Response of secondary systems in structures subjected to transient excitation

An analytical method, based on matrix perturbation theory, is developed whereby a simple estimate can be obtained of the maximum dynamic response of lightly damped, light equipment (modelled as a n(²)-degree-of-freedom system) attached to a structure (modelled as a n(¹)-degree-of-freedom system) subjected to ground motion or impact. A natural frequency of the equipment is considered close or equal to a natural frequency of the structure. It is assumed that the information available to the designer is a time history of the ground motion or impact, or an associated design spectrum; the fixed base modal properties of the structure; and the fixed base modal properties of the equipment. The method employed avoids the direct conventional analysis of a n(²) + n(¹)-degree-of-freedom system either by modal or by matrix time-marching methods; as well as errors in estimates of peak response due to the possible unreliability of numerical schemes because of the lightness of the equipment, or due to uncertainty as to the appropriate procedure for summing the contributions of the two closely spaced modes which occur in the system. The proposed procedure is demonstrated for an example equipment-structure system. Computed results based on the method are in close agreement with results obtained through a Newmark time-integration scheme.     

A numerical and experimental study of hollow steel pile in layered soil subjected to lateral dynamic loading

The present study aims at investigating the nonlinear behavior of single hollow pile in layered soil subjected to varying levels of horizontal dynamic load. A finite element model has been developed using commercially available FEM based software. Mohr–Coulomb plasticity model is used to simulate the soil plasticity whereas the pile-material is idealized as elastic. Numerical results are validated comparing with the experimental results. The experimental investigations were carried out in the field located at IIT Kharagpur. Two types of motion: horizontal and rocking are studied. The effects of various influencing parameters, namely, exciting moment, length and diameter of the pile etc. on the nonlinear dynamic response of piles are investigated. It is found that separation of pile from the surrounding soil considerably affects the resonance frequency and amplitude of the pile foundations.     

A numerical and experimental study of hollow steel pile in layered soil subjected to vertical dynamic loading

This paper presents an investigation of the nonlinear behaviour of single piles subjected to varying levels of vertical dynamic load. A good number of tests are performed for the understanding of the dynamic behaviour of single hollow steel piles embedded in layered soil. Experimental results are validated with results obtained from a nonlinear numerical analysis using commercially available Finite Element Method (FEM) based software. The results of numerical analysis and experimental investigations showed that the length of pile has significant influence on resonant frequency and amplitude of the pile foundation. It has also been found that the slippage of pile from the surrounding soil considerably affects the resonance frequency and amplitude of the soil–pile foundation system.     

Centrifuge modelling of flexible retaining walls subjected to dynamic loading

This paper outlines the results of an experimental program carried out on centrifuge models of cantilevered and propped retaining walls embedded in saturated sand. The main aim of the paper is to investigate the dynamic response of these structures when the foundation soil is saturated by measuring the accelerations and pore pressures in the soil, displacements and bending moment of the walls. A comparison among tests with different geometrical configurations and relative density of the soil is presented. The centrifuge models were subjected to dynamic loading in the form of sinusoidal accelerations applied at the base of the models. This paper also presents data from pressure sensors used to measure total earth pressure on the walls. Furthermore, these results are compared with previous dynamic centrifuge tests on flexible retaining walls in dry sand.     

Generalized densification law for dry sand subjected to dynamic loading

In this paper a generalization of the well known endochronic densification law for dry sand under dynamic loading is presented, taking into account the dependence of its parameters on some measured and calculated sand properties and the variation of these parameters with time. This new generalized law needs the calibration of only one numerical coefficient. For this purpose two sets of reported experimental data of dry sand under cyclic shear strain controlled tests have been used. For non-harmonic loading a new method to determine the equivalent number of cycles has been developed. Finally, the proposed law is implemented in a one-dimensional FEM code to simulate the behavior of a sand layer subjected to the San Fernando earthquake (February 9, 1971), in order to compare the computed results with previous researches and field observations.     

动荷载作用下饱和砂土动剪模量试验研究

在50kPa、100kPa和200kPa 3种固结压力下分别对饱和度为95%、92%、88%和83%的土样进行了循环单剪试验,得到了该土样在4种饱和度、3种固结压力下的最大动剪模量Gdmax以及动剪模量比G/Gdmax-γ归一化曲线。分析得出,同一固结压力下土样的Gdmax和G/Gdmax随着饱和度的增大相对减小;随着固结压力的增大,两者数值上差异逐渐减小。最后对此种现象进行了讨论并分析了其产生的原因。     

动荷载作用下土阻尼比的试验对比研究

本文对一粉质粘土,在100kPa、200kPa、300kPa 3种固结压力下,分别进行了原状土样的循环单剪试验、扰动土样的动三轴试验,得到了该粉质粘土2种土样、3种固结压力下的D/Ddm ax-γ曲线。试验结果表明,由循环单剪试验得到的原状土的D/Ddm ax-γ曲线与扰动土样的动三轴试验结果D/Ddm ax-γ曲线有一定差异,且随着固结压力的不同而变化。     

钢管高性能混凝土压弯构件滞回性能试验研究

考虑钢材强度、混凝土强度、轴压比等参数，进行了18个钢管高性能混凝土试件的试验，分析在往复荷载作用下钢管高性能混凝土荷载-位移关系曲线的特点、构件的轴向变形和抗弯刚度退化情况，并初步探讨往复荷载作用下的钢管高性能混凝土压弯构件承载力。     

Flexural–torsional behaviour of steel reinforced concrete members subjected to repeated loading

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the inelastic behaviour of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) members under cyclically applied bending and torsional loading. Fourteen steel reinforced concrete members made from three structural‐steel sections with different cross‐sectional properties were tested under various combinations of bending and torsion. Results indicate that the ultimate flexural capacity of an SRC member was significantly reduced under a moderate degree of torsion. Based on these findings, a quantitative evaluation of the effect of torsion was made and a simplified interaction curve between bending and torsion is proposed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低周反复荷载作用下矩形钢管混凝土柱与钢梁连接节点的受力性能

本文进行了2种矩形钢管混凝土柱与钢梁连接节点——翼缘全螺栓(BFP)连接节点与外加强环(WFP-BW)连接节点在柱端低周反复荷载作用下的抗震性能试验,分析比较了这2类节点与焊接翼缘板(WFP)连接节点在不同轴压比下的滞回性能、强度与刚度退化、延性比与耗能比、破坏机理与破坏特征,得出了一些有参考价值的结论。     

地震力对高架桥梁轨道车辆影响之动态模型

将轨道车辆系统仿真成由车厢、转向架及轮轴所组成。车厢与转向架间有次悬吊系统,转向架与轮轴间则有主悬吊系统。数学模型之推导将考虑车辆横向、垂向、翻滚(roll)及摇摆(yaw)方向之运动,将车辆仿真成三维具16个自由度之系统。本研究将探讨行驶高架桥梁之轨道车辆受地震激振时,建立轨道车辆与高架桥相互耦合之动态数学模型。     

钢管超高性能RPC短柱的轴压特性研究

本文用试验研究了钢管超高强混凝土RPC(后称钢管RPC)短柱在轴压荷载作用下的性能,从分析RPC与普通混凝土和高强混凝土性能上的差异着手,探讨了钢管RPC在轴压作用下的受力变形机理与破坏特点。基于对试验结果和相关文献资料的综合分析,得到了计算钢管RPC承载力的经验公式,并与相关现行规程的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,国内现行的一些钢管混凝土设计规程不适用于计算钢管RPC的承载力。     

在地震力作用下高架桥梁上轨道车辆的动态分析与安全性研究

本文将轨道车辆系统仿真成由车厢、转向架及轮轴所组成。车厢与转向架间有次悬吊系统,转向架与轮轴间则有主悬吊系统。数学模型的推导将考虑车辆横向、垂向、翻滚及摇摆方向的运动,将车辆仿真成三维具16个自由度的系统。本研究将探讨行驶高架桥梁的轨道车辆受地震激振时的响应和安全性,结果显示,移轨力及脱轨系数会随着地表加速度的增加而增加,而轨道不平整度及速度参数对脱轨系数及移轨力的影响不大。     

Nonlinear dynamic response of r.c. framed structures subjected to near-fault ground motions

The nonlinear dynamic response of reinforced concrete (r.c.) framed buildings subjected to near-fault ground motions is studied to check the effectiveness of current code provisions with reference to study cases. Three-, six- and twelve-storey r.c. plane frames, representative of symmetric framed buildings, are designed according to the European seismic code (EC8), assuming medium and high ductility classes and stratigraphic profiles A (rock) and D (soft soil) in a high-risk seismic region. The nonlinear seismic analysis is performed using a step-by-step procedure; a bilinear model idealizes the behaviour of the r.c. frame members. Artificially generated motions (matching EC8 response spectra for subsoil classes A and D) and horizontal motions (recorded on rock- and soft soil-site at near-fault areas) are considered. The results indicate that near-fault ground motions may require a special consideration in the code, in particular when designing r.c. framed structures placed on a soft soil-site; particular attention should be paid to the design of the frame members of the lower storeys.     

Structure-soil-structure interaction of adjacent buildings subjected to seismic loading

The problem of the through-soil coupling of structures has puzzled the researchers in the field for a long while, especially regarding the varied performance of identical, adjacent buildings in earthquakes. The phenomenon of structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) that has often been overlooked is recently being recognized: The possible effects in urban regions are yet to be thoroughly quantified. In this respect, the goal of this work was to rigorously investigate the interacting effects of adjacent buildings in a two-dimensional setting. Detailed finite element models of 5-, 15-, and 30-story structures, realistically designed, were used in forming building clusters on the viscoelastic half-space. Perfectly matched layers were used to properly define the half-space boundaries. The interaction of the structure and the soil medium because of the presence of spatially varying ground motion on the boundary of excavated region was considered. The effects of the foundation material and the distance between adjacent buildings on the structural behavior of the neighboring buildings were investigated using drift ratios and base shear quantities as the engineering demand parameters of interest. The effects of SSSI, first investigated in the frequency domain, was then quantified in the time domain using suites of appropriate ground motions in accordance with the soil conditions, and the results were compared with the counterpart SSI solution of a single building. The results showed that, for identical low-rise structures, the effects of SSSI were negligible. Yet, neglecting SSSI for neighboring closely spaced high-rise structures or building clusters with a large stiffness contrast was shown to lead to a considerable underestimation of the true seismic demands even compared with solutions obtained using the rigid base assumption.     

香港青马大桥在交通荷载作用下的疲劳评估

在全桥三维有限元模型基础上 ,进行了车载响应分析 ,得到全桥的动力响应 ,并与实测结果进行了分析对比 ;对疲劳危险部位建立局部有限元模型 ,并进行了局部应力分析。在结构健康安全监测系统实测数据基础上 ,得到应变循环标准块 ,用基于热点应力疲劳评估方法对危险部位进行了疲劳寿命评估。     

Damage evolution in reinforced concrete columns subjected to biaxial loading

An analysis of the damage observed in 24 reinforced concrete (RC) columns tested under uniaxial and biaxial horizontal loading is presented. The test results show that for biaxial loading conditions specific damage occurs for lower drift demands when compared with the corresponding uniaxial demand (a reduction of 50–75 % was found). The damage distribution observed in each column is also analysed. No significant differences are found in the plastic hinge length for uniaxial and biaxial loading. The drift demands associated with each damage state are compared with reference values proposed in international guidelines. Finally, and based on the philosophy of the Park and Ang uniaxial damage index, two new expressions are proposed for the evaluation of damage in RC elements under biaxial loading. The results of the application of these expressions to the experimental results are discussed.     

Transient waves in a rod subjected to impulsive end loading

Herein the propagation of transient waves in a rod due to impulsive end loading is investigated using the method of wavefront expansion. The Mindlin–Herrmann equations which include the Poisson effect are used to model the rod. Since this rod theory is restricted to lower values of Poisson's ratio (< 0.283), the present work also has the same restriction. The impulsive end loading on the rod can be prescribed in the form of stress, strain, velocity or acceleration boundary conditions. The analysis is based on the concept of a wave as a carrier of discontinuities in the field variables and their derivatives. These discontinuities are determined from a set of recurrence relations which are in turn generated by the use of time harmonic asymptotic series solutions to the equations of motion. Transients due to both velocity and strain (or stress) boundary conditions are treated. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the method of solution. The results indicate the distortion of the transient waves due to the dispersive nature of the governing equations. Transients due to other boundary conditions at the rod end can be treated by using the results presented in the paper.     

钢筋混凝土框架结构地震破坏的研究

本文对钢筋混凝土框架的地震破坏进行了计算机模拟试验研究，指出了破坏过程中结构瞬态动力特性的变化特征，研究了影响瞬态动力特性的若干因素，明晰了结构整体耗能能力的大小与结构周期的延长之间的关系。作者认为结构瞬态动力特性和地震动的特性是影响结构破坏过程的主要因素，指出结构地震破坏模拟具有广阔的应用前景。