含油气盆地多级序断裂网络体系拓扑特征：以济阳坳陷为例

断裂网络体系是含油气盆地的重要组成部分,这些复杂的断裂网络体系往往是由大量多级序断裂相互作用而成,难以通过几何学描述精确表达。因此,本文通过拓扑结构来表征含油气盆地中的多级序断裂网络,实现不同断裂间对比。在对拓扑参数,节点（独立I节点或连接的Y或X节点）和分支（I-I、I-C、C-C分支）统计的基础上,结合济阳坳陷不同应力背景下形成的多级序断裂网络与构造物理模拟实验进行对比,分析拓扑结构随应力变化的差异性。研究发现：1）单一拉伸背景下的相互作用仅限于断层侧接、叠覆时发生的连接（I节点和I-I或I-C控制）,断裂网络相对单一,连通性较差;而在多期拉伸背景下,拓扑特征逐渐以Y节点和C-C分支为主,断裂间连接程度随外界应力的改变而变化,断裂网络更加复杂,连通性较好;2）断裂网络的连通性受到C-C分支影响,C-C分支比例大则断裂相对复杂,连通性更好,C-C分支比例小则断裂网络相对简单,连通性较差。因此,明确断裂网络体系的拓扑结构有助于区分含油气盆地中单相和多相拉伸作用,从而对沉积盆地的地球动力学背景提供约束。

     

基于规则网格的复杂断层网络处理与建模

断层建模是三维地质结构建模中的主要过程之一。断层面建模过程中需要根据断层间的空间接触或者切割关系进行几何曲面的裁剪,目前方法利用三角网求交算法进行曲面裁剪,但是该算法处理复杂断层面切割关系时往往不稳定。笔者等提出了基于规则网格的复杂断层网络处理与自动化建模的方法和流程,详细讨论了基于网格化的断层网络模型形式化理论表达、建模流程中的断层网络空间关系构建以及相交裁剪处理算法等核心步骤。利用测试数据和煤矿三维地震构造解释数据进行了验证,表明该方法可以有效处理多条互相切割、主辅关系复杂的断层网络,具有较好的算法稳定性;与SKUA—GOCAD断层建模方法对比,能够减少交互过程,提高断层建模的自动化程度。     

基于规则网格的复杂断层网络处理与建模

断层建模是三维地质结构建模中的主要过程之一。断层面建模过程中需要根据断层间的空间接触或者切割关系进行几何曲面的裁剪,目前方法利用三角网求交算法进行曲面裁剪,但是该算法处理复杂断层面切割关系时往往不稳定。笔者等提出了基于规则网格的复杂断层网络处理与自动化建模的方法和流程,详细讨论了基于网格化的断层网络模型形式化理论表达、建模流程中的断层网络空间关系构建以及相交裁剪处理算法等核心步骤。利用测试数据和煤矿三维地震构造解释数据进行了验证,表明该方法可以有效处理多条互相切割、主辅关系复杂的断层网络,具有较好的算法稳定性;与SKUA—GOCAD断层建模方法对比,能够减少交互过程,提高断层建模的自动化程度。     

Stochastic simulations of fault networks in 3D structural modeling

3D structural modeling is a major instrument in geosciences, e.g. for the assessment of groundwater and energy resources or nuclear waste underground storage. Fault network modeling is a particularly crucial step during this task, for faults compartmentalize rock units and plays a key role in subsurface flow, whether faults are sealing barriers or drains. Whereas most structural uncertainty modeling techniques only allow for geometrical changes and keep the topology fixed, we propose a new method for creating realistic stochastic fault networks with different topologies. The idea is to combine an implicit representation of geological surfaces which provides new perspectives for handling topological changes with a stochastic binary tree to represent the spatial regions. Each node of the tree is a fault, separating the space in two fault blocks. Changes in this binary tree modify the fault relations and therefore the topology of the model.     

2022年1月8日青海门源MS 6.9地震地表破裂考察的初步结果及对冷龙岭断裂活动行为和区域强震危险性的启示

2022年1月8日青海门源M_S 6.9地震发生在青藏高原东北缘的祁连山断块内部,仪器震中位于海原活动断裂系西段的冷龙岭断裂带上,是该断裂系自1920年海原8.5级大地震后再次发生M>6.5的强震。考察结果的初步总结表明,此次门源地震产生了呈左阶斜列分布、总长度近23 km的南北两条破裂,在两者之间存在长约3.2 km、宽近2 km的地表破裂空区。南支破裂(F₁)出现在托来山断裂的东段,走向91°,长约2.4 km,以兼具向南逆冲的左旋走滑变形为主,最大走滑位移近0.4 m。北支主破裂(F₂)出现在冷龙岭断裂的西段,总长度近20 km,以左旋走滑变形为主,呈整体微凸向北东的弧形展布,包含了走向分别为102°、109°和118°的西、中、东三段,最大走滑位移出现在中段,为3.0±0.2 m。此外,在北支主破裂中—东段的北侧新发现一条累计长度约7.6 km、以右旋正断为主的北支次级破裂(F₃),累计最大走滑量约0.8 m,最大正断位移约1.5 m。综合分析认为,整个同震破裂以左旋走滑变形为主,具有双侧破裂特点,宏观震中位于北支主破裂的中段,其地表走滑位移很大可能与震源破裂深度浅有关,其中的右旋正断次级破裂可能是南侧主动盘向东运移过程中拖曳北侧块体发生差异运动所引起的特殊变形现象。印度与欧亚板块近南北向强烈碰撞挤压导致南祁连断块沿海原左旋走滑断裂系向东挤出,从而引发该断裂系中的托来山断裂与冷龙岭断裂同时发生破裂,成为导致此次强震的主要动力机制。在此大陆动力学背景下,以海原左旋走滑断裂系为主边界的祁连山断块及其周边的未来强震危险性需得到进一步重视。      

Pyrolysis-GC characterization of whole rock and kerogen-concentrate samples of immature Jurassic source rocks from NW-Germany

Nine rock samples from three Jurassic stratigraphic units of a shallow core from NW Germany were analyzed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. The units contain a mixed Type-II/III kerogen (Dogger-α), a hydrogen-rich Type-II kerogen (Lias-), and a hydrogen-poor Type-III kerogen (Lias-δ). All of the kerogen was immature (R_o = 0.5%). Two sets of kerogen concentrates (“AD”: HCl/HF followed by a density separation, and “A”: only acid treatment) prepared from the rock samples were also analyzed to make a detailed comparison of the pyrolysates of rock and corresponding kerogen-concentrates.Hydrogen-index (HI) values of the kerogen concentrates prepared from organic-carbon poor rock were nearly 200% higher than HI values of the rock samples. Changes in HI were minimal for the samples containing Type-II kerogen. The A and AD samples from the C_org-poor rock yielded pyrolysates with n-alkane series of very different molecular lengths. Pyrograms of the rock samples had n-alkane series extending to n-C₁₄; the chromatograms of the A samples reached the n-C₁₄-nC₂₀ range. The AD samples from C_org-poor rock and all three sample types from the C_org-rich rock had n-alkane series up to n-C₂₉. The benzene/hexane and toluene/heptane ratios for the C_org-poor rock and A samples were far higher than for the AD samples, which had ratios similar to those of all three sample types from the C_org-rich rocks. These results indicate that choice of kerogen preparation method is critical when C_org-poor samples are analyzed.     

Lipid geochemistry of a post-glacial lacustrine sediment

The post-glacial environmental history of Voua de la Motte, a small pond, was studied by the lipid geochemistry of a 6 m long core. Palynological studies show that the deepest part of the core goes back to 10,000 yr BP corresponding to the time of formation of the lake following the retreat of the Rhodanian glacier. Hydrocarbons, aldehydes, linear alcohols, sterols, monocarboxylic and monohydroxy fatty acids, were determined throughout the core both in the free and bound lipid fractions, as well as in the tightly bound fraction for the carboxylic acids. There is no clear evidence of a transformation from the unbound to the bound form, except perhaps for the α-hydroxy acids.Qualitative as well as quantitative fluctuations in the distributions of these lipid classes were observed upward in the core. An attempt is made to correlate these fluctuations with the bioenvironmental and climatological evolution of the Basin on the basis of information obtained from palynology.     

Possible algal origin of long chain odd n-alkanes in immature sediments as revealed by distributions and carbon isotope ratios

A Pliocene oil shale (Pula, Hungary), a C₃ plant Triticum aestivum and a C₄ plant Zea mays were compared using isotopic composition of bulk organic matter, along with distributions and individual carbon isotope ratios of n-alkanes from organic extracts. The microalga Botryococcus braunii (A race) was thus shown to be the main source of the predominant 27, 29 and 31 n-alkanes of Pula sediment Therefore, the dominance of odd carbon-numbered n-alkanes in the range C₂₅–₃₅ in extracts from immature sediments shall not be systematically assigned to higher plant contribution but algal input is also possible. In fact, the long chain n-alkanes with an odd predominance previously observed in extracts of various immature sediments are likely to be derived at least partially, from algae.     

Elastic properties and stability of coexisting 3T and 2M 1 phengite polytypes

The elastic properties of coexisting natural 3T and 2M ₁ phengite samples (Cima Pal, Sesia Zone; Val Savenca; Western Alps, Italy) with similar chemical compositions have been studied by room temperature–high pressure powder diffraction, using synchrotron radiation on the ID9A beam-line at ESRF (Grenoble, France). The P–V curves have been modelled by the Birch–Murnaghan model; a third-order expansion fitted to the experimental data yields for 3T and 2M ₁ K ₀=60.4(±0.7) GPa, K′=5.79(±0.11) at V ₀=703.8851 ų, and K ₀=57.3(±1.0) GPa, K′=6.97(±0.24) at V ₀=938.8815 ų, respectively. The relative stability of 3T vs. 2M ₁ has been explored as a function of pressure and temperature in terms of configuration and deformation contributions to the Gibbs energy, using the elastic properties determined here and other thermodynamic parameters from earlier investigations. The results presented agree with the hypothesis of stability of the 3T polytype in the high pressure regime.     

BP和RBF在断层防水煤柱留设宽度预测中的应用

在总结全国各典型煤矿断层防水煤柱相关资料的基础上,以水头压力、煤层厚度、安全系数、煤的抗张强度为主要影响因子,选择有代表性的样本数据,通过Matlab软件构建了BP和RBF神经网络模型,对各煤矿断层防水煤柱的留设宽度进行了预测,并与规程经验公式计算的结果进行了对比。结果显示,在煤矿断层防水煤柱留设宽度预测中,RBF神经网络比BP神经网络的训练速度更快,效率更高,具有更加广阔的应用前景。     

基于线框架模型的三维地质断层结构模型及其构建技术

基于地质断层构造的特点,文中提出了一种适合三维断层模拟的数据模型——线框架模型,并基于该数据模型详细描述三维断层结构模型的构建方法,实现了从层面结构的地质模型向块体结构的地质模型进行自动转换的关键算法。线框架模型以方向线框架来表达地质模型的骨架,以方向TIN网来表达地质模型的血肉,具备地质断层结构模型所要表达的各种几何元素与拓扑关系。基于线框架模型的三维地质断层构模技术将地质界面之间的交切在地质界面三角网形成之前就进行处理,将面与面之间的切割操作简化为线与线之间的操作,这种方法不仅能有效地减轻断层地质体构模的复杂程度,而且可以将线与线之间的交线作为地质界面三角网构建时的约束边,从而有效地保证了地质界面之间交切关系的正确性。     

A new approach to detecting vegetation and land-use change using high-resolution lipid biomarker records in stalagmites

A hundred-year stalagmite lipid biomarker record from Mechara, southeastern Ethiopia, is presented. The record has been recovered at a 10-yr temporal resolution, marking the first time this has been achieved in stalagmite biomarker work and providing the first opportunity to investigate the relationship between stalagmite lipid records and hydrological transport lags, a vital issue in interpreting palaeoenvironmental signals. Preserved plant-derived n-alkanes and n-alkanols show clear changes in composition over time, relating to known land-use changes in the area, particularly the expansion of agriculture in the early twentieth century. The level of environmental detail provided by this technique, combined with the long-term chronological framework offered by stalagmites, holds significant promise for the investigation of early human environments and their associated climatic and anthropogenic controls.     

粗糙集与神经网络技术预测煤厚及小断层的方法

提出了基于分析三维地震数据的粗糙集(RS)—神经网络(NN)技术,预测采区断层和煤层厚度变化。利用粗糙集对地震数据中所包含的大量干扰数据进行约简,生成低噪音数据;将约简后的数据输入神经网络进行训练获得断层识别和煤层厚度预测。实际数据验证表明,该方法具有较高的精度。     

Use of the geometric average for effective permeability estimation

The geometric average is often used to estimate the effective (large-scale) permeability from smaller-scale samples. In doing so, one assumes that the geometric average is a good estimator of the geometric mean. Problems with this estimator arise, however, when one or more of the samples has a very low value. The estimate obtained becomes very sensitive to the small values in the sample set, while the true effective permeability may be only weakly dependent on these small values. Several alternative methods of estimating the geometric mean are suggested. In particular, a more robust estimator of the geometric mean, the j^th Winsorized mean, is proposed and several of its properties are compared with those of the geometric average.     

2021年5月21日漾濞MS6.4地震的发震断层及其破裂特征: 地震序列的重定位分析结果

据中国地震台网测定，2021年5月21日21时48分在云南省大理州漾濞县发生M_S6.4地震，及时查明此次地震的发震构造及震源破裂特征，可为认识该区孕震条件和判别未来强震危险性提供关键依据。采用双差定位方法对漾濞地震序列进行重新定位，得到3863次地震事件的精确震源位置。结果显示:漾濞地震序列整体呈北西—南东向分布，长约25 km；整体走向135°；M_S6.4主震震中位置为25.688°N，99.877°E；震源深度约9.6 km。综合地震序列深度剖面和震源机制解结果可知，发震断层应为北西走向、整体向西南方向陡倾的右旋走滑断层，倾角具有自北西向南东逐渐变缓的趋势。进一步分析地震序列的时空演化过程发现，该地震具有典型的"前震-主震-余震型"地震序列活动特点，其破裂过程主要包括3个阶段。破裂成核阶段:首先在发震断层10~12 km深度处相对脆弱部位产生小尺度破裂，之后失稳加速破裂，发生M_S5.6地震；主震破裂阶段:在构造应力场持续加载和周围小尺度破裂的共同影响下，促使浅部较高强度断层闭锁区破裂，形成M_S6.4主震；尾端拉张破裂阶段:主震破裂向东南扩展过程中，在东南端形成与之呈马尾状斜交的、具有正断性质的次级破裂，并产生M_S5.2余震。而且此次地震还在源区北东侧触发了北北东向的左旋走滑破裂。综合分析认为，漾濞地震是兰坪-思茅地块内部北西向草坪断裂在近南北向区域应力挤压作用下发生右旋走滑运动的结果，具有明显的新生断裂特征。近年来兰坪-思茅地块内部一系列中强地震的发生表明，青藏高原物质向东南持续挤出的过程中，遇到该地块的阻挡，正在导致地块内部早期断层贯通形成新的活动断裂。因此，川滇地块西南边界带上或相邻地块内部老断层的复活和新生断裂的产生是区域中强地震危险性分析评价中值得关注的重要课题，同时建议需重视未来该区中强地震进一步向东南和向北的迁移或扩展的可能性。      

Smoothing and re-roughening processes: The geometric evolution of a single fault zone

The geometry of a fault zone exerts a major control on earthquake rupture processes and source parameters. Observations previously compiled from multiple faults suggest that fault surface shape evolves with displacement, but the specific processes driving the evolution of fault geometry within a single fault zone are not well understood. Here, we characterize the deformation history and geometry of an extraordinarily well-exposed fault using maps of cross-sectional exposures constructed with the Structure from Motion photogrammetric method. The La Quinta Fault, located in southern California, experienced at least three phases of deformation. Multiple layers of ultracataclasite formed during the most recent phase. Crosscutting relations between the layers define the evolution of the structures and demonstrate that new layers formed successively during the deformation history. Wear processes such as grain plucking from one layer into a younger layer and truncation of asperities at layer edges indicate that the layers were slip zones and the contacts between them slip surfaces. Slip surfaces that were not reactivated or modified after they were abandoned exhibit self-affine geometry, preserving the fault roughness from different stages of faulting. Roughness varies little between surfaces, except the last slip zone to form in the fault, which is the smoothest. This layer contains a distinct mineral assemblage, indicating that the composition of the fault rock exerts a control on roughness. In contrast, the similar roughness of the older slip zones, which have comparable mineralogy but clearly crosscut one another, suggests that as the fault matured the roughness of the active slip surface stayed approximately constant. Wear processes affected these layers, so for roughness to stay constant the roughening and smoothing effects of fault slip must have been approximately balanced. These observations suggest fault surface evolution occurs by nucleation of new surfaces and wear by competing smoothing and re-roughening processes.     

Syn-collisional transform faulting of the Tan-Lu fault zone,East China

Origin of the continental-scale Tan-Lu fault zone (TLFZ), East China, remains controversial. About 550 km sinistral offset of the Dabie orogenic belt (DOB) and Sulu orogenic belt (SOB) is shown along the NE-NNE-striking TLFZ. Syn-collisional, sinistral ductile shear belts in the TLFZ have been identified. Thirteen phengite bulk separates from the mylonites were dated by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method. They gave cooling ages of the 198–181 Ma for the shear belts along the eastern margin of the DOB and 221–210 Ma from the western margin of the SOB. Distribution of the foreland basin deposits suggests that sinistral offset of the DOB and SOB by the TLFZ took place prior to deposition of the Upper Triassic strata. The marginal structures around the DOB and SOB support syn-collisional faulting, and indicate anticlockwise rotation of the DOB during the displacement. The folding and thrust faulting related to crustal subduction, coeval with the Tan-Lu faulting, is older than the foreland basin deposition related to the orogenic exhumation. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that the TLFZ was developed as a syn-collisional transform fault during latest Middle to earliest Late Triassic time when the DOB and SOB experienced crustal subduction of the South China Block (SCB). Eastward increase of the crustal subduction rates is believed to be responsible for the sinistral transform faulting.     

Organic geochemical studies of a Messinian evaporitic basin, northern Apennines (Italy)—II Isoprenoid and n-alkyl thiophenes and thiolanes

Series of n-alkyl and isoprenoid thiophenes and thiolanes, most of which have not been previously reported, have been identified in an extract from a Messinian (Upper Miocene) marl layer deposited under hypersaline, euxinic conditions. The identifications were based on mass spectra and Chromatographic data of synthesized reference compounds and on comparison of mass spectra, relative retention times and response on the FPD. Their specific structures and their distribution patterns show similarities with those of the alkanes. Inorganic sulphur is therefore considered to be incorporated into specific lipid moieties from (archae)bacterial and/or algal input during diagenesis. A biosynthetic origin of these compounds is also possible, however. The organic sulphur compounds encountered are thought to be indicators of a hypersaline depositional environment.     

CPI values of terrestrial higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes: a potential paleoclimatic proxy

Carbon Preference Index (CPI values) of higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes extracted from 62 surface soil samples in eastern China exhibited a specific pattern of variations, namely gradual increase with the increasing latitudes. Such regular variations existed in both forest soil and grassland soil. Our data implied that CPI values of higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes had a certain connection with climatic conditions, and such a connection was not influenced by vegetation types. Together with previous data from marine sediments, loess/paleosol sequences, tertiary red clay and modern plants, our observation made us conclude that CPI values of higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes may be used as an excellent proxy for paleoclimatic studies.