南水北调西线区域多年冻土分布特征及其现象

南水北调西线区域处于高原连续片状冻土区向高山不连续岛状冻土区过渡的中间地带。区域内多年片状冻土、岛状冻土和季节性冻土三种类型并存,造成了冻土分布的复杂性与多变性。依据大量实际资料,系统论述了区域内冻土、地下冰、融区的分布与特征,冻胀与融沉的各种现象。     

A Discussion of Concavo-Convex Contacts between Oolites and Quartz Grains in Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Rocks in Huanghua Basin, China

Concavo-convex contacrs between oolites and quartz grains are observed in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks of the lower part of number 1 of Shahejie Formation, beach area, Dagang. Thin sections observation shows that oolite is convex in quartz grain, and oolite is complete. A possible explanation for it is pressure dissolution under alkaline fluid.     

石英砂扫描电镜在漓江“泥砾”成因中的应用

本文根据扫描电镜对从漓江河谷钻孔中的泥砾层取得的481粒石英砂表面形态特证研究结果:石英砂多数颗粒保持棱角状外形并遭受不同程度的磨蚀,具阶状贝壳断口,平直或弧形刮削面和多向擦痕,沿解理面破碎呈“V”字形沟和撞击碟形坑,以及微溶蚀孔、隙、蜂窝状溶孔群和SiO_2再沉积等表面形态结构特征。认为它是在第四纪古地理湿热气候条件下泥石流沉积的产物,物源可能来自境内或周边的泥盆系砂岩和境外的花岗岩。     

正安地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层特征及控制因素

四川盆地以东的复杂构造变形带拥有巨大的页岩气资源潜力，但目前勘探开发不足。为了支撑复杂构造变形带的页岩气勘探开发，针对复杂构造变形带内正安地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩钻井岩心，开展了矿物学、有机地球化学、岩石学分析测试，探讨了页岩储层特征及主控因素。正安地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层石英质量分数高达60%~80%，以硅质页岩为主，脆性程度高。石英主要是无机成因，包括原生碎屑石英沉积和黏土矿物转化而成的次生石英。原生碎屑石英、层状黏土颗粒的压实脆裂增大了孔隙空间，但次生石英的沉淀、充填减小了矿物颗粒间的骨架孔隙。正安地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层总w（TOC）高达5.8%，有机质中无定形腐泥组大于80%，沥青反射率介于2.6%~3.1%，有机质热解而成的有机孔显著增大了孔隙度，但有机孔隙后期遭受构造挤压变形，多坍塌成狭长的多边形。      

柴达木盆地北缘鹰峰环斑花岗岩体的岩相学特征

野外调查表明,鹰峰环斑花岗岩体形成于中元古代,位于柴北缘构造带,呈透镜状夹持在剪切带间。同时代侵入的还有辉绿岩墙和石英闪长岩奥长花岗斑岩脉,构成双峰式岩石组合。该环斑花岗岩多具无奥环结构,卵形钾长石球斑十分发育,其体积分数多在50%~60%,粒径多在2~3 cm,常以多晶集合体出现,出溶作用十分强烈。基质结构有中粗粒、细粒和显微文象结构等。石英、钾长石都具两个或多个世代,黑云母多结晶较晚。按矿物定量分类多属石英正长岩和石英二长岩类。与典型环斑花岗岩相比,该岩体有出露面积小,岩石类型单调,球斑含量大,大小较均匀且为多晶集合体,出溶作用强烈,基质结构多样,变质变形明显等特征。这些特征部分起因于加里东期的改造,部分是该地区元古代岩浆作用个性的表现。     

基岩区断层泥的物质组成、定年方法与地震断层弱化机制研究进展

断层泥作为脆性断层活动的产物,是厘定断层的变形特征、形成时代与弱化机制的重要研究对象,在构造地质和地震地质等研究中具有重要意义。因此,全面了解断层泥的研究与进展,有助于基岩区古地震的研究。在系统收集和分析国内外相关资料的基础上,全面介绍了断层泥的矿物组成、石英形貌特征、定年方法与地震断层弱化机制等方面的研究进展,以及断层泥在基岩区地震断层研究中的应用。断层泥主要由黏土矿物(蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石以及绿泥石等)与围岩矿物的碎粉和碎砾(石英、长石、云母、方解石、白云石等)组成。断层泥中的石英、伊利石与方解石是限定断层活动期次和形成时代的主要测试对象。目前断层泥定年方法主要包括石英微形貌特征分析法、石英ESR和OSL定年法、伊利石K-Ar或40Ar/39Ar定年法和方解石U-Pb定年法。地震断层的弱化机制研究主要涉及断层泥中矿物细粒化与新矿物形成、岩石组构的发育、断层摩擦生热、熔体形成与热增压等方面。      

Origin of red color of the Lower Siwalik palaeosols: A micromorphological approach

Palaeosols associated with fluvial of the Siwalik Group are and lacustrine deposits that occur as thick multiple pedocomplexes. The bright red color of the palaeosol beds has been earlier interpreted as a result of hot and arid palaeoclimate. However, as against this view, our investigations of the bright red palaeosol beds of the Lower Siwaliks suggest that the climate was cool and subhumid, instead of hot and arid during the deposition of these beds. Since cold climate is not very conducive to impart red coloration, further research is needed to explain the cause of these red beds. For this, the micromorphological study of soil thin sections was done which showed the presence of features such as dissolution and recrystallisation of quartz, feldspar and mica, compaction, slickensides, presence of calcite spars, subrounded and cracked nature of quartz grains, microfabric, complex patterns of birefringence fabrics, pigmentary ferric oxides, thick cutans and cementation by calcite. These features indicate that diagenesis took place on a large scale in these sediments. The positive Eh and neutral-alkaline pH of soils also suggest that the conditions were favorable for the formation of diagenetic red beds. During burial diagenesis of sediments, the hydroxides of ferromagnesian minerals got converted into ferric oxide minerals （hematite）. During deep burial diagenesis smectite was converted into illite and the preponderance of illite over smectite with increasing depth of burial also indicates the diagenesis of sediments. Thus, the red color of the Lower Siwalik palaeosols seems to be due mainly to the burial diagenesis of sediments and does not appear to be due to the then prevailing climatic condition.     

Watershed prioritization of Palar sub-watershed based on the morphometric and land use analysis

Morphometric analysis is an indispensable tool for hydrological investigation that involves the development and management of drainage basin. This study characterizes the micro watersheds in the Palar sub-watershed using morphometric analysis and assesses its risk by land use and land cover features in a particular micro watershed. Palar sub-watershed is divided into 6 micro watersheds for prioritization based on morphometric and land use analysis. Several morphometric parameters （linear, shape and relief） are determined from the drainage map; ranks are assigned based on their capacity to induce erodability and degradation. Final ranking is based on the composite index calculated from the sum of the ranks of each morphometric parameter. Morphometric analysis reveals micro watersheds 5 and 6 as most susceptible and 2 and 3 as low susceptible. Land use is mapped using IRS ID LISS III satellite data. The risk in terms of watershed degradation involved to each micro watershed is based on the ranks of each land use feature, obtained from a similar composite index as that of morphometric analysis. Land use analysis shows that micro watersheds 2 and 4 fall under high priority category while 5 and 6 under low priority category. Integration of the morphometric and land use analysis shows that only microwatershed 1 falls under the same category in both analyses. Control measures are suggested to contain degradation depending on its specific land use pattern and morphometric features. This study ean be used to prepare a comprehensive watershed plan for the development or for planning resource conservation strategies, by integrating land use features with the drainage characteristics of the region, in particular for a hill ecosystem as the prioritization is at micro level.     

脉石矿物天然热发光在金矿靶区定量预测中的应用——以金厂沟梁金矿为例

根据１５０件工业矿脉和待评价石英脉中石英矿物天然热发光测试结果，查明了金厂沟梁金矿床典型工业矿脉脉石矿物石英天然热发光特征与石英脉含金性之间的关系。以此为依据，建立了矿田石英矿物天然热发光成矿信息模型及石英脉含金量的定量预测模型。与其它方法相配合，取得了良好的找矿效果     

Petrography,geochemistry and provenance of the sediments of the Early Cretaceous Yanguoxia Formation,Lanzhou-Minhe Basin,Northwest China

Lanzhou-Minhe Basin is situated on the middle Qilian orogenic belt. Yanguoxia Formation contains abundance of maroon siltstones, mudstones and red sandstones of the lake facies. These sedimentary rocks recorded the process of the tectonic uplift of Qilian Mountains during the Early Cretaceous. We discovered plentiful dinosaur footprints, worm burrows, bird footprints, worm tracks-trails, ripple marks and cross lamination in the Yanguoxia site. Integrated petrographic studies classified sandstones of Yanguoxia Formation as feldspathic litharenite. All plots in the QFL (Q or Qt, total quartz; F, feldspar; L, lithic grains) and QmFLt (Qm, monocrystalline quartz; Lt, lithic grains plus polycrystalline quartz) diagrams fall in the recycled orogen provenance field and quartzose recycled field, respectively, implying the source occurred the tectonic activity. Furthermore, geochemical study indicates that the Yanguoxia standstone was formed in an unstable continental setting due to the northwards movement of Indian Plate triggered the collision between the Qilian fold belt and the Qinling fold belt. These sediments were derived from a mixed source and then deposited in the Lanzhou-Minhe Basin. Most of the felsic components were derived from the granitoid rocks of the Qilian Mountains due to the rapid and intense uplift during the Early Cretaceous while the mafic components were contributed by the basic and ultrabasic rocks of the rapidly rising ophiolite in the Qilian Mountain area. Bivariant log-log plot of Qp/(F+L) (Qp, polycrystalline quartz) against Q/(F+L) shows that Yanguoxia Formation was deposited in the semi-humid and semi-arid. Moreover, the pollen also exhibits that the environmental condition during the deposition of Yanguoxia Formation was warm and wet, which affirm such environment was benefit to dinosaur survival. Geochemical study also infers that the Yanguoxia Formation was deposited under the oxidizing condition in a shallow marine environment. The minerals identified from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of shale and siltstone samples are 4.74%-33.53% clays, 23.45%-4l.70% carbonates and 33.99%-71.81% quartz, respectively, which infer that depositional conditions remained uniform during the formation of shales or siltstones of Yanguoxia Formation.     

辽宁五龙金矿石英的标型特征及其与金矿化的关系

石英是辽宁五龙金矿含金石英脉矿体中最重要的脉石矿物,而且也是主要的载金矿物。石英的分布及世代、形态、物理性质和成分特征反映了金矿床形成的地质环境,不同特征的石英含金性也不相同,其中第二世代的灰色石英含金量高。石英与金矿化关系密切,是重要的找矿标型矿物。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长气田山西组致密砂岩储层特征

根据薄片鉴定、物性测试、压汞实验、X线衍射和扫描电镜分析等,研究鄂尔多斯盆地延长气田山西组致密砂岩储层特征.结果表明:延长气田山西组致密砂岩具特低孔低渗特性,储层的储集空间类型主要为碎屑颗粒内的粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔,次为裂缝.孔喉属细孔—微喉型,排驱压力大,孔隙结构差,孔渗相关性差.压实作用和胶结作用是导致砂岩致密化的主要因素,成岩作用早期的煤系地层有机酸性环境和成岩作用晚期的交代作用加速砂岩致密化,可溶性物质缺乏使得砂岩物性改善受阻.裂隙体系建立是改善储层物性的主要因素和转折点,使得溶蚀作用复强,溶蚀作用是储层优质化的"催化剂",能够提升储层储集油气能力.     

Study on preventing frost heave methods for highway foundation in seasonal frozen area

In order to resolve the frost-heave problem of highway foundation, firstly, the author discussed the law to frost heave of highway roadbed and gave an analysis on its influencing factors, such as soil, water and temperature. Meanwhile, sand clay and silt are given a classification according to frost heave ratio. Secondly, the roadbed frozen damage shows to frost heave and froze boiling based on the frost heave law and its influencing factors. In addition, taking some highway as an example and some principle suggestion was given through the theory on providing frostbite methods for highway foundation frost heave in seasonal frozen area. Specially, an effective method, STYROFOAM extruded polystyrene foam was introduced.     

关中平原清代霜雪灾害特点与周期研究

通过对关中平原清代历史文献资料的搜集、整理和小波分析,对该区清代霜雪灾害等级、周期及其成因进行了研究,并恢复了该区清代霜雪灾害发生时的最低气温.结果表明:关中平原清代共发生霜雪灾害34次,其中轻度、中度、重度霜雪灾害分别为2、20、12次;关中平原清代霜雪灾害可分为3个阶段,1644~1733年为第1阶段,1734~1823年为第2阶段,1824~1912年为第3阶段;第1和第3阶段为霜雪灾害多发阶段,以中度和重度灾害为主,第2阶段为霜雪灾害少发阶段,以轻度和中度灾害为主;小波分析表明,关中平原清代霜雪灾害的发生存在不同的时间周期规律,其周期主要有9~15年、13年、34年左右和40年左右;降雪或寒流引起的气温骤降至0℃以下是造成关中平原清代霜雪灾害的主要原因;关中平原清代轻度和中度霜雪灾害的气温范围为-6.4℃~-1℃,重度的气温范围一般为-19℃~-17℃;关中平原清代共发生3次寒冷气候事件,分别为1690~1692年、1861~1865年和1893~1895年.     

Study on preventing frost heave methods for highway foundation in seasonal frozen area

In order to resolve the frost-heave problem of highway foundation,firstly,the author discussed the law to frost heave of highway roadbed and gave an analysis on its influencing factors,such as soil,water and temperature.Meanwhile,sand clay and silt are given a classification according to frost heave ratio.Secondly,the roadbed frozen damage shows to frost heave and froze boiling based on the frost heave law and its influencing factors.In addition,taking some highway as an example and some principle suggestion was given through the theory on providing frostbite methods for highway foundation frost heave in seasonal frozen area.Specially,an effective method,STYROFOAM extruded polystyrene foam was introduced.     

清源线金厂金矿床矿物组成及金的赋存状态

线金厂金矿床是一热液充填型小型金矿。其矿化过程可以划分为4个阶段:①大石英脉形成阶段(伴有少量黄铁矿);②铅锌铜多金属硫化物形成阶段;③以细粒方铅矿为主的金属硫化物阶段;④方解石细脉形成阶段。金矿化主要发生在第二和第三矿化阶段,金与金属硫化物密切共生。矿石中金以自然金和银金矿两种形式存在,仅有少量以类质同象形式存在于金属硫化物中,矿石中的金矿物主要充填于矿物裂隙中和嵌布于矿物晶粒之间,少量被包裹在矿物之中。     

Towards understanding paleosols in Southern Levantine eolianites: Integration of micromorphology, environmental magnetism and mineralogy

The paper addresses the controversial question of the role of clay-sized dust in the formation of paleosols in coastal eolianites, Israel. At the Habonim type section, the pedocomplex dated by archaeology and luminescence to 45-135 ka ago shows at least three paleosols, not separated by non-soil sediments. The oldest reddish paleosol （apparently related to MIS 5） is magnetically enhanced, leached from carbonates, with signs of bioturbation and strongly aged clay coatings. The reddening is due to very fine, -20 nm, poorly crystallized, superparamagnetic （SP） hematite, as determined by Mossbauer studies. In subsoil, lithorelics of eolianite are found. Over time, the soil surface aggraded due to accelerated fine dust accumulation alongside local slope wash. On younger materials formed magnetically depleted vertisols, dominated by smectite-type expandable paramagnetic clays. In thin sections, vertisols exhibit strong stipple-speckled and striated b-fabric due to shrink-swell processes, impregnative calcite nodules and Fe-Mn redistribution. The uppermost hydric vertisol shows the strongest expression of juxtaposed features of recurrent calcite and Fe precipitation. This paleosol developed on colluvial soil materials, as evidenced by mixing of clay coated and uncoated grains of quartz and calcite allochems. M6ssbauer spectra show high amounts of Fe（III） incorporated in the clay structure, low amounts of SP goethite and absence of SP hematite. Whilst magnetic susceptibility drops in vertisols to minimal values, increase. The latter along ferrimagnetie grain sizes with differences in the hierarchy of microfabric features is taken as indication for lithologic discontinuities which may have resulted from continuous, albeit variable and low-intensity, input of eolian clay from both remote Saharan and local sources, roughly dated to the earlier to middle part of the Last Glacial.     

冻土地基中锥管板条装配式基础抗拔承载性能试验研究

为了分析冻土地基中输电线路基础发生冻拔破坏的科学问题, 以锥管板条装配式基础为研究对象, 采用室内模型试验测试及分析的研究方法, 开展了不同环境温度下, 冻土地基的冻结试验和基础的上拔加载试验, 分析了地基温度场、位移场的分布特征以及基础抗拔承载力与温度之间的关系, 揭示出上拔荷载作用下冻土地基的破坏模式。研究结果表明: 冻结试验中, 模型基础的冻拔位移均小于周围地基土体的冻胀位移, 基础对地基土体的冻胀存在反约束作用, 距离基础越近, 约束作用越明显; 不同冻结环境温度下基础的上拔加载试验中, 抗拔极限承载力均随环境温度的降低近似呈线性增大, 增加速率接近1.8 kN/℃; 在冻结与上拔力双重作用下, 地基土体首先出现局部张拉破坏, 随着上拔荷载的不断增加, 地基土体逐渐由局部张拉破坏过渡为整体剪切破坏。研究成果可为这种形式的基础在冻土地基中的应用提供理论依据和实践经验。      

Variation characteristics of temperature and moisture content of seasonal frozen soil during freezing process in Changchun,China

In China, seasonal frozen soil is widely distributed. The freezing damage of subgrade soil in Jilin Province has been one of major engineering geological problems troubling the safety of road, in which some common damage phenomena, such as frost heave, subsidence deformation and frost boiling, are all caused by water translocation. Aiming at the phenomenon, the changes of moisture content of seasonal frozen soil in Changchun City are mainly studied by long-term field observation and indoor testing of physical properties under different conditions, and then the variation characteristics of moisture content in soil under different compactness and temperature conditions are realized. The results show that the increasing section of moisture content and negative temperature section all lie in O. 0 - 1.0 m of subgrade. Both lowest air and earth temperature occur in January to February, and the most negative temperature ranges from -7℃ to -10℃.     

泥岩与页岩特征辨析

细粒沉积岩类型复杂,原因是其定义基于结构粒度概念,缺乏对矿物成分的有效约束,加之,不同学者是在不同尺度下对构造现象进行描述,使得细粒沉积岩缺乏较为科学、系统的分类。为辨析泥岩与页岩的特征,通过大量调研国内外沉积学教材及相关文献发现:细粒沉积物(粒径小于62.5 μm)的概念自20世纪30年代进入人们的视野,后被广大研究人员广泛接受,且大多数学者普遍认为可依据粒度大小,进一步将细粒沉积物划分为黏土级颗粒(粒径小于3.9 μm)和粉砂级颗粒(粒径介于3.9~62.5 μm之间)。但是,国、内外沉积学界对细粒沉积物“泥”(泥级颗粒)的粒径划分不同,欧美学者一般将“泥”界定为粒径小于62.5 μm,包括黏土级颗粒与粉砂级颗粒。在我国,自20世纪50年代开始,沿用了前苏联的方案,“泥”的粒径对应黏土级颗粒即小于3.9 μm,这一分歧是导致泥岩与页岩等概念使用混乱的根本原因。概而言之,固结的泥岩具有与页岩相同的粒级结构和组分,但是不具备页岩的“纹层”或“页理”构造特征;辩证而言,“纹层”强调沉积过程所形成的垂向层理差异,而“页理”则是成岩过程受风化作用影响形成的力学薄弱面。从泥岩和页岩的矿物组成看,存在石英和长石硅质矿物、黏土矿物,碳酸盐矿物的混合沉积作用的影响,需要从沉积成因出发,结合构造特征,综合矿物类型、有机质丰度和颗粒来源等因素对泥岩和页岩进行岩性岩相分类。实践表明,页岩油气的开发动用需要地质工程一体化协同,辨析泥岩和页岩的特征差异性对产层优选具有重要意义。