内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗五间房煤田测井的解释与应用

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗五间房煤田根据测井基准孔的测量结果,结合规范要求,确定的有效工作方法有为电阻率法、自然电位法、自然伽玛法、人工伽玛法(包括长、短源距)。工程测井为井径测量和井斜测量,井温测量按地质需要进行。利用沉积旋回对比法、标志层及层间距法、测井曲线等综合方法进行了煤层对比,初步评价了可采煤层的稳定性。测井取得了较好的地质效果,其煤层深度、厚度解释数据可作为资源量估算的依据。     

可可西里古近系石盐测井评价方法研究

可可西里雅西措组发育多层石盐层。为有效识别石盐矿深度、厚度,预测其工业品位,提出基于归一化后的自然伽马和密度曲线重构石盐指示曲线,用以划分石盐与砂泥岩,该方法与测井交会图法、测井曲线重叠法相比精度高。利用石盐指示曲线与石盐样品测试结果建立预测石盐矿工业品位相关关系,与自然伽马法、孔隙度曲线法计算的结果相比,误差小,应用效果良好。因此,测井方法在石盐勘探评价中具有广泛的运用前景。     

羌塘盆地玛曲地区膏岩盖层测井评价

为定量评价羌塘盆地玛曲地区膏岩盖层的封闭质量,基于羌资-16井实际钻遇的一套巨厚膏岩地层,根据膏岩与其它岩石的测井响应特征不同,有效地划分出膏岩地层的深度、厚度。选取厚度、孔隙度、渗透率和排替压力等4种关键参数评价膏岩盖层的封闭质量,并确立各参数的权值和计算方法。结果表明羌资-16井雀莫错组膏岩厚度大,孔隙度、渗透率极低,排替压力高,达到优质盖层标准。利用测井方法评价羌塘盆地玛曲地区膏岩盖层的封隔能力,为该区油气成藏机理研究提供了重要的依据。     

高密度电法物探技术在岩溶地区地质勘察中的应用

高密度电法物探技术作为一种先进的直流电法勘探技术,具有测点密度高,信息量大,对探测对象不造成损伤,成果直观、准确、高效等特点,已被广泛应用于各种工程开发及建设中。本次岩溶勘察采用高密度电法和钻探验证相结合的方法,对惠州市某建筑工程地质溶洞与周围背景电阻率的差异进行探测分析,圈定其岩溶和土洞的空间分布、规模大小等,然后再在物探圈定异常的基础上布置钻探孔进行了验证。     

地球物理方法在地下水污染监测中的应用

目前地球物理方法在水环境保护和治理中得到广泛应用。地球物理方法监测地下水污染是根据污染物与其周围介质在物理、化学性质上的差异,测量污染物理场的分布状态,掌握污染物在地下运移过程和空间分布规律。目前在地下水污染监测中主要的地球物理方法有:大地电磁法、电阻率测井法、自然电位测井法、动态导体充电法探测和地质雷达探测等。地球物理方法在地下水污染监测中有着广泛的应用前景。     

四川盆地杂卤石地球物理响应特征及预测方法研究——以川中广安地区为例

川中南充盐盆是四川盆地最大的次一级含盐盆地,区域内钾盐具有成盐厚度大、分布范围广、埋藏深度深、岩性复杂等特点,目前尚未建立一套适用于研究区的钾盐地球物理评价方法。以地球物理勘探原理为基础,结合测井、录井、地质、地震等资料,分析和总结出不同岩性的测井响应特征以及分布范围,根据杂卤石"三高一低"的特点,建立杂卤石测井识别方法。在此基础上,优选伽马和声波速度作为敏感参数,建立了杂卤石的地质—测井—地震三位一体井约束地震反演识别方法,并以广参1井为例,预测杂卤石的空间展布情况。最后结合地震反演结果圈定出广安地区为杂卤石沉积的最有利区域。在实际应用中总结出一套适用于研究区的杂卤石预测方法,为研究区后续勘探开发提供了借鉴与参考,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

遥感信息与山地研究

环境遥感是以人类居住的地球作为观察对象,以现代技术为探测手段,用微观物质(电磁波)去探索宏观物体(地球)的一门科学。这就为人们提供从航天到航空:从可见光到红外和微波;从静态描述到动态管理等一系列新的观察条件,有可能使我们从地球以外获得地球的完整面貌。从而为进一步认识自然,改造环境打开广阔的视野。 遥感作为现代探测技术和环境分析手段,已经广泛地被世界各国用于国土整治、资源调查、环境监测各个方面,特别是在足迹难以到达的深山峡谷和瞬息变化的地区,遥     

高师自然地理学线上教学资源选择与实践

自然地理学是高师地理科学专业的基础课程,挖掘自然地理学线上教学资源、总结线上教学应用经验具有重要的实践意义。线上教学资源的选择应遵循资源易获取性、主题对应性、选题时效性和内容可互动性等原则。目前自然地理学的线上教学资源类型多样,包括慕课产品、电子读物、教学视频、虚拟仿真实验等,为线上教学提供了重要基础。本文提供了各类型自然地理学线上教学资源的选择建议,并结合实践案例从学情分析、课前预习、课堂互动和课后巩固的角度对线上教学资源的应用进行了梳理。     

托素湖岩芯XRF元素扫描分析及多元统计方法的应用

对托素湖沉积岩芯采用高分辨率XRF扫描分析法进行地球化学元素测试,运用多元统计分析法中的相关性分析、聚类分析及因子分析判别出不同沉积组分,揭示了托素湖沉积物中Si、Al、K、Ti、Ca、Sr、S、Cl、Br等元素的地球化学特征及其所指示的环境意义。同属强烈迁移型元素Ca、Sr在沉积物中主要受托素湖中内生碳酸盐的影响;而外源碎屑元素Si、Al、K、Ti主要受托素湖流域侵蚀的控制,其变化受托素湖流域降水量的控制,一定程度上指示了流域的干湿波动和极端气候事件发生的幅度与频率。     

国际北冰洋地质、地球物理大洋科考进展

受常年海冰限制, 北冰洋科学考察程度远低于其他大洋。系统的北冰洋科学调查始于20世纪90年代, 得益于科考破冰船、潜艇等新型调查设备和手段的使用, 科研人员可以主动选择研究目标和对象, 并成功开展了多次地质与地球物理科学考察, 包括海冰科学探索项目(SCICEX)、北极洋中脊考察航次(AMORE 2001)、加科尔洋中脊热液硫化物考察(AGAVE)、北极钻探航次(IODP 302)等。回顾了北冰洋地质与地球物理科学考察进展, 归纳了主要科学问题: 北冰洋主要地质单元大地构造属性及演化、超慢速扩张洋中脊构造与成矿特征、北冰洋新生代古海洋演化。北冰洋地质与地球物理科学考察进展表明: (1)调查手段是制约北冰洋科考水平的关键因素; (2)破冰船与常规探测手段结合是北冰洋科考的重要发展趋势; (3)近底探测手段有助于解决北冰洋主要地质科学问题。     

中国非法采伐林木行为的空间分布及其驱动因子

基于2014—2020年中国50 094份非法采伐犯罪的刑事一审判决书,运用空间自相关分析与地理加权回归模型,探究中国非法采伐的空间分布特征及其驱动因素。结果表明：1）非法采伐多发于胡焕庸线东南侧,集中在云贵高原东南边缘、巫山―雪峰山沿线、武夷山脉―南岭沿线、大别山沿线、长白山沿线等地区;2）受自然、社会、经济条件的影响,上述高发区域的非法采伐特征存在明显的区域差异。3）非法采伐具有较强的空间集聚效应,相同地理分区内相邻地市非法采伐在空间上具有较强的稳定性;但不同区域间又呈各异的空间集聚特征,其中西南与东南地区主要呈高-高集聚态势、西北与华北地区为低-低集聚,东北地区与长江沿线地市则不显著。4）不同影响因子在空间上对非法采伐的驱动作用各异,其中自然禀赋是非法采伐产生的必要不充分条件,区域随着城市化与社会经济发展水平的提高能够有效抑制非法采伐的发生。     

沿海城市自然灾害风险研究

自然灾害是当代国际社会、学术界普遍关注的热点问题。随着自然灾害突发强度、频度和广度的不断增长,自然灾害预防工作显得格外重要。沿海城市作为人口集聚、国民经济、社会发展重要区域和战略中心,自然灾害带来的损失是剧烈、致命的,亟待开展沿海城市自然灾害风险研究。该领域目前主要探讨的问题：自然灾害类型与风险辨识;脆弱性评价指标体系与评价模型;自然灾害风险评估与风险管理;自然灾害数据管理范式研究等。沿海城市作为自然灾害频发和受损严重的地区,在全球变暖和快速城市化背景下,目前应集中开展自然灾害风险实证研究：沿海城市脆弱性评价指标体系和综合脆弱性评价方法;自然灾害风险评估程序规范和动态评估模型;自然灾害数据管理范式与模板;自然灾害风险评估GIS工具集等。     

人工林生态采运研究进展

针对如何推动人工林可持续经营,扼要归纳国内外在人工林生态采运理论及其相关技术的研究与应用现状,分析其存在问题,提出进一步探索适合我国人工林生态采运理论和作业技术的对策,展望我国今后人工林生态采运研究的前景。     

Forest‐Cover Change from Labor‐ and Capital‐Intensive Commercial Logging in the Southern Chocó Rainforests*

This article examines two key aspects of land‐cover change in the south of the Chocó region. First, it assesses and compares the local impact on forest condition of labor‐intensive and capital‐intensive commercial logging. Second, it assesses the regional significance and permanency of these changes. Studies of land‐cover change associated with commercial logging have focused almost exclusively on capital‐intensive extraction and have assumed that after logging, degraded forests are transformed into agricultural cover. This study shows that both capital‐ and labor‐intensive logging result in similar land‐cover changes (i.e., forest degradation) if the timber sought is the same. However, labor‐intensive loggers also seek timber species not sought by capital‐intensive loggers, and this impact is statistically different from the impact of the extraction of the first group of species. Results also show that only a small fraction (20–30 percent) of the area logged is later converted to agricultural cover types. The persistence of logged forests means that up to 20 percent of the remaining forest cover could correspond to forests with significant and lasting levels of degradation. Furthermore, the different production requirements for each group of species also mean that there is a spatial differentiation in the impact of logging in the region. Logged forests are arranged into two consecutive corridors on each side of access routes (e.g., rivers). The first corridor corresponds to a narrow (approximately 1‐km) band of high‐intensity degradation. The second, broader (approximately 2‐km) forest band, with lower levels of degradation, extends inland along first‐tier corridors. A key factor determining the permanency of this land‐cover pattern is the strong control local communities have over the land in the region. This limits the spread of patterns observed in other frontier areas, especially the conversion of logged forests into agricultural cover.     

A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO_2 efflux

Soil CO_2 efflux, the second largest flux in a forest carbon budget, plays an important role in global carbon cycling. Forest logging is expected to have large effects on soil CO_2 efflux and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of soil CO_2 efflux dynamics in response to forest logging remains elusive due to large variability in results obtained across individual studies. Here, we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the results of 77 individual field studies to determine the impacts of forest logging on soil CO_2 efflux. Our results reveal that forest logging significantly stimulated soil CO_2 efflux of the growing season by 5.02%. However, averaged across all studies, nonsignificant effect was detected following forest logging. The large variation among forest logging impacts was best explained by forest type, logging type, and time since logging. Soil CO_2 efflux in coniferous forests exhibited a significant increase(4.38%) due to forest logging, while mixed and hardwood forests showed no significant change. Logging type also had a significant effect on soil CO_2 efflux, with thinning increasing soil CO_2 efflux by 12.05%, while clear-cutting decreasing soil CO_2 efflux by 8.63%. The time since logging also had variable effects, with higher soil CO_2 efflux for 2 years after logging, and lower for 3-6 years after logging; when exceeded 6 years, soil CO_2 efflux increased. As significantly negative impacts of forest logging were detected on fine root biomass, the general positive effects on soil CO_2 efflux can be explained by the accelerated decomposition of organic matter as a result of elevated soil temperature and organic substrate quality. Our results demonstrate that forest logging had potentially negative effects on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.     

城市暴雨内涝情景模拟与灾害风险评估

Scenario modelling and the risk assessment of natural disasters is one of the hot-spots in disaster research.However,up until now,urban natural disaster risk assessments lack common procedures and programmes.This paper selects rainstorm waterlogging as a disaster to research,which is one of the most frequently occurring hazards for most cities in China.As an example,we used a small-scale integrated methodology to assess risks relating to rainstorm waterlogging hazards in the Jing’an District of Shanghai.Based on the basic concept of disaster risk,this paper applies scenario modelling to express the risk of small-scale urban rainstorm waterlogging disasters in different return periods.Through this analysis of vulnerability and exposure,we simulate different disaster scenarios and propose a comprehensive analysis method and procedure for small-scale urban storm waterlogging disaster risk assessments.A grid-based Geographical Information System (GIS) approach,including an urban terrain model,an urban rainfall model and an urban drainage model,was applied to simulate inundation area and depth.Stage-damage curves for residential buildings and contents were then generated by the loss data of waterlogging from field surveys,which were further applied to analyse vulnerability,exposure and loss assessment.Finally,the ex-ceedance probability curve for disaster damage was constructed using the damage of each simulated event and the respective exceedance probabilities.A framework was also devel-oped for coupling the waterlogging risk with the risk planning and management through the exceedance probability curve and annual average waterlogging loss.This is a new explora-tion for small-scale urban natural disaster scenario simulation and risk assessment.     

基于钻孔数据和交叉折剖面约束的三维地层建模方法研究

提出基于钻孔数据和交叉折剖面约束的三维地层建模方法,解决了单纯基于钻孔数据建模方法中无法控制钻孔间复杂的地质现象等问题.在该方法中,还利用道格拉斯一普克(Douglas-Poiker)矢量曲线抽稀算法对交叉折剖面中的矢量地层曲线进行了处理,消去了光滑曲线上对模型质量无影响的密集顶点,避免了在剖面线处Delaunay三角剖分出现过多非正三角形,从而提高了整个模型的精度.在"杭州市城市地质信息管理与服务系统"中应用该方法取得较好的效果.     

巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山地貌的线条美

巴丹吉林沙漠是中国第二大流动沙漠,被列入世界自然遗产提名地名录,具有独特的美学价值,但目前尚缺乏沙漠美学价值的系统论述.本文基于野外考察、影像和文献资料,将美学原理与风沙地貌学理论结合,探讨巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山地貌的美学价值,侧重其独特的线条美.将高大沙山地貌的线条分为直线、曲线和交织线条,分别解析其美学的表现形式和所...