A Finite-Mode Model of Ideal Fluid Dynamics on the 2-Sphere

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The Solitary Wave of Barotropic Atmosphere on a Sphere

In this paper, we have investigated large scale disturbance in barotropic atmosphere on a sphere. It demonstrates that: considering nonlinear effects of interaction between waves in barotropic vorticity equation, the wave packet of the disturbance is governed by the famous equation-nonlinear Schrodinger equation. For the solitary wave, two factors are very important: one is spherical effect of the disturbance and the other is meridional shear of blocking high. In comparison with the results of local Cartesian coordinates, the former factor is the individuality of spherical soliton.     

Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of the Effects of a Cold Water Surface on the Evolution and Propagation of Thunderstorms

The influences of large areas of semi-unbounded cold water surface on the evolution, propagation and precipitation production of thunderstorms are simulated by using a fully elastic three-dimensional numerical hailstorm model. Real sounding profiles for temperature, humidity and wind are employed. The model has successfully simulated the significant modification of the propagation path of thunderstorms near the cold water area. The path change can be either ‘along-bank’ or ‘toward-bank’, depending on the position of the storm system relative to convergence zone of the water-land circulation. The simulations also show that thunderstorms developing or propagating within the convergence zone of local circulation will be intensified and produce much heavier hail, whereas those over cold water surface or the air that has been cooled by the water will be strongly inhibited.The influence of the cold water surface on thunderstorm characters is largely dependent upon the direction and intensity of the low-level wind.     

Some Splitting Methods for Equations of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics

In this paper, equations of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics are reduced to a kind of evolutionary equation in operator form, based on which a conclusion that the separability of motion stages is relative is made and an issue that the tractional splitting methods established on the physical separability of the fast stage and the slow stage neglect the interaction between the two stages to some extent is shown. Also, three splitting patterns are summed up from the splitting methods in common use so that a comparison between them is carried out. The comparison shows that only the improved splitting pattern (ISP) can be in second order and keep the interaction well. Finally, the applications of some splitting methods on numerical simulations of typhoon tracks made clear that ISP owns the best effect and can save more than 80% CPU time.     

An Impact Study of the Vertical Coordinate on a Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale High-Resolution Model

With the high-speed development of high-powered computer techniques, it is possible that a high-resolution and multi-scale unified numerical model is applied to the operational weather prediction. Some techniques about mesoscale non-hydrostatic numerical weather prediction are addressed, and the impact of the vertical coordinate system is one of them. Based on WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model, the influence of vertical coordinates on the non-hydrostatic mesoscale high-resolution model is compared. The results show that the error of various coordinates in lower levels is almost same when we use the geometry height (z) and the pressure (p) to set up a terrain-following coordinate; but the error of the height terrain-following coordinate in higher levels is smaller than that of the pressure terrain-following coordinate. The higher the resolution is, the bigger the error will be. The results of the high-resolution simulation exhibited that the trend of the difference in the two coordinates existed. In addition, the correlative coefficient and standard error are also analysed by the comparison between the forecast fields and the corresponding analysis fields.     

Evaluation of Haney-Type Surface ThermalBoundary Conditions Using a CoupledAtmosphere and Ocean Model

A coupled atmosphere-ocean model developed at the Institute for Space Studies at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Russell et al., 1995) was used to verify the validity of Haney-type surface thermal boundary condition, which linearly connects net downward surface heat flux Q to air / sea temperature difference △T by a relaxation coefficient k. The model was initiated from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) atmospheric observations for 1 December 1977, and from the National Ocean Data Center (NODC) global climatological mean December temperature and salinity fields at 1° ×1° resolution. The time step is 7.5 minutes. We integrated the model for 450 days and obtained a complete model-generated global data set of daily mean downward net surface flux Q, surface air temperature TA,and sea surface temperature To. Then, we calculated the cross-correlation coefficients (CCC) between Q and △T. The ensemble mean CCC fields show (a) no correlation between Q and △T in the equatorial regions, and (b) evident correlation (CCC≥ 0.7) between Q and △T in the middle and high latitudes.Additionally, we did the variance analysis and found that when k= 120 W m-2K-1, the two standard deviations, σQ and σk△T, are quite close in the middle and high latitudes. These results agree quite well with a previous research (Chu et al., 1998) on analyzing the NCEP re-analyzed surface data, except that a smaller value of k (80 W m-2K-1) was found in the previous study.     

Parallel Computing of a Climate Model on the Dawn 1000 by Domain Decomposition Method

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Simulation of the Influence of Ion-Produced NO_X and HO_X Radicals on the Antarctic Ozone Depletion with a One-Dimensional Model

A one -dimensional time-dependent photochemical model is used to simulate the influence of ion-produced NOx and HOx radicals on the Antarctic ozone depletion in polar night and polar spring at a latitude of 73 degrees south.Vertical transport and nitrogen-oxygen (NOx). hydrogen-oxygen (HOx) production by ionic reactions have been introduced into the model.NOx and HOx produced by precipitating ions are transported into the lower stratosphere by vertical motion and have some effects in the development of the Antarctic ozone depletion.From winter through spring the calculated ozone column decreases to 269.4 DU. However, this value is significantly higher than the total ozone observed at several Antarctic ozone stations.     

Optimal Parameter and Uncertainty Estimation of a Land Surface Model： Sensitivity to Parameter Ranges and Model Complexities

Most previous land-surface model calibration studies have defined global ranges for their parameters to search for optimal parameter sets. Little work has been conducted to study the impacts of realistic versus global ranges as well as model complexities on the calibration and uncertainty estimates. The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate these impacts by employing Bayesian Stochastic Inversion (BSI) to the Chameleon Surface Model (CHASM). The CHASM was designed to explore the general aspects of land-surface energy balance representation within a common modeling framework that can be run from a simple energy balance formulation to a complex mosaic type structure. The BSI is an uncertainty estimation technique based on Bayes theorem, importance sampling, and very fast simulated annealing.The model forcing data and surface flux data were collected at seven sites representing a wide range of climate and vegetation conditions. For each site, four experiments were performed with simple and complex CHASM formulations as well as realistic and global parameter ranges. Twenty eight experiments were conducted and 50 000 parameter sets were used for each run. The results show that the use of global and realistic ranges gives similar simulations for both modes for most sites, but the global ranges tend to produce some unreasonable optimal parameter values. Comparison of simple and complex modes shows that the simple mode has more parameters with unreasonable optimal values. Use of parameter ranges and model complexities have significant impacts on frequency distribution of parameters, marginal posterior probability density functions, and estimates of uncertainty of simulated sensible and latent heat fluxes.Comparison between model complexity and parameter ranges shows that the former has more significant impacts on parameter and uncertainty estimations.     

A finite–mode model of ideal fluid dynamics on the 2–sphere

We develop the finite-mode model for a two-dimensional Euler system on the sphere based on Hopped’s discovery in group theory. This model strives to keep as many invariants of the original Euler equation as possible. Theoretically, the number of invariants in this model is limited only by computing power. At present, almost all the popular numerical models in weather and climate researches such as numerical weather prediction models and general circulation models (GCMs) use spectral method. However all these spectrally truncated models do not keep all the invariants except for the energy and the enstrophy. By using this model one is able to study the influence from some other lost invariants. The result from this model is expected to be closer to that of the original Euler equations than from ordinary spectrally truncated models. The relevant fundamental equations and important formulas for this model are given explicitly.     

基于EEMD-CES的单站地面气温资料质量控制方法研究

为了去除或减少我国地面气温观测资料中含有的噪声成分,提高观测资料质量,提出了一种新的单站质量控制算法。该算法融合了集合经验模态分解法(Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD)和三次指数平滑法(Cubic Exponential Smooth,CES)。利用EEMD方法将气温观测资料分解为一系列相对平稳的本征模分量,并基于能量密度和相关性准则从中分析筛选出目标分量,以完成资料重构;利用CES方法对重构资料建立单站质量控制模型,形成了一种基于EEMD-CES的地面观测资料质量控制算法。为检验该方法的可行性与适用性,选取2008年全国9个观测站地面逐时气温观测资料进行质量控制,并对比传统的单站质量控制法、经验模态分解法和三次指数平滑法的质量控制效果。试验结果表明,基于EEMD-CES的质量控制方法能有效地标记出数据的可疑值,相比传统方法,具有更高的检错率和更强的适应性。     

深圳单点气温的时间滞后集合预报研究

利用欧洲中心TL799 L91模式在深圳的单点气温预报数据和深圳本地的气温观测数据,对比分析了时间滞后集合预报方法与传统确定性预报的预报能力.结果表明:(1)TL799 L91 模式提供的确定性预报对于深圳单点气温有一定预报能力,它的预报误差总体上有随预报提前量增加而增加的趋势,但最近时次的确定性预报并不一定是最佳的预报;(2)时间滞后集合预报总体上优于确定性预报,而且参与集合的成员数量越多则预报准确率大体上越高.所以,时间滞后集合预报可在一定程度上改进单点气温的预报质量,是充分利用更早起报时刻数值预报价值的一种有效途径.     

谱逼近方法对区域气候模式性能的改进：不同权重函数的影响

为减小区域气候模式环流模拟偏差,对RegCM3中的风场采用谱逼近方法,并以2003年江淮梅雨过程为例,检验了谱逼近方法对模拟效果的改进能力.结果表明,采用谱逼近方法后,模拟技巧得到显著提高,能明显改进模式对梅雨过程的模拟能力,校正了模式模拟的梅雨期环流和梅雨锋偏北导致降水偏北的偏差.针对谱逼近方法中权重函数及其强度系数的敏感性数值试验表明,谱逼近方法的改进效果主要决定于强度系数的选择.采用von Storch等2000年提出的权重函数且强度系数取为0.05时改进效果最显著.但谱逼近方法并不能完全解决区域气候模拟面临的问题,该方法能够保证大气环流更接近强迫场,也能较大程度地改进模式对梅雨期降水位置和强度的模拟,但对于与模式物理过程联系更紧密的低层大气温度及高温高湿中心的南北位置等的模拟,则仍有赖于模式物理过程的进一步改进.     

Attributing analysis on the model bias in surface temperature in the climate system model FGOALS-s2 through a process-based decomposition method

This study uses the coupled atmosphere–surface climate feedback–response analysis method(CFRAM) to analyze the surface temperature biases in the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System model, spectral version 2(FGOALS-s2)in January and July. The process-based decomposition of the surface temperature biases, defined as the difference between the model and ERA-Interim during 1979–2005, enables us to attribute the model surface temperature biases to individual radiative processes including ozone, water vapor, cloud, and surface albedo; and non-radiative processes including surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, and dynamic processes at the surface and in the atmosphere. The results show that significant model surface temperature biases are almost globally present, are generally larger over land than over oceans, and are relatively larger in summer than in winter. Relative to the model biases in non-radiative processes, which tend to dominate the surface temperature biases in most parts of the world, biases in radiative processes are much smaller, except in the sub-polar Antarctic region where the cold biases from the much overestimated surface albedo are compensated for by the warm biases from nonradiative processes. The larger biases in non-radiative processes mainly lie in surface heat fluxes and in surface dynamics,which are twice as large in the Southern Hemisphere as in the Northern Hemisphere and always tend to compensate for each other. In particular, the upward/downward heat fluxes are systematically underestimated/overestimated in most parts of the world, and are mainly compensated for by surface dynamic processes including the increased heat storage in deep oceans across the globe.     

南印度洋热带气旋生成频数气候变率对海温异常模响应的研究

基于1980—2014年的哈德莱中心海冰及海温的月平均SST资料,美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)的best-track资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,利用广义平衡反馈方法(GEFA)研究南印度洋热带气旋(TC)生成频数对海表温度异常的响应特征。研究表明:(1)南印度TC生成频数对北太平洋第一模态(NP1)和热带大西洋第二模态(TA2)有显著响应,分别通过了置信度为99%和96%的Monte-Carlo检验,对应的响应振幅分别为0.67和0.49。(2)局地环境要素对关键SSTA模的GEFA响应结果显示:当NP1出现类似于太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的正位相时,850 h Pa相对涡度在15°S附近的印度洋海域上都有一个自西向东的显著正响应带,垂直风切变在马达加斯加以东的大部分海域都表现为显著的负响应,600 h Pa相对湿度在马达加斯加以东的部分海域表现为显著的正响应;当TA2对应的时间系数为正异常时,850 h Pa相对涡度和600 h Pa相对湿度在澳大利亚的西北部印度洋海域表现为显著的正响应,垂直风切变在澳大利亚的西北部印度洋海域表现为显著的负响应。     

Variation of surface temperature during the last millennium in a simulation with the FGOALS-gl climate system model

A reasonable past millennial climate simulation relies heavily on the specified external forcings, including both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents. In this paper, we examine the surface temperature responses to specified external forcing agents in a millennium-scale transient climate simulation with the fast version of LASG IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model (FGOALS-gl) developed in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP). The model presents a reasonable performance in comparison with reconstructions of surface temperature. Differentiated from significant changes in the 20th century at the global scale, changes during the natural-forcing-dominant period are mainly manifested in the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonally, modeled significant changes are more pronounced during the wintertime at higher latitudes. This may be a manifestation of polar amplification associated with sea-ice-temperature positive feedback. The climate responses to total external forcings can explain about half of the climate variance during the whole millennium period, especially at decadal timescales. Surface temperature in the Antarctic shows heterogeneous and insignificant changes during the preindustrial period and the climate response to external forcings is undetectable due to the strong internal variability. The model response to specified external forcings is modulated by cloud radiative forcing (CRF). The CRF acts against the fluctuations of external forcings. Effects of clouds are manifested in shortwave radiation by changes in cloud water during the natural-forcing-dominant period, but mainly in longwave radiation by a decrease in cloud amount in the anthropogenic-forcing-dominant period.     

SDSM统计降尺度方法对江淮地区地面气温模拟能力评估及其未来情景预估

运用SDSM统计降尺度对江淮地区五个代表站点进行统计降尺度研究,应用独立观测资料验证发现统计降尺度模式具有一定的可靠性.在A2排放情景下,对5个测站的未来情景研究发现,到21世纪中叶,各测站普遍增温1.5℃左右,到本世纪末,增温幅度在4℃左右.这一结论与LMDZ动力降尺度模式结果基本一致,但统计降尺度的模拟值要略高于动力降尺度.     

A Forecasting Model of Vector Similarity in Phase Space for Flood and Drought over the Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe Plain in China

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局地海表温度异常影响热带气旋路径的模拟研究

本文以热带气旋"鲇鱼"(2010)为例,利用WRF模式和"鲇鱼"移动路径上不同的局地海表温度(SST)强迫进行了敏感性数值模拟。控制试验(CTRL)采用NCEP的SST强迫,敏感性试验分别在"鲇鱼"登陆菲律宾前的路径上增加(EXP1)和减小(EXP2)SST。结果表明:CTRL试验模拟的热带气旋路径与实况非常一致,EXP1试验模拟的热带气旋路径提前转向,移动路径偏东,EXP2试验模拟的热带气旋路径转向滞后,且移动路径偏西。对SST异常导致热带气旋路径出现差异的原因分析发现,热带气旋在吕宋岛东侧经过异常暖SST海面时,热带气旋强度增强,产生异常的正涡度平流,且500 h Pa以上凝结潜热释放增强副热带高压敏感区出现温度场的正异常,500h Pa以下水凝物的混合和蒸发作用增强造成副热带高压敏感区温度场的负异常,加之正的异常涡度平流和异常的上暖下冷温度场配置使得500 h Pa位势高度降低,副热带高压强度减弱,副热带高压西伸范围减小,导致热带气旋提前向北转向,移动路径偏东。反之,当热带气旋在吕宋岛东侧经过异常冷SST海面时,副热带高压西伸范围扩大,导致热带气旋向北转向滞后,路径偏西。