

二维反射地震成象—界面与速度的联合反演

介绍了利用反射走时联合反演地震界面起伏形态和速度横向分布的方法。正问题采用了一种简单而有效的二维介质中两点射线追踪方法，反问题在广义最小二乘意义下求解，描述界面和速度的两类参数不必要先进行分离，数值模拟的结果表明方法是有效的。处理了通过唐山震区的各庄－丰南－丰宁深地震测深剖面，得到了意义的结果。     

二维无限频率初至走时反演井间地震实际资料

使用Zelt和Barton的方法,通过一个计算效率高的有限差分求解eikonal方程,正演计算走时和射线路径.使用最小二乘QR分解法,求解稀疏线性系统方程组.使用正则化层析反演,结合用户给定的最小的、最平坦和最平滑的扰动限制,每一个加权因子随深度变化.结合数据残差和模型粗糙度的最小化,为数据残差提供一个最平滑的近似模型.该反演方法为非线性反演,需要一个初始模型,在每一次迭代时,需要计算新的射线路径.使用二维初至走时数据,对某油田二维井间地震实际资料进行无限频率初至走时层析反演.将反演所得到的速度与井的测井速度曲线相比较,二者吻合程度较高,表明该反演方法所得速度的分辨率比较高.证实了二维无限频率初至走时层析反演可以为全波形反演提供一个分辨率较高的长波长速度模型,从而为全波形反演井间地震实际资料提供了一个比较可靠的初始速度模型.     

二维地震折射层析成象

本文提出了由地震折射波初至走时确定二维速度结构的一种迭代层析成象反演方法。该方法适宜源检距密于常规剖面的折射剖面,反演方法基于线性化问题的迭代解,可用来确定连续变化的速度和亚水平(Subhorizontal)介面的几何形状。每次迭代中,都用试射法,进行两点射线追踪以构成线性方程组。速度场用速度梯度为常数的三角单元的速度来确定,射线路径可解析计算。根据正问题的各别的线性化公式,考虑了两种不同的反演方法。用线性化走时-速度雅可比行列武反演比用类似于普通级数展开法的慢度公式得到的结果要好。有关分辨率的实例表明,由于射线几何特性、分辨率随深度而下降,引起了水平模糊以及源-     

台湾海峡6.2级地震震区气枪地震资料初步分析

对2019年在台湾海峡6.2级地震震区布设的N01、NE02测线地震测深剖面的Pg波走时进行层析成像反演,获得测线下方地壳上部二维速度结构。对N01测线单道反射地震测深剖面进行多次波衰减等处理,并与Pg波成像结果进行对比。研究结果表明,采用走时层析成像方法与单道反射地震测深剖面获得沿探测剖面沉积层上地壳基底形态特征等具有较好的对应关系。由于测线穿越多个地质构造单元和多条断裂带,走时层析成像和单道反射地震测深剖面结果综合显示研究区结晶基底面起伏较大,沉积层速度和厚度变化较剧烈,受台湾海峡西部新生代构造活动影响,显示了相应的断裂或不同地质构造单元在上部地壳内的结构特征。     

1966年邢台地震区地震测深资料再解释

1968至1970年国家地震局与石油工业部合作在河北省元氏到山东省济南长270km地段上,进行了人工地震剖面探测(简称元—济剖面)。1974年中国科学院地球所滕吉文教授等人对该资料进行了分析解释。本文在此基础上,重新对比追踪了邢台震中区反射波的震相,并根据石油工业部SJ79—366的剖面结果进行了沉积层校正,在所得出的一维模型的基础上,用二维反演程序进行了射线追踪和走时拟合,进一步得到该区二维速度结构,并对该区强震发生的深部条件进行了讨论。     

有限差分二,三维速度层析成象

介绍了利用有限差分方法进行地震走时资料速度反的基本原理与方法,并对理论模型进行了正和反演。然后对唐山滦县的Ｐｇ波三维资料和菏泽－林县－－长治的二维Ｐｇ资料分别进行了三维和二维反演,反演结果与浅层地质资料较好吻合。由于反演是采用不用矩阵运算的反投影方法,可以实现稠密采样,这为我们提供了一种较好的得到高精度浅层速度的办法,为深部结果的反演提供了可靠的浅层速度资料。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.