动、静水条件下苦草(Vallisneria natans L.)对沉积物磷释放的影响

在浅水湖泊中,沉降在沉积物中的营养盐易受到水流的扰动再释放出来,而沉水植物可以在一定程度减少营养盐的释放.借助自主开发的生态水槽,在40 d的实验周期内检测动、静水条件下有、无苦草(Vallisneria natans L.)时沉积物、上覆水中磷含量变化,旨在为沉水植物对湖泊沉积物营养盐释放量的影响估算及水环境质量评价提供科学依据.结果表明:动水条件下,沉积物在没有苦草的保护下总磷含量下降21.8%,而有苦草的保护下总磷含量下降17.7%.苦草根系从周围沉积物中吸收磷,1~4 cm沉积物层的吸收量高于4~8 cm沉积物层.动水槽的上覆水中总溶解态磷浓度和总颗粒态磷浓度均大量增加,并且总颗粒态磷浓度相对于总溶解态磷浓度占较大比例.苦草减少了沉积物中磷的释放,并对上覆水中正磷酸盐有明显的吸收作用.     

沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)对沉积物中磷赋存形态的影响

湖泊富营养化是世界面临的重大环境问题,磷在沉积物-水界面的循环在富营养化过程中起关键作用,因此,研究沉水植物对沉积物-水界面磷循环的作用及其机理具重要的理论和实践意义.本实验通过在水泥池中(4.0 m×7.0 m×1.5 m)种植苦草(Vallisneria natans),并采用定期更换原位上覆水的方式模拟自然状态下的水体交换,研究了沉水植物苦草从定植到生长末期沉积物中不同形态磷含量的变化,以期揭示期间苦草对沉积物中磷赋存形态的影响.结果表明,本实验条件下苦草经历了两个生长阶段,在约1个月的快速生长期内能显著降低沉积物中的总磷(TP)含量,TP含量降低了78.79 mg/kg,其中有机磷(Org-P)含量降低49.99 mg/kg,对TP降低的贡献度为62.67%,而钙结合态磷(Ca-P)比对照组减少2.20%,因此,苦草可能主要通过促进Org-P的矿化向水柱和间隙水中释放磷的方式降低沉积物中TP含量,其次苦草可促进Ca-P的分解;此外,苦草为满足植株生长,所吸收的沉积物铁结合态磷(Fe-P)和铝结合态磷(Al-P)分别为2.99和4.10 mg/kg,但苦草对沉积物中闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)含量没有显著影响.在缓慢生长阶段,苦草促进有机物的沉降以及Fe-P和Oc-P的形成,Fe-P和Oc-P含量分别增加14.82和101.53 mg/kg.苦草对Al-P的形成也略有促进作用,其含量升高7.39%.研究结果表明,苦草在不同生长阶段对沉积物中磷形态的转化以及各形态磷的迁移方向具有不同的影响.在快速生长期苦草转化吸收高活性磷,将其固定到植株体内;缓慢生长阶段则促进水体中的磷转化成沉积物中难分解态的磷,对磷的沉降表现出积极促进作用.     

苦草(Vallisneria natans)衰亡对水-沉积物之间磷迁移的影响

采用沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)为研究对象,在其衰亡期测定群落内、外上覆水及沉积物各形态磷的含量,以探究沉水植物在其衰亡期对上覆水和沉积物中各形态磷的影响.结果表明:苦草衰亡过程中上覆水中总磷、可溶性总磷、溶解性活性磷、颗粒磷、可溶性有机磷浓度的变化相对平稳,与对照组相比无显著差异;沉积物中各形态磷含量均呈小幅度上升趋势,在实验结束时,苦草组沉积物中总磷含量为719.27 mg/kg,和初始值比增加了14.68 mg/kg,无机磷和有机磷含量分别增加了12.06和2.20 mg/kg,氢氧化钠提取磷和盐酸提取磷含量分别增加了7.05和4.29 mg/kg.总体来看,沉水植物苦草在其衰亡过程中分解速率较慢,对水-沉积物之间各形态磷含量无显著影响.     

城市河道黑臭底泥对挺水植物光合荧光特性的影响

城市河道黑臭现象日益严重,探讨常见湿地植物在黑臭底泥中的生长,有利于为河道修复物种选择提供科学依据.研究黑臭底泥对3种常见湿地植物——菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、美人蕉(Canna indica)及慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia)生长状况和叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:菖蒲和美人蕉在第30~40 d时生物量增量明显降低,慈姑的生物量增量在整个实验中持续增加;通过比较3种湿地植物的荧光参数可知,菖蒲和美人蕉的光化学淬灭系数(q P)、相对光合电子传递速率(r ETR)值在第10 d时达到最大,分别为41.33μmol/(m2·s)和68.60μmol/(m2·s),后30 d一直下降;慈姑q P、r ETR值在第30 d时增加;在第40 d时,美人蕉q P值下降,非光化学淬灭系数(q N)值上升,叶片有较强的热耗散能力,而菖蒲的q P、q N值同时下降,黑臭底泥对菖蒲叶片的光合系统PSⅡ造成伤害.这说明黑臭底泥对菖蒲和美人蕉的光合能力产生较长期抑制,而慈姑可较快适应黑臭底泥的胁迫.因此利用湿地植物修复黑臭河道时,可优先选择慈姑,其次是美人蕉,最后是菖蒲.     

Bacteria‐sediment associations in an alpine,freshwater environment and their effects on particle size,density and settling velocity

This study measures the presence of bacteria‐sediment associations (BSAs) in an alpine, glacier‐fed watershed in the Southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. The impact of BSAs on the creation of flocculated particles and their settling velocity are quantified using a laser transmissometer. Results from the study indicate that BSAs are present in the watershed and vary over both space and time. The percentage of bacteria associated with sediment particles was found to range from < 1% to 40%. Major sources of planktonic bacteria such as agricultural land and wastewater treatment outflow co‐occur with large decreases in the BSA ratio. Laboratory analysis demonstrates that an increase in the concentration of bacteria was associated with a decrease in the volume concentration of small particles, and a decrease in both estimated density and measured settling velocity for particles in larger size classes; consistent with flocculated particles of increasing complexity arising from combinations of primary particles and/or BSAs. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions using laminated lake sediments in alpine, glacier‐fed systems benefit from a fuller understanding of the geomorphologic processes by which they formed. While bacteria are noted to enhance formation of flocculated particles in laboratory systems, their impact upon geomorphic processes in natural systems have yet to be fully explored. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Using radiometric fingerprinting and phosphorus to elucidate sediment transport dynamics in an agricultural watershed

The major goals of this study were to determine stream bed sediment erosion/deposition rates, sediment age, percent ‘new’ sediment, and suspended sediment origin during two storm events of contrasting magnitudes (11.9 mm over 5 h and 58.9 mm over 39 h) using fallout radionuclides (excess lead 210 – ²¹⁰Pb_xs and beryllium 7 – ⁷Be) and link the nature and type of sediment source contributions to potential phosphorus (P) off‐site transport. The study was conducted in cropland‐dominated and mixed land use subwatersheds in the non‐glaciated Pleasant Valley watershed (50 km²) in South Central Wisconsin. Fine sediment deposition and erosion rates on stream beds varied from 0.76 to 119.29 mg cm^?2 day^?1 (at sites near the watershed outlet) and 1.72 to 7.72 mg cm^?2 day^?1 (at sites in the headwaters), respectively, during the two storm events. The suspended sediment age ranged from 123 ± 12 to 234 ± 33 days during the smaller storm event; however, older sediment was more prevalent (p = 0.037) in the streams during the larger event with suspended sediment age ranging from 226 ± 9 to 322 ± 114 days. During the small and large storm event, percent new sediment in suspended sediment ranged from 5.3 ± 2.1 to 21.0 ± 2.9% and 5.3 ± 2.7 to 6.7 ± 5.7%, respectively. In the cropland‐dominated subwatershed, upland soils were the major source of suspended sediment, whereas in the mixed land use subwatershed, both uplands and stream banks had relatively similar contributions to suspended sediment. In‐stream (suspended and bed) sediment P levels ranged from 703 ± 193 to 963 ± 84 mg kg^?1 during the two storm events. The P concentrations in suspended and bed sediment were reflective of the dominant sediment source (upland or stream bank or mixed). Overall, sediment transport dynamics showed significant variability between subwatersheds of different land use characteristics during two contrasting storm events. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling sediment deposition and phosphorus retention in a river floodplain

Phosphorus (P) is one of the major limiting nutrient in many freshwater ecosystems. During the last decade, attention has been focused on the fluxes of suspended sediment and particulate P through freshwater drainage systems because of severe eutrophication effects in aquatic ecosystems. Hence, the analysis and prediction of phosphorus and sediment dynamics constitute an important element for ecological conservation and restoration of freshwater ecosystems. In that sense, the development of a suitable prediction model is justified, and the present work is devoted to the validation and application of a predictive soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) uptake and sedimentation models, to a real riparian system of the middle Ebro river floodplain. Both models are coupled to a fully distributed two‐dimensional shallow‐water flow numerical model. The SRP uptake model is validated using data from three field experiments. The model predictions show a good accuracy for SRP concentration, where the linear regressions between measured and calculated values of the three experiments were significant (r² ≥ 0.62; p ≤ 0.05), and a Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (E) that ranged from 0.54 to 0.62. The sedimentation model is validated using field data collected during two real flooding events within the same river reach. The comparison between calculated and measured sediment depositions showed a significant linear regression (p ≤ 0.05; r² = 0.97) and an E that ranged from 0.63 to 0.78. Subsequently, the complete model that includes flow dynamics, solute transport, SRP uptake and sedimentation is used to simulate and analyse floodplain sediment deposition, river nutrient contribution and SRP uptake. According to this analysis, the main SRP uptake process appears to be the sediment sorption. The analysis also reveals the presence of a lateral gradient of hydrological connectivity that decreases with distance from the river and controls the river matter contribution to the floodplain. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relationship between texture and fractions of inorganic phosphorus in the surface sediment of a reservoir

Inorganic P was fractionated into three categories (NaOH-, BD- and HCI-extractable) for 30 surface sediment samples in La Minilla Reservoir (Sevilla, Spain). The amount of reactive P extracted with NaOH (NaOH-RP) and with HCI (HCI-RP) correlated in a multivariate regression with the clay and sand content of the sediment. This multivariate function should aid in predicting the amount of phosphorus available to the sediment organisms, and it can also contribute to the knowledge of the phosphorus budget of the reservoir.Supported by a Grant from CSIC-CONICET.     

东洞庭湖沉积物覆水后磷形态变化及其释放量

研究干燥覆水后低流速条件下东洞庭湖沉积物中磷的形态变化及释放量,可以为轻度富营养化湖泊中磷的生物地球化学循环提供基础数据,为季节性湖泊內源营养盐的迁移转化规律研究、內源营养盐的释放风险评价提供理论依据.本文采集处于干湿交替状态的东洞庭湖表层沉积物,利用室内模拟装置,研究风干沉积物低流速条件下覆水后沉积物及上覆水中磷的形态变化.结果表明,低流速覆水后东洞庭湖沉积物中的磷向上覆水及大气中迁移释放,上覆水中磷的释放量随覆水时长增大,释放速率随覆水时长减小,上覆水流速和磷释放量相关性显著.上覆水循环过程中释放到上覆水中的溶解态有机磷比溶解态活性磷更容易吸附于颗粒物而转化为颗粒态磷.覆水后沉积物中各形态有机磷、无机磷及磷的生物有效性均发生转变,覆水初期沉积物中无机磷向有机磷转化,磷的生物可利用性增大;上覆水循环过程中有机磷向无机磷转化,磷的生物可利用性减小;覆水后沉积物的无机磷的主要组分由铝磷转变为铁磷,有机磷的主要组分有从中活性有机磷向活性有机磷转变的趋势.     

Tracing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus sources in catchments

Information on suspended sediment and particulate P (PP) sources is an important requirement in many catchment-based diffuse source pollution studies, in order to assist with model validation and to provide information to support the development of effective sediment and phosphorus control strategies. Such information is, however, frequently unavailable or difficult to assemble. In the study reported, source fingerprinting procedures were successfully used to assemble this information for seven sub-catchments in the Hampshire Avon catchment and five sub-catchments in the Middle Herefordshire Wye catchment. The results provide important new information on the relative importance of the contributions from surface and channel/subsurface sources to the suspended sediment and PP fluxes from the catchments. In the Wye sub-catchments channel/subsurface sources contributed 40–55% of the overall suspended sediment flux and 21–43% of the PP flux from the catchments. Equivalent values for the Avon were 1–41% and 1–54%, respectively. Combination of the information on the relative importance of surface and channel/subsurface sources with measured suspended sediment fluxes has provided the first estimates of the specific fluxes of sediment and PP attributable to channel/subsurface sources for UK catchments. The former are as high as 15–20 t km⁻² year⁻¹ in some of the Wye sub-catchments, whereas the latter exceeded 0.1 kgP ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the same sub-catchments. The results emphasize the need to take account of potential contributions from channel/subsurface sources when using measured suspended sediment and PP flux data to validate predictions derived from models incorporating only surface contributions.     

环境因子对五里湖沉积物磷释放的影响

本文论述了溶解氧、pH、温度和沉积物中微生物作用对太湖五里湖区沉积物磷释放的影响,以及在pH为8.4、好氧和厌氧二种状态下沉积物释放试验后滤液对斜生栅列藻(Scende es(?) obliq(?))和羊角月芽藻(Selena(?) ca(?))增长的影响.结果表明:溶解氧降低、pH和温度升高、微生物作用有利于沉积物磷向水体释放,与湖水组相比,厌氧状态下沉积物磷释放后滤液能显著促进斜生栅列藻增长,但不能促进羊角月芽藻增长,好氧状态下沉积物磷释放后滤液均不能促进二种藻类的增长。     

Influence of external loading and halocline on phosphorus release from sediment in an artificial tidal lake

Many of the dams built in estuaries in the last century have difficulty with water quality management.Numerous factors have affected the estuary lake water,most importantly external loadings,tidal currents,and increases in the phosphorus(P) release from sediment,so that most water quality characteristics in the estuary are highly interactive and dynamic.In the current study,water quality measurements were made in the laboratory and field,and a series of phosphorus release experiments was done to understand the behavior of P in an estuary lake.The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand(COD),chlorophyll-a(Chl-a),and total P(TP) showed an increasing trend when the pollutant loading of the influent stream water was high.The measurements showed increasing trends,which indicates the constituents are produced in the internal environment of the lake.When a large amount of freshwater flowed in from the upper watershed,density stratification was observed,which forms strongly because of the salinity of seawater.During the period of stratification,a hypoxic layer formed,which can accelerate P release.Comparing the open and dosed conditions of the release experiments,the P release rate was much higher under the closed condition than under the open condition.The maximum P release rates from the sediment collected from the five main sites of the lake were more than 2.5 times the P loading from the inflowing streams in April.Spatially,the release rate was higher mid-reservoir than down-reservoir where a halocline was evident The pollutant load discharged from the tributary watershed was deposited on the bottom mid-reservoir,whereas it was washed out downreservoir because of the density stratification and strong tide in that area.To sustainably manage water quality and decrease lake eutrophication in brackish environments formed by freshwater from streams mixing with seawater entering through sluice dikes,different measures than those applied in strictly freshwater environments are required.Considering the spatial characteristics of an estuary lake,these measures include 1) blocking settleable particles discharged from the rivers upstream,2) controlling hypoxia to avoid P release from the sediment and inhibiting algae growth mid-reservoir,and 3)decreasing stratification caused by the halocline down-reservoir.     

底泥就地稳定化中零价铁(Fe0)对有机污染物的作用及其对上覆水体水质的影响

在实验室模拟静态湖泊体系条件下,通过向实际底泥中投加零价铁(Fe~0),考察反应前后底泥中有机物数量、种类、总有机质含量以及上覆水体溶解氧(DO)浓度、氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH和化学需氧量(CODCr)浓度等指标的变化,探讨Fe~0对底泥有机物的降解效果以及对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,投加Fe~0处理80 d后,(1)经GC-MS检测出底泥中易被降解的小分子有机物(分子量小于200)数量明显增多,底泥总有机去除率为44%.(2)上覆水体的DO浓度、Eh和pH都有不同程度的变化.DO浓度从6.6 mg/L迅速下降至0.2 mg/L,Eh从150 mV左右下降至74 mV,pH升高至8.4,此体系易形成厌氧环境;且上覆水体中CODCr低于纯底泥-水体系,上覆水中DO浓度、Eh及pH与CODCr浓度具有一定相关性.综上,底泥中投加Fe~0可有效降解有机物,且不会对上覆水体产生持久、较大的影响.     

镧改性膨润土对浅水湖泊水体磷浓度和沉积物磷形态的影响

分析湖泊沉积物磷形态的变化是揭示控制沉积物磷释放机理的关键.本研究分析了暨南大学南湖加镧改性膨润土前后水体磷浓度和沉积物磷形态变化,以探讨镧改性膨润土对削减水体磷浓度的效果.结果显示,镧改性膨润土添加后,上覆水磷浓度波动较大,总体呈下降趋势;至60 d时,水体总磷、颗粒态磷、总溶解磷和溶解性反应磷分别比添加前下降了45.1%、44.1%、48.2%和85.3%;沉积物中的弱结合态磷和氧化还原敏感性磷含量减少,更稳定的磷灰石结合态磷和残渣磷含量增加,而金属氧化物磷和有机磷含量变化较小.本研究表明镧改性膨润土能改变沉积物磷形态,使活性磷转化为稳定的磷形态,从而提高沉积物对磷的滞留能力、降低湖水磷含量,改善水质.     

贵州红枫湖沉积物磷赋存形态的空间变化特征

选取贵州省红枫湖这一典型的亚深水型人工湖泊作为对象,研究了6个代表性湖区沉积物柱芯磷的赋存形态,结合水体温度和溶解氧现场监测结果,探讨了该类型湖泊沉积物内源磷释放风险.研究结果表明,红枫湖沉积物总磷含量普遍较高,表层沉积物总磷含量均值大于1500 mg/kg,明显高于下部沉积物.NaOH-SRP和rest-P是沉积物磷的主要赋存形态.NH4Cl-P和BD-P含量表层最高,随深度增加明显降低,rest-P含量在垂向上变化不大.人为活动是造成沉积物总磷及赋存形态空间分布差异的主要原因,工业废水和网箱养鱼活动等大大增加了沉积物NaOH-SRP含量.红枫湖深水湖区底部水温多在14.5～23.5℃之间,随季节变化底部水温差异明显,溶解氧含量通常不高于1.5 mg/L,整体处于季节性缺氧或厌氧状态.以NaOH-SRP为主的沉积物磷赋存形态和深水缺氧环境大大增加了红枫湖沉积物内源磷释放的风险,在未来的研究中亟待加强对该类型湖泊沉积物内源磷释放机制、控制因素及治理措施的研究.     

太湖水体中胶体磷含量初探

室内静态模拟不同温度下太湖15个湖区柱状沉积物磷酸根释放,分析了相应表层沉积物形态磷,以及梅梁湾间隙水中相关离子Al(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)、Ca(Ⅱ)和PO43-含量的季节变化．研究表明,受陆源影响较大的泥区通常是太湖内源磷的稳定源;而在开敞度较大的湖区,由于表层沉积物胶体的物化吸附,使得温度对底泥磷释放的影响作用减弱,并易产生磷的“内汇”现象;在梅梁湾区成汇区,还加上春夏季藻类的局部超负荷需磷这一控制因素,从而使得太湖大部分泥区在一年中至少发生一次源-汇转换过程．化学热力学分析揭示,Al-P较之Fe-P和Ca-P更易在界面发生溶解可能是太湖表层沉积物Al-P与PO43-P释放速率呈显著相关(r=0．3858>r1-0．01,n=45)的内在原因．虽然沉积物中Fe-P有较高的释磷潜力,但浅水湖所营造的沉积物表层氧化层和广泛覆盖的无机胶体及粘土矿物的强吸附介质,可能是抑制沉积物中Fe-P释放成为优势的主要因素．估算太湖沉积物-水界面磷的净通量为899．4±573．6 t／a,约占太湖磷入湖量的1／4-1／2,其中成汇通量约为-91．2±42．4 t/a．     

PSYCHIC – A process-based model of phosphorus and sediment transfers within agricultural catchments. Part 2. A preliminary evaluation

This paper describes the preliminary evaluation of the PSYCHIC catchment scale (Tier 1) model for predicting the mobilisation and delivery of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) in the Hampshire Avon (1715 km²) and Herefordshire Wye (4017 km²) drainage basins, in the UK, using empirical data. Phosphorus and SS transfers to watercourses in the Wye were predicted to be greater than corresponding delivery in the Avon; SS, 249 vs 33 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; DP, 2.57 vs 1.26 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; PP, 2.20 vs 0.56 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The spatial pattern of the predicted transfers was relatively uniform across the Wye drainage basin, whilst in the Avon, delivery to watercourses was largely confined to the river corridors and small areas of drained land. Statistical performance in relation to predicted exports of P and SS, using criteria for relative error (RE) and root mean square error (RMSE), reflected the potential shortcomings associated with using longer-term climate data for predicting shorter-term (2002–2004) catchment response and the need to refine calculations of point source contributions and to incorporate additional river basin processes such as channel bank erosion and in-stream geochemical processing. PSYCHIC is therefore best suited to characterising longer-term catchment response.     

Vertical distribution of phosphorus and P-dissolving/decomposing bacteria in the sediment of Guanting reservoir

In this study, we determined pH, phosphorus content and the number of P-dis- solving/decomposing bacteria in relation to the depth in the sediment of Guanting reservoir in Beijing. The pH value was slightly increased from 8.0 in the surface to 8.5 in the bottle (69 cm in depth) of sediment. The highest P content, 1269 mg/kg, was detected in the 35 cm layer, followed by the 5 cm (993 mg/kg) and 69 cm (580 mg/kg) layers. The number of inorganic P-dissolving bacteria varied from 6(102 to 8(104 and the organic P-discomposing bacteria were from 1.9(103 to 6.3(104 per gram sediment in different depths, which were counted under 28℃ and 20℃ ( pH7.5 and 8.5. The number of P-dissolving/discomposing bacteria was directly correlated to the P content in each layer of sediments. The analysis of P-dissolving/decomposing ability of bacteria showed that some of these bacteria were also capable of accumulating P intracellularly. The intracellular P-accumulation was more efficient at lower temperature; in contrast, the activity of P-dissolving/decomposing was stronger at higher temperature. So the content of dissolved P in water body, or quality of water, could be affected by the change of temperature via the regulation of bacterial activity. On the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing, the 13 efficient P-dis- solving/decomposing bacteria were identified as Bacillus spp., Bacterium sp., Microbacterium sp., Paenibacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.     

不同藻类对温度与磷叠加作用的响应模式

气候变暖对富营养化引起的蓝藻水华扩张具有叠加作用,为探索不同藻类对气候变暖与富营养化叠加作用的响应模式,选用富营养化水体常见藻类铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)作为材料,采用室内培养方法,模拟春末不同升温幅度(20+3、23+3和20+6℃),5个磷浓度水平(0、0.05、0.15、0.30和0.50 mg/L),通过生长速率、光化学参数等的测定,分析不同藻类对温度升高和营养盐添加的生长与光化学响应.结果表明:3种藻的生长速率对温度和磷的叠加作用呈现不同的响应模式:随着磷浓度的升高,铜绿微囊藻的生长速率受温度的叠加作用不断增加,26℃时差异最大;水华鱼腥藻生长速率除在0.30 mg/L磷浓度时受温度叠加作用比较明显外,其他磷浓度水平均没有显著的叠加效应;斜生栅藻在不同磷浓度水平下受温度叠加作用影响有较大波动,但无明显差异.铜绿微囊藻对温度的叠加作用随着磷浓度的增加呈现逻辑斯蒂模式增长,而水华鱼腥藻和斜生栅藻均是在特定温度或特定营养盐浓度时呈现最大的叠加作用,叠加作用的趋势不明显.从Fv/Fm结果可知,铜绿微囊藻下降幅度明显高于水华鱼腥藻和斜生栅藻,随温度升高,磷浓度越高,铜绿微囊藻的Fv/Fm下降幅度越大,这可能是铜绿微囊藻在高生长速率下色素无法积累所致;水华鱼腥藻的Fv/Fm基本保持稳定,各组间差异较小;斜生栅藻的Fv/Fm在低磷浓度组明显低于高磷浓度组,并且随温度升高下降趋势增加,3种藻的光学特性响应反映了藻类在叠加作用下生长的变化.综上所述,铜绿微囊藻对温度上升与磷浓度的升高有更强的响应,导致其产生更高的生长速率,从而促进了蓝藻水华的扩张.     

鄱阳湖阻隔湖泊沉积物中溞属枝角类卵鞍密度的长期变化及其与营养盐的关系:以军山湖为例

本文研究了典型的鄱阳湖阻隔湖泊——军山湖沉积物(0~36 cm)中溞属枝角类卵鞍密度的长期变化.1~#和2~#采样点36 cm沉积层对应的年代分别为1839和1857年.1958年前,军山湖沉积物的沉积速率呈现较高的水平,而1959年建坝后的沉积速率明显减小.1958年前,军山湖沉积物中总氮和总磷含量相对稳定,但建坝后总氮含量呈现明显增加的趋势.在军山湖沉积物中,鉴定出中华拟同形溞(Daphnia similoides sinensis)、盔形溞(D.galeata)和蚤状溞(D.pulex)的卵鞍.1~#和2~#沉积柱中3种溞属种类总卵鞍和含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率和密度呈现较一致的变化.1958年前,3种溞属种类总卵鞍和含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率和密度均处于较低水平(1~#沉积柱:0~1.51×10~3ind./(m~2·a)和0~0.63 ind./(g·dw);2~#沉积柱:0~0.70×10~3ind./(m~2·a)和0~0.22 ind./(g·dw));1959年建坝后,10~1 cm的沉积层中3种溞属种类总卵鞍和含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率和密度呈现逐步增加的趋势,尤其是在3~1 cm(2009-2015年)的沉积层.Pearson相关性显示,军山湖1~#沉积柱中的总氮含量与3种溞属种类的总卵鞍和含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率之间均存在极显著相关性.2~#沉积柱中的总氮和总磷含量均与3种溞属种类总卵鞍的累积速率之间存在显著相关性.2~#沉积柱的总氮和总磷含量还与中华拟同形溞的含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率之间均存在显著相关性.结果表明,沉积物中营养盐含量和溞属种类卵鞍(或休眠卵)的长期变化能够反映湖泊富营养化和溞属种群的历史演变过程.