Experimental study of base isolation by free rolling rods

Experimental and analytical studies of base isolation by free rolling rods under basement are described in this paper. The tests of the system, a one-storey, 326-kg structure mounted on a set of free rolling rods, is carried out on a 3^m × 3^m shaking-table. The dynamic behaviour of the isolated structure is studied and used to verify the analytical results. In the isolation system, the coefficient of kinetic rolling friction, measured at different angular velocities, ranges from 0·0007 to 0·0016. The coefficients are reduced by decreasing the angular velocities. Two earthquakes, a short-period and a long-period motion in Taiwan, are utilized as the input signals. The accelerations experienced by the superstructure are decreased by factors of 56 and 60 in comparison with the fixed-base condition for the two input earthquakes. Also, for each test, the peak relative-to-ground displacement of the basement is nearly equal to the peak ground displacement, and the permanent displacement of the basement is present after the end of the earthquake. Finally, tests of the system with a recentring-force device is undertaken, where a soft spring added to the basement reduces efficiently the permanent displacement. Comparisons show a good agreement between experimental and theoretical results.     

不规则框架结构的组合隔震反应分析

为研究不规则框架隔震结构的地震反应,分别对一个传统抗震结构、一个铅芯叠层橡胶支座隔震结构和四个组合隔震结构(隔震层由铅芯支座和滑板支座组成)进行了弹塑性地震反应时程分析,研究隔震支座参数对隔震效果的影响。结果表明:采用组合隔震技术时,合理选择隔震层的铅芯支座布置位置、滑板支座的摩擦系数和铅芯叠层橡胶支座的型号,可以有效地降低上部结构的扭转效应;对于不规则的建筑隔震结构,为减小地面运动带来的扭转效应,建议采用由铅芯支座和滑板支座组合而成的隔震层,可对上部结构的扭转起到很好的抑制作用。     

新型组合隔震支座设计与性能研究

在已有研究基础上,为提高摩擦型组合隔震支座变形能力、改进各摩擦组件位移协调性,建立实体化和参数化计算模型,对新型三段两级摩擦组合隔震支座进行构造及内力分析研究,使用ABAQUS软件对摩擦阻尼器和组合隔震支座进行实体有限元模拟。针对设置常规隔震支座和新型组合隔震支座的某隔震结构案例进行建模及非线性时程地震响应分析,推导组合隔震支座出力和构造参数的关系。研究结果表明,文章所采用的摩擦阻尼器参数化建模方法是准确的,新型组合支座可明显降低支座拉应力,减小隔震层位移,提高结构抗倾覆能力。文章提出的针对摩擦阻尼器的简化单元可大幅提高有限元模型的计算效率。     

Development of a tunable friction pendulum system for semi‐active control of building structures under earthquake ground motions

The Friction Pendulum System (FPS) isolator is commonly used as a base isolation system in buildings. In this paper, a new tunable FPS (TFPS) isolator is proposed and developed to act as a semi‐active control system by combining the traditional FPS and semi‐active control concept. Theoretical analysis and physical tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of the proposed TFPS isolator. The experimental and theoretical results were in good agreement, both suggesting that the friction force of the TFPS isolator can be tuned to achieve seismic isolation of the structure. A series of numerical simulations of a base‐isolated structure equipped with the proposed TFPS isolator and subjected to earthquake ground motions were also conducted. In the analyses, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method was adopted to control the friction force of the proposed TFPS, and the applicability and effectiveness of the TFPS in controlling the structure's seismic responses were investigated. The simulation results showed that the TFPS can reduce the displacement of the isolation layer without significantly increasing the floor acceleration and inter‐story displacement of the superstructure, confirming that the TFPS can effectively control a base‐isolated structure under earthquake ground motions.     

罕遇地震下村镇建筑复合隔震系统的地震响应特征及设计参数

为研究罕遇地震下复合隔震村镇建筑的地震响应特征及设计参数,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了复合隔震结构、滑移隔震结构、砂垫层隔震结构以及传统的砌体结构四种模型,通过对比4种模型在不同滑移层摩擦系数及不同地震烈度下的加速度、位移及底部剪力等动力响应差异,得出复合隔震体系的地震响应特征及主要设计参数。结果表明:复合隔震体系具有最优的隔震效果,且滑移层摩擦系数越小,地震烈度越大,隔震效果越好。根据预设40%隔震率的要求,确定出不同抗震设防烈度区的滑移层摩擦系数取值范围。     

层间滑移隔震结构地震作用有限元分析

将二硫化钼作为摩擦材料设计出一种带限位器的滑移隔震支座。根据多层框架结构变形的特点,给出适用于滑移框架隔震结构的计算模型,推导出层间滑移隔震结构的运动方程。运用SAP2000有限元软件建立一层间滑移框架隔震结构的有限元模型,对比分析El Centro地震波下摩擦系数和隔震层位置不同时隔震结构的地震反应。结果表明,上部结构的动力反应随摩擦系数的增加而不断增大,滑移隔震结构的减震效果逐渐减弱,但隔震层的滑移量却在不断减小;摩擦系数的选取应综合考虑减震效果和隔震层滑移量两个因素。随着隔震层的增高,结构的加速度反应和层间位移反应整体上呈增大趋势,隔震效果不断减弱,且隔震层的加速度值下部层比上部层要大得多,一层隔震和三层隔震时的变形主要集中于隔震层,而五层隔震时结构层间位移并未出现突变,说明隔震层设置在较高位置处对结构体系的影响较小。     

基于等效线性化隔震结构设计周期折减系数研究

《建筑隔震设计标准》提出的隔震设计是基于复振型分解反应谱等效线性化的一体化直接设计方法,但未提及隔震结构周期折减系数如何取值。基于此,根据刚度串联关系推导等效单自由度隔震体系周期折减系数简化计算公式,探讨隔震结构周期折减系数因素的影响规律,建立不同填充材料、不同填充率的有限元数值模型,并利用数值模拟结果验证隔震结构周期折减系数简化计算公式。结果表明:隔震结构周期折减系数与名义周期比、非隔震结构周期折减系数存在函数关系;墙体开洞与通高墙体的隔震结构的周期折减系数均随着填充率的增大而减小,当填充率相同时,呈现出随填充材料弹性模量增大而减小的趋势,墙体开洞会增大隔震结构周期折减系数,且隔震结构的周期折减系数的取值范围相对较窄,为0.915~0.965;数值有限元模拟与理论结果偏差小于3%,吻合度高,以验证隔震结构周期折减系数简化计算公式的正确性,说明该简化计算方法对隔震工程设计具有一定指导意义。     

新型滑移隔震结构模型的振动台试验研究

利用实体软钢棒作为消能限位装置,将一种摩擦性能优良的二硫化钼材料作为隔震支座的滑移材料,提出并制作了一种可以应用于框架结构既能隔震又可以消能的新型摩擦滑移隔震装置。探讨了其设计方法和应用方法,并对安装了该新型摩擦滑移隔震装置的一相似比为1:5的5层框架结构模型进行了振动台试验,测试了框架结构在单向地震波作用下的地震反应规律,分析了摩擦滑移隔震结构的加速度反应、层间剪力反应、隔震层滑移量及隔震层剪力的变化规律。结果表明:一般情况下当设防烈度为8度,Ⅱ类场地时,该隔震结构的加速度响应可降低50%左右,层间剪力响应可降低50%左右,减震效果比较明显。另外,只要确定合理的构造方案和实施方案,这种新型摩擦滑移隔震装置就能满足框架结构的隔震减震要求,可应用于实际工程结构中。     

A parametric study of seismic behavior of roller seismic isolation bearings for highway bridges

A roller seismic isolation bearing is proposed for use in highway bridges. The bearing utilizes a rolling mechanism to achieve seismic isolation and has a zero post‐elastic stiffness under horizontal ground motions, a self‐centering capability, and unique friction devices for supplemental energy dissipation. The objectives of this research are to investigate the seismic behavior of the proposed bearing using parametric studies (1) with nonlinear response history analysis and (2) with equivalent linear analysis according to the AASHTO guide specifications, and by comparing the results from both analysis methods (3) to evaluate the accuracy of the AASHTO equivalent linear method for predicting the peak displacement of the proposed bearing during an earthquake. Twenty‐eight ground motions are used in the studies. The parameters examined are the sloping angle of the intermediate plate of the bearing, the amount of friction force for supplemental energy dissipation, and the peak ground acceleration levels of the ground motions. The peak displacement and base shear of the bearing are calculated. Results of the studies show that a larger sloping angle does not reduce the peak displacement for most of the parametric combinations without friction devices. However, for parametric combinations with friction devices, it allows for the use of a higher friction force, which effectively reduces the peak displacement, while keeping a self‐centering capability. The AASHTO equivalent linear method may underestimate the peak displacement by as much as 40%. Vertical ground motions have little effect on the peak displacement, but significantly increase the peak base shear. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental assessment of sliding materials for seismic isolation systems

Novel self-lubricating materials are currently being proposed to be used in sliding isolation systems such as the curved surface sliding isolator system, or pendulum bearing system, for the protection of buildings and structures. The current codes for anti-seismic devices are focused on the evaluation of the performance of the whole isolation system; as a consequence, a reliable procedure for the pre-assessment of the material combinations of sliding interfaces is currently missing. Therefore in this paper, an experimental methodology is proposed for the characterization of self-lubricating materials through tests on small-scale specimens performed using customized equipment able to reproduce the operational conditions of real isolation systems as per contact pressure, sliding velocity, temperature and slide path. The testing sequence has been designed in order to evaluate the sliding properties of the material in terms of static and dynamic coefficient of friction and wear resistance. Examples are reported for the assessment of two self-lubricating materials with different sliding characteristics. In order to validate the method and to confirm the reliability of extrapolating the results to real working conditions, prototypes of pendulum isolation systems incorporating the assessed materials have been tested according to the AASHTO (Guide specifications for seismic isolation design, 2nd edn. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1999) specifications and the relevant dynamic properties assessed from the Horizontal Load—Displacement loops. The experimental outcomes confirmed that the frictional characteristics provided by the proposed procedure can be reliably used in the design of seismically isolated structures.     

Dynamic analysis of sliding structures with unsynchronized support motions

The dynamic analysis of sliding structures is complicated due to the presence of friction. Synchronization of the kinematics of all the isolation bearings is often granted to simplify the task. This, however, may lead to inaccurate prediction of the structural responses under certain circumstances. Stepped structures or continuous bridges with seismic isolation are notable examples where unsynchronized bearing motions are expected. In this paper, a logically simple and numerically efficient procedure is proposed to solve the dynamic problem of sliding systems with unsynchronized support motions. The motion equations for the sliding and non‐sliding modes of the isolated structure are unified into a single equation that is represented as a difference equation in a discrete‐time state‐space form and the base shear forces between the sliding interfaces can be determined through simple matrix algebraic analysis. The responses of the sliding structure can be obtained recursively from the discrete‐time version of the motion equation with constant integration time step even during the transitions between the non‐sliding and sliding phases. Therefore, both accuracy and efficiency in the dynamic analysis of the highly non‐linear system can be enhanced to a large extent. Rigorous assessment of seismic structures with unsynchronized support motions has been carried out for both a stepped structure and a continuous bridge. Effectiveness of friction pendulum bearings for earthquake protection of such structures has been verified. Moreover, evident unsynchronized sliding motions of the friction bearings have been observed, confirming the necessity to deal with each of the bearings independently in the analytical model. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface on the isolation performance of friction pendulum bearings

A new equivalent center of mass model of FPBs(friction pendulum bearings) is introduced, and based on this model, coefficient j of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface is defined. It is thought in theory that j has a significant impact on the isolation parameter of FPBs, since the equivalent post-yielding stiffness and friction coefficients are not simply determined by sliding radius and sliding friction pairs. The results of numerical simulation analysis using ABAQUS conducted on two groups of FPBs support this viewpoint. For FPBs with the same sliding radius and sliding friction pairs, the FPB modules of structural analysis software such as ETABS could only distinguish the equivalent transformation using j one by one. The seismic response data obtained in a base isolation calculation example of FPBs are very different, which reveals that j's impact on the isolation effectiveness of FPBs cannot be ignored. The introduction of j will help improve the classical structural theory of FPBs and the weak points of structural analysis software based on this theory, which is important in achieving more accurate analyses in structural design.     

村镇建筑砌体结构滑移隔震性能研究1

村镇建筑多以砖混结构为主,抗震性能相对较弱,砂垫层摩擦滑移隔震技术由于诸多优点较适合广大农村建筑.本文介绍了砂垫层基础滑移隔震的设计原则和分析模型,以常见的两层砖混结构为例,采用Abaqus有限元软件分析不同摩擦系数、不同加速度峰值下隔震层的滑移,并在此基础上确定隔震层在多遇和罕遇地震作用下的摩擦系数及滑移量建议限值;通过验算不同砂浆的抗震受剪承载力,得出不同摩擦力作用下满足抗震受剪承载力的最低砂浆标准,所得结论对农村滑移隔震建筑的选材具有一定参考意义.     

Polynomial friction pendulum isolators (PFPIs) for seismic performance control of benchmark highway bridge

The seismic response of a benchmark highway bridge isolated with passive polynomial friction pendulum isolators (PFPIs) is investigated and subjected to six bidirectional ground motion records. The benchmark study is based on a lumped mass finite-element model of the 91/5 highway overcrossing located in Southern California. The PFPI system possesses two important parameters; one is horizontal flexibility and the other is energy absorbing capacity through friction. The evaluation criteria of the benchmark bridge are analyzed considering two parameters, time period of the isolator and coefficient of friction of the isolation surface. The results of the numerical study are compared with those obtained from the traditional friction pendulum system (FPS). Dual design performance of the PFPI system suppressed the displacement and acceleration response of the benchmark highway bridge. The dual design hysteresis loop of the PFPI system is the main advantage over the linear hysteresis loop of the FPS. The numerical result indicates that the seismic performance of the PFPI system is better than that of the traditional FPS isolated system. Further, it is observed that variations of the isolation time period and coefficient of friction of the FPS and PFPI systems have a significant effect on the peak responses of the benchmark highway bridge.     

Optimum Design of Resilient Sliding Isolation System for Seismic Protection of Equipments

Seismic isolation is one of the effective methods to protect equipments. It helps to keep seismic response accelerations in equipment below its allowable limits. Among different types of isolation systems, the combination of restoring spring and slider, also called as resilient sliding isolation (RSI) system, is the one which has been effectively used for protection of equipment. Principal design parameters for this type of isolation system are period of system (stiffness of spring) and friction coefficient of slider. There may be number of combinations of these design parameters which can enable the isolated equipment to remain functional during and after the predicted seismic event. The optimum design of RSI system can be considered as the one which maintains the response acceleration in the equipment below its allowable limit and at the same time keeps the relative displacement between floor and the equipment to the minimum. This study deals with optimum design of resilient sliding system. First the RSI system is modeled analytically by (i) precise and (ii) simplified SDOF models. The accuracy of the model is then validated by shaking table tests. The validated simplified SDOF model is then used to determine optimum design parameters for different levels of allowable accelerations. Results show that the optimum period decreases and the optimum friction coefficient increases with higher allowable acceleration.     

Reduction of structural response to near fault earthquakes by seismic isolation columns and variable friction dampers

<正>This paper focuses on the investigation of a hybrid seismic isolation system with passive variable friction dampers for protection of structures against near fault earthquakes.The seismic isolation can be implemented by replacing the conventional columns fixed to the foundations by seismic isolating ones.These columns allow horizontal displacement between the superstructure and the foundations and decouple the building from the damaging earthquake motion.As a result, the forces in the structural elements decrease and damage that may be caused to the building by the earthquake significantly decreases.However,this positive effect is achieved on account of displacements occurring in the isolating columns.These displacements become very large when the structure is subjected to a strong earthquake.In this case,impact may occur between the parts of the isolating column yielding their damage or collapse.In order to limit the displacements in the isolating columns,it is proposed to add variable friction dampers.A method for selecting the dampers' properties is proposed.It is carried out using an artificial ground motion record and optimal active control algorithm.Numerical simulation of a seven-story structure shows that the proposed method allows efficient reduction in structural response and limits the displacements at the seismic isolating columns.     

LQR control with frequency‐dependent scheduled gain for a semi‐active floor isolation system

Floor isolation is an alternative to base isolation for protecting a specific group of equipment installed on a single floor or room in a fixed‐base structure. The acceleration of the isolated floor should be mitigated to protect the equipment, and the displacement needs to be suppressed, especially under long‐period motions, to save more space for the floor to place equipment. To design floor isolation systems that reduce acceleration and displacement for both short‐period and long‐period motions, semi‐active control with a newly proposed method using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control with frequency‐dependent scheduled gain (LQRSG) is adopted. The LQRSG method is developed to account for the frequency characteristics of the input motion. It updates the control gain calculated by the LQR control based on the relationship between the control gain and dominant frequency of the input motion. The dominant frequency is detected in real time using a window method. To verify the effectiveness of the LQRSG method, a series of shake table tests is performed for a semi‐active floor isolation system with rolling pendulum isolators and a magnetic‐rheological damper. The test results show that the LQRSG method is significantly more effective than the LQR control over a range of short‐period and long‐period motions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative study of the inelastic response of base isolated buildings

This article presents a numeric comparative study of the inelastic structural response of base isolated buildings. The comparative study includes the following isolation systems: laminated rubber bearings, New Zealand one, pure friction and the frictional pendulum ones. The study is based on obtaining non‐linear response spectra for various design parameters using six earthquake records. Usually the base isolation of a new building seeks to maintain the structure in the linear elastic range. The response of old weak buildings or the response of new ones subjected to extreme earthquakes may not be, necessarily, in the aforementioned ideal elastic range. Consequently, it is important to characterize the response of isolated buildings responding inelastically. A conclusion from this research is that the isolators affect significantly the structural response of weak systems. Rubber isolators seem slightly less sensitive to plastification that may occur in the structure compared to friction isolators. Ductility demands in the structure are affected significantly by friction and neoprene protected systems, in particular sliding ones where larger demands are obtained. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

农居结构隔震技术研究现状

从地基隔震、基础隔震和混合隔震三类隔震技术3个方面分别阐述了农居结构隔震技术的国内外研究现状。重点介绍了常用的摩擦滑移隔震技术以及隔震滑移位移问题;针对农居工程建设的现状,提出了几个亟待解决或需进一步研究完善的问题。可为从事该研究和设计工作的相关人员提供一定的参考。     

长联大跨摩擦摆支座隔震连续梁桥多维地震反应分析

结合长联大跨连续梁桥的特点,以1座(65+123+156+123+10×90+55)m长联大跨摩擦摆支座隔震连续梁桥为背景,建立了全桥三维有限元模型,运用非线性时程分析法,分析了地震动输入模式、地震动强度、摩擦摆支座参数对该桥内力、位移和能量响应的影响。研究结果表明:(1)长联大跨连续梁桥布置摩擦摆支座,可有效延滞固定墩顶有效主梁质量效应,实现全桥协同抗震。大部分地震能量可通过支座滞回耗能散耗,大幅降低了该桥固定墩地震能量耗散需求。(2)长联大跨连续梁桥减隔震设计中,建议采用水平单向+竖向地震组合进行内力设计,采用三向地震组合进行位移设计。(3)强震作用下,支座摩擦因数取0.029~0.034时该桥隔震性能最优。