饱和砂岩滞弹性弛豫衰减机理的探索

本文采用从法国引进的Metravib热机械分析仪用正弦波加载方式,首次对四种不同孔隙度的饱和砂岩的衰减进行了实验研究,在5~400 Hz的频率,-50 ℃~100 ℃的温度范围获得衰减的热弛豫规律,由此求得它们的激活能和原子振动频率,其激活能和弛豫时间是处在原子和电子的激活能和弛豫时间之间.可见,在饱和岩石的晶粒间界缺陷处参与扩散的是原子、电子.并得出随孔隙度增大,衰减强度和激活能增大,原子的振动速率加快,弛豫时间缩短.在交变应力作用下,由多种矿物晶体胶结而成的饱和砂岩是一种多晶、多相的固体,由于内部结构复杂,损伤、缺陷广布,弛豫衰减是普遍存在的.饱和砂岩中存在的晶界、相界等许多缺陷,以及缺陷间的相互作用,比如饱和岩石中的饱和液体与岩石骨架之间的作用等等都可以产生弛豫衰减峰,弛豫过程还受晶界上原子扩散所控制.由于饱和岩石中的种种缺陷、相界等等导致上述矿物颗粒或晶界之间的多重弛豫,才使弛豫衰减峰变宽,分布宽度增大.用饱和砂岩中特有的饱和液体及砂岩内部结构的复杂性解释了饱和砂岩的衰减机理,很自然地将其宏观衰减特征与微细观结构紧紧联在一起.衰减及其机理的研究既具有科学意义,对地球物理勘探又具有实用价值.     

饱和砂岩滞弹性弛豫衰减机理的探索

本文采用从法国引进的Metravib热机械分析仪用正弦波加载方式,首次对四种不同孔隙度的饱和砂岩的衰减进行了实验研究,在5~400 Hz的频率,-50 ℃~100 ℃的温度范围获得衰减的热弛豫规律,由此求得它们的激活能和原子振动频率,其激活能和弛豫时间是处在原子和电子的激活能和弛豫时间之间.可见,在饱和岩石的晶粒间界缺陷处参与扩散的是原子、电子.并得出随孔隙度增大,衰减强度和激活能增大,原子的振动速率加快,弛豫时间缩短.在交变应力作用下,由多种矿物晶体胶结而成的饱和砂岩是一种多晶、多相的固体,由于内部结构复杂,损伤、缺陷广布,弛豫衰减是普遍存在的.饱和砂岩中存在的晶界、相界等许多缺陷,以及缺陷间的相互作用,比如饱和岩石中的饱和液体与岩石骨架之间的作用等等都可以产生弛豫衰减峰,弛豫过程还受晶界上原子扩散所控制.由于饱和岩石中的种种缺陷、相界等等导致上述矿物颗粒或晶界之间的多重弛豫,才使弛豫衰减峰变宽,分布宽度增大.用饱和砂岩中特有的饱和液体及砂岩内部结构的复杂性解释了饱和砂岩的衰减机理,很自然地将其宏观衰减特征与微细观结构紧紧联在一起.衰减及其机理的研究既具有科学意义,对地球物理勘探又具有实用价值.     

饱和岩石的各向异性及非线性黏弹性响应

在MTS伺服压机上对不同饱和状态的砂岩、大理岩标本进行了垂直层理和平行层理两个方向的正弦波加载试验,研究了饱和岩石的各向异性及非线性黏弹性行为. 在最大载荷低于岩石的屈服点时,获得的衰减、杨氏模量、泊松比、波速都表现出显著的各向异性,同时它们还具有较明显的应变振幅效应和频率效应. 随着应变振幅的增大,衰减近似呈线性增长,杨氏模量和泊松比近似呈线性下降. 在0.005-4Hz频段内除衰减不明显依赖频率以外,杨氏模量、泊松比、波速对频率的依赖性都较强; 当频段扩大到15Hz时,这4个参数都表现出较强的频率效应. 饱和岩石的衰减、杨氏模量、泊松比、波速均随饱和液体的黏滞系数增大而增大.     

饱和砂岩在温度和频率域的衰减和速度频散

利用Metravib热机械分析仪, 在天然地震的频率和温度范围内, 首次对泵油和甘油饱和两种孔隙度的彭山砂岩的衰减和速度频散进行了实验研究． 结果表明, ① 泵油饱和彭山砂岩对频率和温度的依赖呈热激活弛豫规律; ② 杨氏模量和弹性波速度与孔隙度、 温度呈负相关, 与饱和液体的黏滞系数、 频率呈正相关; ③ 频散效应因频率上升而增强, 因温度增高而减弱． 这一规律性的结果为地震波理论研究提供了实验基础．     

多孔岩石波传播的热弛豫模型修正

经研究发现热弛豫模型的衰减比BISQ模型大得较多,与地球介质相比衰减量也过大;反演与实验结果相比在虚模量的低频(或低温)端和高频(或高温)端相差较大,仅在峰值附近符合较好.针对上述不足,将Arrhenius关系直接引进Biot模型,替换原模型引进的峰值点的频率对数和温度关系,并重新调整了模型参数.这样既改善了原模型衰减量过大,又克服了模型反演中虚模量峰值曲线两侧差异较大的缺点.进行了P波和S波的波传播分析,仍然在频率谱和温度谱上获得热弛豫峰和Biot峰.分析显示热弛豫峰导致波速随频率升高而上升的普遍规律,Biot峰导致波速随温度升高而上升的异常现象.在相同条件下对Biot模型,BISQ模型和热弛豫模型的P波波速和衰减进行了对比.热弛豫模型得到的速度频散更强,频散范围更宽,所得的衰减峰值频率比BISQ模型要低,衰减幅度比BISQ模型稍大.这些结果与实验结果相近,更符合实际.     

饱和岩石的各向异性及非线性黏弹性响应

在MTS伺服压机上对不同饱和状态的砂岩、大理岩标本进行了垂直层理和平行层理两个方向的正弦波加载试验,研究了饱和岩石的各向异性及非线性黏弹性行为. 在最大载荷低于岩石的屈服点时,获得的衰减、杨氏模量、泊松比、波速都表现出显著的各向异性,同时它们还具有较明显的应变振幅效应和频率效应. 随着应变振幅的增大,衰减近似呈线性增长,杨氏模量和泊松比近似呈线性下降. 在0.005-4Hz频段内除衰减不明显依赖频率以外,杨氏模量、泊松比、波速对频率的依赖性都较强; 当频段扩大到15Hz时,这4个参数都表现出较强的频率效应. 饱和岩石的衰减、杨氏模量、泊松比、波速均随饱和液体的黏滞系数增大而增大.     

基于微观孔隙结构特征的致密砂岩部分饱和岩石物理模型研究（英文）

储层的复杂微观孔隙结构对于弹性波诱导的孔隙流体发生流体流动的影响十分复杂。深入的调查流体流动机制有利于更加精确的描述储层弹性波传播特征与规律。在油气藏勘探开发过程中,实际储层大多是部分饱和的,因此,需要开展部分饱和储层弹性波传播机理的研究。本文基于等效介质理论,利用不同压力下干燥状态的超声波实验数据,获取岩石微观孔隙结构特征。将部分饱和理论模型与考虑不同裂隙纵横比喷射流模型进行结合,形成部分饱和-扩展Gurevich喷射流弹性波传播模型。通过数值模拟分析了含水饱和度、外部球体半径及粘度等参数对弹性波传播特征的影响。选取鄂尔多斯盆地庆阳地区致密砂岩样本,开展不同压力下部分饱和岩石的超声波实验观测,并利用理论模型对实测数据进行分析。相比于部分饱和模型,本文模型综合考虑了部分饱和效应与不同裂隙纵横比喷射流效应对弹性波传播的影响,所预测的纵波速度与衰减结果更符合于实验测量结果。     

低频条件下饱和流体砂岩的衰减研究

通过改变流体的粘滞系数研究饱和流体砂岩的衰减及模量色散，探讨衰减与激发频率、共振振幅的关系，比较砂岩中不同饱和流体时衰减的变化．并采用滞弹性固体三参数模型和cole-cole分布来解释所观测到的实验现象．      

Biot理论的唯象修正对S波特性的影响

将复模量引入Biot方程后，在一维条件下通过S波的波动方程研究了S波的传播特性，S波的数值分析显示在频率域或温度域上都能获得热弛豫衰减峰和Biot衰减峰. 在频率域上由于温度的变化引起两峰相向位移,在温度域上,因频率的变化也发生相对移动. 随着温度和频率的不断提高，两峰发生叠加，叠加后两峰互换位置. 低频或低温段的热弛豫峰移到了高频或高温段，高频或高温段的Biot峰移到了低频或低温段.由于两峰的衰减机制不同，导致S波波速随频率或温度变化规律的复杂性. 这些规律已部分被共振实验所证实，证实该理论模型具有实验基础.     

饱和多孔岩石弛豫衰减对时间和温度的依赖性

通过饱和多孔岩石的低频亚共振试验 ,得到了饱和多孔岩石的内耗峰是典型的弛豫峰的结论 .不同的饱和液体、不同的岩石导致不同的弛豫峰特征 ,饱和岩石的弛豫特性 ,是寻找油田、地热田和预测储层的物性基础 .试验结果表明 ,饱和多孔岩石都具有一个共同的特性———时间和温度的等效性 ,即降低温度与增加振动频率是等效的 ,这就是饱和多孔岩石的弛豫共性 .     

循环荷载下饱和岩石的滞后和衰减

通过对饱和砂岩和大理岩的循环荷载实验,分析了饱和岩石在循环荷载下的应力-应变滞后回线、瞬时杨氏模量、泊松比的“X”形变化曲线,以及杨氏模量随应变振幅的增加而减少等滞后现象,并分析了施加外力的应变振幅对衰减的影响,认为岩石在循环荷载作用下的衰减与应变振幅成正比,提出的衰减b值反映了岩石在循环荷载作用下衰减的程度. 岩石的衰减和滞后存在密切的关系,通过饱和岩石的宏观行为,探讨了饱和岩石在循环荷载下的滞后和衰减现象的微观机理,认为孔隙流体流动在岩石的滞后和衰减中起着重要作用,岩石内部的颗粒接触粘合和黏滑摩擦可能是孔隙岩石在循环荷载作用下产生滞后和衰减的原因.     

再生混凝土框架抗震性能试验研究

通过2榀再生骨料掺量分别为25%、50%的再生混凝土框架和1榀普通对比混凝土框架的低周反复加载试验,研究了再生混凝土框架的受力全过程、开裂荷载和极限承载力、破坏形态,分析了再生混凝土框架的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、变形性能、耗能能力等抗震性能,并和普通混凝土框架进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,随着再生骨料掺量的增加,再生混凝土框架的极限承载力、变形能力、耗能能力等抗震性能没有明显降低,再生混凝土框架具有较好的抗震性能,再生混凝土框架应用于实际工程是可行的。文中研究成果可为再生混凝土框架结构的工程应用提供依据。     

波浪荷载作用下砂土变形特性的模拟试验研究

利用新研制的“土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪”模拟波浪荷载作用，对福建标准砂进行了4组三轴一扭转耦合振动剪切试验，以研究海床砂土在波浪荷载作用下的变形特性及其对砂土初始密度和固结压力的依赖性。试验结果表明，应力-应变呈现出良好的双曲线关系，与等效线性模型理论相吻合；阻尼比和模量随应变幅值的变化规律均依赖于土体的初始密度和固结压力；归一化后的E／Emax-ε及G／Gmax-γ曲线对相对密度和固结压力仍具有明显的依赖性；但完全归一化后的E／Emax-ε/εr及G／Gmax-γ/γr的关系曲线则与固结压力无关。     

Comparative experimental study on several methods for measuring elastic wave velocities in rocks at high pressure

To measure elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure is an important way to acquire the mechanics and thermodynamics data of rocks in the earth's interior and also a substantial approach to studying the structure and composition of materials there. In recent years, a rapid progress has been made in methodology pertaining to the measurements of elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure with solids as the pressure-transfer media. However, no strict comparisons have been made of the elastic wave velocity data of rocks measured at high temperature and high pressure by various laboratories. In order to compare the experimental results from various laboratories, we have conducted a comparative experimental study on three measuring methods and made a strict comparison with the results obtained by using the transmission method with fluid as the pressure-transfer medium. Our experimental results have shown that the measurements obtained by the three methods are comparable in the pressure ranges of their application. The cubic sample pulse transmission method used by Kern is applicable to measuring elastic wave velocities in crustal rocks at lower temperature and lower pressure. The prism sample pulse reflection-transmission method has some advantages in pressure range, heating temperature and measuring precision. Although the measurements obtained under relatively low pressure conditions by the prism sample pulse transmission method are relatively low in precision, the samples are large in length and their assemblage is simple. So this method is suitable to the experiments that require large quantities of samples and higher pressures. Therefore, in practical application the latter two methods are usually recommended because their measurements can be mutually corrected and supplemented.     

低周往复荷载作用下生态复合墙体抗震性能研究

通过对2榀1/2比例生态复合墙体(施工工艺:装配式、现砌式)模型在水平低周反复荷载作用下的抗震性能试验,研究复合墙体在低周反复荷载作用下的受力特点和破坏机制,对比分析其承载力、滞回特性、延性、刚度退化、耗能等抗震性能.试验结果表明:不同施工工艺下生态复合墙体破坏模式均为“砌块-(框格)-边框”,实现结构具有多道抗震防线的设计概念;2榀墙体从屈服到破坏,等效黏滞阻尼系数均有较明显的增大,都具有较强的耗能能力.抗倒塌能力较强,可根据不同地区差异选取适当的工艺来满足实际应用的需求.     

底层窗间墙破坏模式砌体抗震性能试验研究

为研究整体开洞墙体中发生底层窗间墙破坏模式时墙体的抗震性能,对一砌体结构缩尺开洞墙体模型展开多点同步加载拟静力试验。分析了各层墙体与整片墙的破坏特征、承载与变形能力、滞回耗能特性、刚度退化规律及延性表现,重点研究了底层窗间墙位于整体结构中时其破坏过程与变形规律。试验结果表明:破坏模式相同的开洞墙体较单独墙肢抗震性能有所不同,各工况加载峰值点的上升与下降过程更为缓慢、滞回曲线更为饱满、刚度退化过程更为缓和以及延性特征更为明显。基于底层窗间墙破坏模式,依据现行规范中开洞墙体承载力计算方法所得结果与试验结果吻合,但强弱构件失效机制无从体现。试验结果可为探求砌体结构合理设计方法与实现开洞墙体延性破坏模式提供依据。     

The exponential decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity with depth: a novel method for exploring its effect on water flow paths and transit time distribution

The strong vertical gradient in soil and subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity is characteristic feature of the hydrology of catchments. Despite the potential importance of these strong gradients, they have proven difficult to model using robust physically based schemes. This has hampered the testing of hypotheses about the implications of such vertical gradients for subsurface flow paths, residence times and transit time distribution. Here we present a general semi‐analytical solution for the simulation of 2D steady‐state saturated‐unsaturated flow in hillslopes with saturated hydraulic conductivity that declines exponentially with depth. The grid‐free solution satisfies mass balance exactly over the entire saturated and unsaturated zones. The new method provides continuous solutions for head, flow and velocity in both saturated and unsaturated zones without any interpolation process as is common in discrete numerical schemes. This solution efficiently generates flow pathlines and transit time distributions in hillslopes with the assumption of depth‐varying saturated hydraulic conductivity. The model outputs reveal the pronounced effect that changing the strength of the exponential decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity has on the flow pathlines, residence time and transit time distribution. This new steady‐state model may be useful to others for posing hypotheses about how different depth functions for hydraulic conductivity influence catchment hydrological response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low impact surface hardness testing (Equotip) on porous surfaces – advances in methodology with implications for rock weathering and stone deterioration research

The Equotip surface hardness tester is becoming a popular method for rock and stone weathering research. In order to improve the reliability of Equotip for on‐site application this study tested four porous limestones under laboratory conditions. The range of stone porosity was chosen to represent likely porosities found in weathered limestones in the field. We consider several key issues: (i) its suitability for soft and porous stones; (ii) the type of probe required for specific on‐site applications; (iii) appropriate (non‐parametrical) statistical methods for Equotip data; (iv) sufficient sampling size. This study shows that the Equotip is suitable for soft and porous rock and stone. From the two tested probes the DL probe has some advantages over the D probe as it correlates slightly better with open porosity and allows for more controlled sampling in recessed areas and rough or curved areas. We show that appropriate sampling sizes and robust non‐parametric methods for subsequent data evaluation can produce meaningful measures of rock surface hardness derived from the Equotip. The novel Hybrid dynamic hardness, a combination of two measuring procedures [single impact method (SIM) and repeated impact method (RIM)], has been adapted and is based on median values to provide a more robust data evaluation. For the tested stones in this study we propose a sample size of 45 readings (for a confidence level of 95%). This approach can certainly be transferred to stone and rock with similar porosities and hardness. Our approach also allows for consistent comparisons to be made across a wide variety of studies in the fields of rock weathering and stone deterioration research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.