中国SEDEX型矿床成矿流体硼、硅、氦-氩同位素组成研究评述

SEDEX型矿床成矿流体的研究是矿床地球化学研究的重要课题之一。正确识别系统中不同的流体来源及其混合过程,是深刻理解SEDEX型矿床形成演化的关键。系统总结了国内几个典型的SEDEX型矿床同位素研究成果,认为B和Si同位素是根据SEDEX型矿床独特的矿物组合而提出的一种示踪方法,对矿床成因和沉积环境示踪效果理想;He、Ar同位素则因为在地壳和地幔储库中有极不相同的组成,是理想的幔源流体示踪剂。鉴于SEDEX型矿床含有电气石、黄铁矿、硅质岩等特殊的矿物与岩石组合,B、Si、He-Ar同位素可能更适合SEDEX型矿床矿化流体来源研究,并指出其理论发展的薄弱之处。     

冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿模式

已有的斑岩铜矿成矿模式都是建立在“B”型俯冲基础上的,而冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿为18～12Ma,主碰撞期为65Ma,因此属于“A”型俯冲时期,即印度大陆壳俯冲到亚洲大陆壳之下的早期,此时夹于两者之间的新特提斯洋壳尚未消失掉,由此上地幔脱水和部分熔融提供了斑岩铜矿的主要成矿的物质来源。本文讨论了俯冲作用与斑岩铜矿的关系,通过驱龙和冲江两个代表性矿床的Nd、Sr同位素讨论了冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿物质来源,通过矿带结构和成矿年代等制定了冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿模式。     

青海祁漫塔格卡尔却卡铜多金属矿成矿物质来源探讨

近年来在青海省祁漫塔格地区陆续发现了一系列斑岩-矽卡岩矿床,卡尔却卡铜多金属矿床是其中一个典型的矿床。通过对该矿床S、Pb同位素研究,结合前人研究成果与成矿岩石地球化学特征,认为该矿床的成矿物质来源为深源岩浆,同时也有壳源物质的混染,成矿物质具有壳幔混合的特点。     

热液成矿多元论

过去一提起热液矿床,很自然地想到是指岩浆期后的产物。成矿物质来自深部岩浆源,出露、不出露的岩体或假想隐伏存在的岩体就是成矿母岩。即岩浆冷凝过程中分馏出气体和含水溶液,成矿物质从热液中沉淀出来而成矿。     

Isotopic Characteristics of Mesozoic Au-Ag Polymetallic Ore Deposits in Northern Hebei and Their Ore-Forming Materials Source

It has long been a controversy about the source of ore-forming materials of Au-Ag polymetallic deposits both in metallogenic theory and in ore-searching practice. In terms of a large wealth of the isotopic statistics data from Indosinian-Yanshanian endogenic ore deposits in northern Hebei (generally referring to the areas along the northern part of Taihang Mountains and northern Hebei, the same below) , it is considered that the ore-forming materials came from the deep interior of the Earth, which had migrated through plumes to the Earth surface while ex-perienced multi-stage evolution and then emplaced progressively in favorable structural loci to form ores. Their isotope data show that 559 sulfur isotopic data from 40 ore deposits are, for the most part, within the range of -5‰ -5‰, with a high degree of homogenization, indicating that the sulfur is derived mainly from magma; 200 lead isotope data from 37 ore deposits indi-cate that the ore-forming materials are principally of mantle source though some crust-source ma-terial was involved; 96 oxygen, hydrogen and carbon isotope data from 34 ore deposits illustrate that the ore-forming fluids are dominated by magmatic water while other sources of water would be involved. It may therefore be seen that the formation of endogenic deposits has nothing to do with the strata .     

Temporal-spatial distribution and ore-forming material source of gold,copper and silver polymetallic ore deposits in the Fuping mantle structure zone

This study was conducted following research on metallogenesis in the Zhangjiajie-Xuanhua and East Hebei mantle branch structure zones. The Fuping mantle branch structure zone is one where Au, Cu and Ag polymetallic ore resources are concentrated in North Hebei. However, there has existed a long-standing controversy on the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources and their ore-forming material sources. In terms of age dating and the comprehensive analysis of S, Pb, O, C and Si isotopes, it is considered that the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources in this mantle branch structure zone is obviously controlled by the Fuping mantle branch structure. In space there is developed such a metallogenic pattern as to be Ag, Pb and Zn polymetallic ore deposits with gold appearing inside and copper appearing outside. Metallogenesis is dated mainly at Yanshanian, the ore-forming mate-rials were derived predominantly from the deep interior of the Earth, and ore-forming fluids were derived largely from Yanshanian magmatism.     

西藏冈底斯-念靑唐古拉成矿带典型矿床硫化物Pb同位素特征——对成矿元素组合分带性的指示

冈底斯-念青唐古拉成矿带矿床成矿元素组合由南向北存在着Cu-Au、Cu-Mo向Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe、Pb-Zn过渡的变化规律,但引起该变化规律的原因目前少研究。本文通过对成矿带典型矿床Pb同位素特征较为系统的总结,并结合成矿年代学和区域构造演化研究成果,从成矿物质来源的角度对该分带性进行了初步探讨。研究表明成矿带由南到北成矿物质来源存在着差异:最南端Cu-Au矿床Pb同位素组成具幔源特征(207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb平均值分别为15.490和38.016),反映成矿物质来自于俯冲过程中的交代地幔楔;最北端的Pb-Zn矿床Pb同位素组成与念青唐古拉群基底片麻岩相近(207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别变化于15.641～15.738和38.976～39.362),反映成矿物质来自于基底片麻岩。Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe矿床Pb同位素组成介于幔源Pb和上地壳Pb之间,且具混合线特征,反映了同碰撞期成矿物质同时从俯冲板片和念青唐古拉基底片麻岩活化的混源模式;而Cu-Mo矿床不具混合线特征的造山带Pb同位素组成,反映了成矿物质来源于俯冲阶段楔形地幔部分熔融并底侵到地壳底部与地壳发生物质交换后所形成的新生下地壳源区。甲马Cu多金属矿床Pb同位素组成具幔源和造山带两个端元,推测除新生下地壳源区提供成矿物质外,叶巴组火山岩也提供了部分成矿物质。由南向北成矿物质来源的差异很大程度上与板片俯冲的"距离效应"有关,正是由于成矿物质来源的差异导致成矿带成矿元素分带性的形成。     

西藏多不杂铜矿床硫铅同位素地球化学示踪

多不杂铜矿床的发现是西藏地质找矿工作取得的重大突破,前人对其做了大量的研究,但始终未能合理解释该矿床的形成过程,究其原因主要是因为成矿物质和成矿流体来源认识上存在争议。本次研究指出了前人在多不杂铜矿床成因机制认识中存在的问题,并测试了岩矿石及单矿物的硫铅同位素组成。研究表明,矿床中硫主要来源于深源岩浆,幔源岩浆和流体在参与成岩成矿过程中伴随岩浆结晶成岩交代岩石而致自身流体性质演变,进而引发壳幔物质混染;铅同位素具有由岩浆作用形成的地壳与地幔混合的俯冲带铅的特征,伴随着含矿地幔流体的上升侵位,不可避免的混染了地壳铅,导致了多不杂铜矿床铅同位素组成的变化。综合分析认为该矿床的成矿物质和成矿流体主要来源于地幔,成矿动力主要来自深部地质过程,矿床的形成与地幔流体作用有关。     

胶东地区壳-幔作用与金成矿效应

胶东矿集区的形成、演化受地幔剪切带和深部流体控制,壳-幔作用和地球动力体制转换是成矿物质活化→运移→聚集→成矿的基本动力学保障,构造应力场转换是其重要表现形式。郯庐断裂是深切地幔的成熟岩石圈断裂,是富含地幔流体的幔内剪切带,其内发生流体-热-化学-物理耦合,决定了胶东矿集区的形成与分布规律,其剪切深熔作用是成矿物质活化、运移的重要驱动力,是成岩成矿作用发生的根本原因之一。地幔流体通过壳-幔相互作用,形成碱交代热液,沿郯庐断裂带向上发散、运移,将含矿流体系统输运到更高的层位,为流体成矿作用提供了矿源。胶东金矿集中区为相对于周边的地幔隆起区,金矿床产于莫霍面的梯度变化处或变形部位,凹陷区局部隆起部位金的成矿强度明显小于其它地段。超大型矿床决定于超大型碱交代岩规模和深部流体活动强度及成矿元素的高效富集效应,在早期剪压体制下,流体组分、成岩组分和成矿组分大量交换运移;晚期剪张体制下,热液析出、交代作用和成矿作用易于发生。     

中国新生代上地幔铅同位素地球化学场对成岩、成矿物质来源的制约——以斑岩铜矿床及铜镍硫化物矿床为例

区域成矿带铅稳定同位素地球化学研究是区域地球化学分区、示踪成岩成矿物质来源、阐明矿床成因的有效途径。本文以中国特有的大地构造背景为基础,以新生代上地幔铅同位素组成的地球化学场为依据,示踪了中国大型、超大型斑岩型铜矿床及铜镍硫化物型矿床的成岩成矿物质来源。结果显示:①斑岩型铜矿床及铜镍硫化物型矿床成矿母岩继承了所属陆块的上地幔铅同位素组成特征;②两类矿床的含矿岩体和矿石矿物铅同位素组成十分一致,示踪两者同源;壳熔花岗岩和围岩地层的铅同位素组成与矿石铅同位素组成迥异;③位于各陆块的斑岩型铜矿床及铜镍硫化物型矿床的成矿母岩和矿石铅同位素组成除继承了各陆块上地幔不同的铅同位素组成特征外,还示踪了壳幔层圈间耦合性的"块体效应",同时,上地幔铅同位素组成可能还具"延迟效应"。