抗滑桩加固边坡三维数值分析中的几个问题

就当前抗滑桩加固边坡三维数值分析中存在的几个问题,开展了有针对性的研究。利用考虑桩-土-边坡相互作用的强度折减有限元程序,结合典型边坡算例,深入探讨了抗滑桩-边坡体系的计算模型尺度、设桩位置、桩间距（S）与桩径（D）之比（S/D）、桩长与桩底接触模式等因素对边坡稳定安全系数及临界滑动面的影响,以及不同桩头约束下抗滑桩内力分布等。研究表明,单桩取半、单桩、双桩取半、双桩、单桩加双桩取半5种尺度计算模型所得边坡的安全系数并无差异,模型尺度为0.5S时的计算工作量最小;抗滑桩加固于边坡中部可获得最大的安全系数,坡顶或坡脚处安全系数略高于无桩状态,总体上其安全系数与设桩位置的变化曲线近似为一抛物曲线;边坡安全系数随S/D的增加而减小,其最优的比值宜为S/D =2～6,此时桩间存在土拱效应;均质土坡中抗滑桩锚固深度宜为2/5桩长;其结果可为抗滑桩工程设计及规范修订提供参考。     

基于复合抗滑桩模型加固边坡稳定性分析

数值分析方法能够同时考虑抗滑桩的受力行为及加固边坡稳定性,是研究抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的重要手段。但在数值模拟计算中,尚未形成一种建模易、精度高和计算快的抗滑桩数值模拟模型。因此,提出一种复合单元抗滑桩模型,基于该模型系统研究抗滑桩顶部自由和固定约束条件下,不同桩位、间距等设计参数对抗滑桩加固边坡效果的影响以及抗滑桩潜在失效模式,研究结果表明,复合单元抗滑桩模型可以真实地模拟桩的力学性能,计算精度高且计算结果不受单元网格疏密的影响。抗滑桩布置在边坡中部时,加固边坡安全系数最大,越靠近边坡两端,加固边坡安全系数越小。当桩间距S≤3D时,边坡潜在滑面被分为两个独立部分,桩间土形成明显应力拱,当桩间距S≥4D时,桩间中心土体塑性剪切带完全贯通,桩间土体形成反向应力拱。桩顶自由和固定约束时,抗滑桩分别布置在边坡中部(Lx/L=0.5)和边坡中下部(Lx/L=0.3)时,抗滑桩易发生弯曲破坏。研究结果对抗滑桩加固边坡工程设计具有指导意义。     

Uncoupled analysis of stabilizing piles in weathered slopes

This paper describes a simplified numerical approach for analyzing the slope/pile system subjected to lateral soil movements. The lateral one-row pile response above and below the critical surface is computed by using load transfer approach. The response of groups was analyzed by developing interaction factors obtained from a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. An uncoupled analysis was performed for stabilizing piles in slope in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. The non-linear characteristics of the soil–pile interaction in the stabilizing piles are modeled by hyperbolic load transfer curves. The Bishop's simplified method of slope stability analysis is extended to incorporate the soil-pile interaction and evaluate the safety factor of the reinforced slope. Numerical study is performed to illustrate the major influencing parameters on the pile-slope stability problem. Through comparative studies, it has been found that the factor of safety in slope is much more conservative for an uncoupled analysis than for a coupled analysis based on three-dimensional finite element analysis.     

黄土高边坡土钉-预加固桩复合支护体系性状分析

土钉-预加固桩复合支护技术已在基坑及边坡工程中取得了大量应用,但在黄土高边坡开挖中的应用相对较少。基于详细的现场监测数据并辅以有限元数值计算,分析了边坡开挖过程中支护体系受力及变形随时间和空间的变化规律。结果表明：预加固桩的水平位移随着时间的推移与开挖深度的增加呈增大趋势,并最终趋于稳定,同时,桩身剪力及弯矩亦随开挖的进行而不断增大;剪力最大值的位置不断下移,说明边坡的潜在滑动面有不断向下扩展的趋势。与深基坑支护桩的土压力分布相比,土钉-预加固桩复合支护体系中桩后土压力随开挖呈不断减小的趋势,但桩前土压力随着开挖深度的增加,有增有减。随着施工开挖深度的增加,土钉所测得的应力有着明显的增大,说明土钉对抑制坡体变形起到了一定作用。在预加固桩的影响下,桩上方坡体的最危险破裂面为圆弧状,其剪出口位于预加固桩桩顶处。开挖深度较浅时,土钉对整体稳定性的贡献较大,而随着开挖深度的变大,预加固桩的加固效果开始占主导地位。     

抗滑桩预加固边坡的能量分析方法

基于强度折减技术和岩土塑性极限分析理论,考虑抗滑桩预加固岩土边坡的加固效应,从功能平衡原理探讨了岩土边坡抗滑桩加固位置、桩长和多抗滑桩共同加固边坡的分析方法。假定机动容许的对数螺旋线速度机构,推导了抗滑桩预加固边坡稳定性安全系数的计算表达式。采用内点迭代方法对安全系数目标函数进行能量耗散最小化意义上的优化计算,算例对比验证了方法和程序的正确性。分析了单抗滑桩加固措施条件下的边坡局部稳定性特性,并由此推导了多抗滑桩加固边坡的稳定性分析算式。研究表明,抗滑桩设置位置改变对边坡安全系数、临界滑裂面位置和桩长均有显著影响,抗滑桩加固边坡的最优设置位置应位于边坡中下部区域     

PSO-based stability analysis of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes using non-circular slip surface

Slope stability analysis is one of the most intricate problems of geotechnical engineering because it is mathematically difficult to search the critical slip surface of earth slopes with complex strata owing to the involved multimodal function optimization problem. At present, a minimum factor of safety for a non-circular slip surface in a uniform and unreinforced earth slope can be calculated using several methods; however, for a reinforced soil slope, it cannot be easily calculated because of the additional effect of the reinforcement. One efficient method to search the critical slip surface is particle swarm optimization (PSO). PSO can solve complex non-differentiable problems, and its increasing ease of use has facilitated its application to multimodal function optimization problems in a variety of fields. However, the recommended PSO parameters to calculate the safety factors of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes, namely the inertia and local and global best solution weighting coefficients, have not been sufficiently investigated. Moreover, the computational efficiency of PSO for safety factor calculation, including computational accuracy and time, has not been clarified. To calculate the unreinforced and reinforced soil slope safety factors, this study considers force and moment equilibriums, including the tensile force of the reinforcement. Firstly, the computational efficiency of the calculation process by PSO was shown to increase the maximum number of slip surface nodes in the calculation of the safety factor. Then, an analysis was carried out to investigate the safety factor sensitivity to the PSO parameters. Based on this analysis, appropriate PSO parameters for the safety factor calculation of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes were proposed.

     

Optimal location of piles in slope stabilization by limit analysis

Many studies have been conducted to establish the optimal location of a row of piles to reinforce and stabilize slopes. However, the results obtained are very different, and in some cases even inconsistent and contradictory. The factor of safety of piled slopes is determined by the magnitude of resistive forces exerted by the piles on the slope. At the same time, the maximum retaining forces provided by the piles are also affected by the pile position. In this paper, the problem of the optimal location of piles used to stabilize slopes is analyzed using a combination of limit slope stability analysis and the theory of Ito and Matsui (Soils Found 15:43?C59, 8) to calculate limit lateral loads on piles. Using an illustrative example slope, some of the issues including the most effective position, the most suitable position, and the position with the largest safety factor are discussed. The results show that the most effective pile position, the most suitable pile position, and pile position where the factor of safety can take maximum value are different from each other for a given slope.     

Progressive failure behavior of pile-reinforced clay slopes under surface load conditions

Stabilizing piles are widely used to improve stability level of slopes to avoid landslides. In this paper, the full failure process of clay slopes reinforced using stabilizing piles was produced using serialized centrifuge model tests under surface loading conditions. The strength of pile material and the pile location closer to the slope top were both indicated to have a positive influence on the limit bearing capacity of the reinforced slope on the basis of test observations. The displacement field over the reinforced slope was measured during loading and used to capture a significant progressive failure caused by the surface loading. Local failure started near the inner edge of the load plate and expanded in a downward direction to produce a final slip surface. The pile exhibited a bending failure coupled with the progressive failure of the slope. The failure mechanism could be illustrated with the deformation localization in the slope that developed prior to the slip surface. The surface load exhibited a significant spreading behavior within the slope according to the displacement distribution of the slope.     

Safety factor calculation of soil slope reinforced with piles based on Hill’s model theory

How to evaluate reasonably the stability of a soil slope reinforced with piles (SSRP) still is an urgent problem. At present, the three-dimensional (3D) finite element strength reduction method has been used for the soil slope stability analysis. However, to accurately determine the global instability of soil slopes is the key to implementing the strength reduction finite element method. In this paper, the 3D finite element strength reduction algorithm (FESRA), based on Hill’s model theory, is proposed to assess the stability of SSRP and study on the relationship between the safety coefficients of SSRP and the displacements of slope mass. The results show that: (1) the relationship between the safety coefficients of SSRP and the displacements of slope mass agrees with the Hill’s model; (2) the proposed method (3D FESRA based on Hill’s model theory) in this study may take into account simultaneously the pile response and slope stability, and makes the results of SSRP stability analysis reasonable and reliable, which could be used as a reference for the evaluation of stability of the same type of slope; and (3) further study should be done to confirm whether the proposed method in this study is suitable for other types of slopes.     

抗拔桩承载特性研究与三维数值仿真分析

随着城市建设的发展,地铁、地下停车场、地下商场等地下建筑更加普遍,且呈现多样化、复杂化、深入化的发展趋势,使得地下结构物的抗浮稳定性逐渐突显,其中设置抗拔桩是结构抗浮的主要工程措施之一。本文分析了抗拔单桩与群桩的地基破坏模式并揭示抗拔桩的工作机理,应用ABAQUS大型有限元软件对抗拔单桩模型以及群桩模型分别进行了数值模拟,从桩身应力、桩周土体、桩侧阻力等多个角度分析抗拔承载力的影响因素以及群桩效应,结合工程实例分析抗拔群桩距径比()对抗拔承载力及地基变形的影响。结果表明: 在上拔力作用下,单桩中的应力集中于轴心,沿半径及深度递减,桩侧摩阻力自上而下逐渐减小,但随着向上位移的增大而增大; 当基桩的距径比减小时,承载力折减系数增大,群桩效应显著,桩间土与桩有整体被拔起的趋势,不利于结构的抗浮稳定性; =3和=6可以作为划分群桩效应程度的界限。     

基于振动台试验的抗滑桩加固斜坡桥基研究

基于工程实践中研究斜坡桥基抗震加固的需要,设计并完成前后排抗滑桩加固滑坡桥基的振动台模型试验。通过加载不同频率、加速度峰值的正弦波,分析振动时桥墩基桩、抗滑桩的受力变形规律,探讨滑坡破坏发展过程和动力响应特性。试验结果显示,前后排抗滑桩均应与桥基保持合理距离,有利于桥墩基础的受力变形;受桥梁上部结构的动力影响,桥墩基桩应变沿桩深衰减,衰减速度与土体抗力相关;当后排抗滑桩开裂后,桩身应变骤降,桩后土压力出现卸荷效应,但抗滑桩仍有潜在的承载能力,同时滑坡从稳定性最差的区域开始破坏,逐渐产生频段耦合效应,在后排抗滑桩达到承载极限前,频段耦合效应显著,达到承载极限后,卸荷效应显著。     

现浇X形桩桩承式加筋路堤三维有限元分析

桩承式加筋路堤在高速公路软基处理中得到了广泛应用,但目前对其承载变形机制还缺乏深刻认识。结合南京长江第四大桥北接线段软基加固工程,基于数值方法对现浇X形桩桩承式加筋路堤中桩土沉降、桩土应力、桩身轴力及超静孔隙水压力的发展变化规律进行了分析。研究结果表明,受土拱效应影响,路堤填筑荷载主要由桩体承担,桩及桩间土土压力在路堤填筑过程中均逐渐增大,在软基固结过程中,桩顶土压力继续增大而桩间土土压力逐渐减小,最终趋于各自的稳定值;路堤填筑过程中桩身轴力增长较快,现浇X形桩桩身上部较大部分区段存在负摩阻力,桩身中性点位置经历了先逐渐上移、而后向下移动,最终趋于稳定的过程。     

Centrifuge model test study on pile reinforcement behavior of cohesive soil slopes under earthquake conditions

In this study, dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the dynamic response of cohesive soil slopes with the use of stabilizing piles during an earthquake. The behavior of the pile reinforcement was analyzed based on the obtained deformation over the entire slope through image-based measurement, and the behavior of the slope was compared to that of an unreinforced slope. The piles significantly increased the stability of the slope and reduced its deformation during an earthquake. The bending moment of the piles exhibited a nearly triangular distribution due to the earthquake. The acceleration response of the slope increased with increasing elevation, and the displacement accumulated apparently irreversibly over the course of the earthquake. The piles significantly affected the deformation of the slope in a certain area, the boundary of which was defined using a continuous surface. A strain analysis of the slope demonstrated that the piles had a significant effect on the reduction in the deformation of the slope in their vicinities, and this effect expanded upward along the slope and arrested the possible slip surface that would have occurred in an unreinforced slope. Several influencing factors were simulated in the tests, and observation of these factors demonstrated that the dynamic response of the pile-reinforced slope was affected by the pile spacing, pile location, slope gradient, and input earthquake to varying extent.     

土坡悬臂式抗滑桩一种抗震设计计算方法

在强震动力作用下,边坡常会产生较大的永久位移,且抗滑桩锚固段顶端前侧局部地层易进入塑性屈服状态,这在传统的悬臂式抗滑桩抗震设计计算中没有给予充分考虑。基于Nemark滑块位移法和极限分析原理,提出了考虑边坡设计安全系数和地震永久位移的作用于抗滑桩上设计滑坡推力的计算方法;同时,根据锚固段地层进入塑性屈服状态的情况提出把锚固段分为塑性区锚固段和弹性区锚固段分别计算,前者按极限地层反力法采用悬臂梁模型计算,后者按照弹性地基梁模型计算,在两者界面处需满足桩体内力和变形以及地层反力的连续条件。结合一土质边坡工程算例,给出了所提出的悬臂式抗滑桩抗震设计三段分析法的具体计算过程和结果,进一步表明所提出的方法具有技术合理性和经济性。     

The P-y Response of Laterally Loaded Flexible Piles in Residual Soil

This paper describes the main features related to lateral displacements with depth after successive lateral loading–unloading cycles applied to the top of reinforced-concrete flexible bored piles embedded in naturally bonded residual soil. The bored piles under study have a cylindrical shape, with 0.40-m in diameter and 8.0-m in length. Both bored piles types (P1 and P2) include an embedded steel pipe section in their center as longitudinal steel reinforcements: pile type P1 has another 16 steel rods as steel reinforcement to concrete while pile type P2 has no further steel reinforcement. Pile type P1 has three times as much stiffness (EI) and four and a half times the plastic moment (M_y) than pile type P2. A similar load–displacement performance was observed at initial loads as for small displacements of both piles. At this initial loading stage, the response of the reinforced concrete piles is a function of the soil characteristics and of a linear elastic pile deformation. During this stage, piles can even be understood as probes for evaluating soil reactions. For larger horizontal displacements, after the concrete section starts undergoing large deformations, approaching the ultimate bending moment, pile behavior and consequently the load–displacement relation starts to diverge for both piles. For pile P1 the values of relevant lateral displacements are extended to about 2.5-m in depth, while for pile P2 lateral displacements are mostly constrained to about 2.0-m in depth. Measurements of horizontal displacements of pile P1 against depth recorded with a slope indicator show that, after unloading, lateral loads at distinct stages (small and near failure loads), exhibits a much higher elastic phase of the system response. An analytical fitting model of soil reaction is proposed based on the measured displacements from slope indicator. The integration of a continuous model proposed for the soil reaction agrees fairly well with the measured displacements up to moments close to plastic limit. Results of load–displacement show that the stiffer pile (P1) was able to mobilize twice as much lateral load compared to pile P2 for a service limit displacement of about 20 mm. The paper shows results that enable the isolation of the structural variable through real scale pile load tests, thus granting understanding of its importance and enabling its quantitative visualization in examples of piles embedded in residual soil sites.

     

施工期间人工挖孔桩桩间土稳定性分析

为预防人工挖孔桩窜孔,探讨了桩间土失稳机制,分析了桩间土失稳时的位移特征,建立了桩间土稳定性分析的力学模型,推导了桩间土稳定系数及安全桩净距的计算公式,提出了窜孔防治措施建议。结果表明,桩间土失稳时,滑动土体位移平行于桩心连线,其宽度等于两桩桩径较小值;桩间土稳定系数与滑动土体宽度及埋深成反比,与桩净距成正比,随滑动层的抗剪强度及残余抗剪强度增大而增大,而滑动层厚度则存在一个最不利值,可通过试算确定;控制桩孔间的混凝土面高差、增大桩孔开挖净距、加强护壁,减少桩间土的扰动等是防治窜孔的有效措施。工程实例表明,桩间土稳定性评价方法合理、实用,可为黏性土场地的人工挖孔桩施工提供参考。     

BEM analysis of the interaction factor for vertically loaded dissimilar piles in saturated poroelastic soil

This paper focuses on an analysis by the boundary element method (BEM) of the pile-to-pile interaction for pile groups with dissimilar piles of different pile lengths embedded in saturated poroelastic soil. The behaviour of the poroelastic homogeneous soil is governed by Biot’s consolidation equations. The pile–soil system is decomposed into extended soil and fictitious piles. Considering the compatibility of vertical strain between fictitious piles and soil, the second kind of Fredholm integral equations were obtained to predict the axial force and settlement along pile shafts numerically. For the analysis of the interaction factor, two loading conditions for a two-dissimilar-pile system were proposed: (a) only one pile is loaded and (b) each pile is subjected to a load proportional to the pile length. Furthermore, the two-pile system was extended to pile groups with a rigid cap to capture the optimum design where each pile shares the same loading at the pile heads. The optimum results require shortening the peripheral piles and elongating internal piles, and the consolidation effect needs to be considered due to the adjustment of loading distribution among piles.     

适用倾斜滑面的刚性抗滑桩最小嵌固深度计算方法

为计算确定桩前滑面倾斜情况下加固边坡的抗滑桩最小嵌固深度,基于倾斜地面条件的抗滑桩计算地基系数法,确定嵌固段桩侧土层压力,同时采用塑性极限分析方法,推导与滑面倾角密切相关的嵌固段土层极限抗力,并根据桩侧地层最大压力不超过其极限抗力的条件,建立了抗滑桩最小嵌固深度计算方法,并确定了其与滑面倾角的关系。实例分析表明,抗滑桩最小嵌固深度随滑面倾角呈非线性增大,在倾角为10°～30°范围内变化显著;嵌固段地层黏聚力、内摩擦角和重度对抗滑桩最小嵌固深度均有明显影响,且呈负相关关系;本文方法所得桩体最小嵌固深度比传统考虑桩前滑面倾斜影响的方法约小18%。     

抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性影响因素的参数分析

抗滑桩加固是滑坡治理的常用方法。本文采用强度折减有限元法分析了影响抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的若干因素,计算了边坡抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载过程中的桩身弯矩、剪力、位移和边坡安全系数,揭示了桩位、桩长等因素对抗滑桩加固边坡稳定状态的影响规律,获得了最优桩位及临界桩长等抗滑桩优化设计要素,为排桩的优化设计提供参考依据。并对抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载下的桩身受力、变形特性及规律进行了分析。发现桩头水平位移在坡顶分级堆载下以指数函数形式发展,并建立了变形预测数学模型,为桩身变形控制提供了参考依据。     

Variation of limiting lateral soil pressure with depth for pile rows in clay

Pile group interaction effects on the lateral pile resistance are investigated for the case of a laterally loaded row of piles in clay. Both uniform undrained shear strength and linearly increasing with depth shear strength profiles are considered. Three-dimensional finite element analyses are presented, which are used to identify the predominant failure modes and to calculate the reduction in lateral resistance due to group effects. A limited number of two-dimensional analyses are also presented in order to examine the behaviour of very closely spaced piles. It is shown that, contrary to current practice, group effects vary with depth; they are insignificant close to the ground surface, increase to a maximum value at intermediate depths and finally reduce to a constant value at great depth. The effect of pile spacing and pile–soil adhesion are investigated and equations are developed for the calculation of a depth dependent reduction factor, which when multiplied by the limiting lateral pressure along a single pile, provides the corresponding variation of soil pressure along a pile in a pile row. This reduction factor is used to perform p–y analyses, which show that, due to this variation of group effects on the lateral soil pressures with depth, the overall group interaction effects depend on the pile length. Comparisons are also made with approaches used in practice that assume constant with depth reduction factors.