The application of finite elements to heat conduction problems involving latent heat

SummaryThe Application of Finite Elements to Heat Conduction Problems Involving Latent Heat A finite element method is developed for the solution of heat conduction problems which involve latent heat. The method is superior to other wellknown approaches to these problems in that it allows a wider range of material properties and boundary conditions to be dealt with, such as are encountered in complex engineering operations like ground freezing. The method is applied to simple triangular finite elements in this paper, although it could be extended to other types of element including three-dimensional ones. Several example problems are discussed and illustrated, and comparisons are made with other approaches where these can also be used.     

南海区域海气热通量的变化特征分析

应用由卫星SSM/I(Special Sensor Microwave/Imager)和AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)遥感资料,使用先进的海气通量计算方法(TAGA COARE3.0),计算出南海1987年7月至2004年12月共200个月的海气界面的感热和潜热通量(0.25°×0.25°),其结果与实测结果比较发现,由卫星反演的海气热通量与实测结果非常一致.与GSSTF2的结果相比,其时空分布变化特征基本一致.由此说明,利用卫星遥感获得的热通量可以用来进行中国近海海气相互作用的研究以及作为我国气候预测研究的重要依据.由多年南海海气热通量的分析表明,南海区域热通量的变化具有显著的年变化和年际变化特征,其周期分别是0.5a、1a、准3a和6～11a.其中准3a和6～11a周期与中国旱涝的周期一致.因此,可以认为南海区域热通量的年际变化对中国的旱涝分布将起着不可低估的作用.     

青藏高原夏季凝结潜热时空分布特征分析

结合青藏高原东部3″DEM和102个气象站46年(1961—2006)5—9月的降水资料,根据降水随高度分布,将站点分为三类,采用多元回归的方法,建立逐年雨季降水量估算模型,并估算和分析了46a的雨季凝结潜热。结果表明:降水量估算模型的相关性显著,基本都通过0.05的信度检验值0.69、0.82、0.90;高原东部雨季凝结潜热分布极不均匀,表现为东南多西北少的特征,凝结潜热总量变化在18.1×1020～26.8×1020J,并且有波动中增加的趋势;采用EOF分解和REOF分区,将高原东部划分为5个气候区,区域凝结潜热年际变化和第A、B、E区的凝结潜热变化有一致性,而与北坡第C、D区凝结潜热相差很大。由于高度、经度、坡度等对低海拔区降水的正调节作用,使得该区域的凝结潜热自20世纪90年代之后逐渐降低;坡向对高海拔区域降水的正调节作用,纬度对降水的负调节作用,使得该区域的凝结潜热有逐渐增加的趋势。     

非均质地基中平面应变隧道开挖面稳定上限分析

非均质是软黏土地基中比较普遍的现象,而目前隧道开挖面稳定研究中比较成熟的理论主要是针对均质土体。因此,从塑性极限分析上限法的基本原理出发,采用平面应变隧道刚体平动破坏模式(多块体上限法),考虑软黏土地基的非均质性,推导了平面应变隧道极限支护压力关于隧道埋深、土体重度及土体强度的上限公式。通过与其他方法的比较分析,证明了极限分析方法在隧道开挖面稳定性方面的可行性;利用该方法的计算结果详细探讨了隧道开挖面稳定的影响因素;而且由计算结果可知,地基土的非均质性在影响隧道开挖面极限支护压力的同时,也影响着隧道开挖破坏面的位置和形状,为工程实践提供重要的理论依据。     

压缩过程中重塑黏土渗透系数的变化规律

重塑黏土渗透系数是岩土工程众多领域中的一个重要参数,分析其主要影响因素并提出简单实用的定量表达式有着重要的理论价值及工程应用前景。已有的渗透系数预测方法或者由于参数复杂,或者由于适用范围窄、精度低,不能很好地得到应用。收集了已有不同文献23组液限变化范围为40%～300%的重塑黏土的固结渗透试验数据,通过分析指出了土体压缩过程中当应变大于20%时渗透系数对数值与孔隙比成非线性指数关系而非线性关系,明确了已有渗透系数预测方法的主要缺陷。采用多元线性回归分析方法,揭示了影响黏土渗透系数的主要影响因素,提出了适用范围广、参数简单的渗透系数定量计算表达式。     

Water retention characteristics of swelling clays in different compaction states

The soil–water retention (SWR) characteristics of the clays play an important role in controlling their engineering behaviour, particularly, in the unsaturated state. Although, researchers have attempted to understand the water retention characteristics of the clays in their reconstituted or remoulded state, such studies are rare for the clays in their intact state. In this context, it becomes important to understand the influence of initial state of compaction, which would create different pore and fabric structure (viz., microstructure), on the water retention characteristics of the clays. With this in view, SWR behaviour was experimentally determined for the swelling clays (dried from different compaction states, viz., intact, reconstituted and remoulded) by employing Dewpoint PotentiaMeter (WP4C®). The changes in the pore size distribution of the clays at different stages of drying cycle were also studied by employing the Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. The study reveals that the SWR curves for the intact and reconstituted specimens of the clays converge beyond a certain stage of drying. Also, a critical analysis of changes in the pore structure of the swelling clay specimens, during drying, indicates that the progressively deforming pore structure plays an important role in controlling its water retention characteristics to a great extent.     

软黏土中吸力锚循环失稳过程的模型试验

开展了张紧式吸力锚在侧壁最优系泊点处遭受平均荷载和循环荷载共同作用下的模型试验,着重研究了软黏土中吸力锚在等幅及变幅循环荷载下的变形失稳过程。研究发现,循环累积位移过大是锚发生破坏的主要原因。对于等幅循环加载试验,由于竖向附加荷重的施加,锚在水平向的循环累积位移要明显大于竖向,表现为明显的水平破坏模式。在特定的平均荷载水平下,循环荷载水平越高,锚的累积位移发展得越快,达到破坏所需的循环次数就越少。循环位移随循环次数的增长变化不明显,但随循环荷载水平的增大而增大。对于变幅循环加载试验,系泊点各方向的循环累积位移与循环位移均与循环荷载水平成正比。不同的循环加载时程下,锚的竖向累积位移均比水平累积位移大,表现为偏向于竖向破坏的中间破坏模式。锚前期的循环加载历史对后续加载产生的累积变形有明显影响。与静力加载相比,循环加载时锚的运动方向角有所增大,这可能是由于锚底孔压的累积要大于锚侧孔压的累积,从有效应力的角度分析,锚底有效应力的减少相对锚侧明显,进而使得锚竖向承载力减小得更多,导致锚的竖向运动更明显。     

Performance of geosynthetic-reinforced granular piles in soft clays: Model tests and numerical analysis

The laboratory model tests and numerical analyses have been performed on reinforced granular piles installed in very soft clay. The granular piles were reinforced with geosynthetic in the form of vertical encasement, horizontal strips and combined vertical-horizontal reinforcement. The short term-displacement control model tests were carried out either only a granular pile loaded or with an entire area loaded. The laboratory results in the form of vertical load intensity-settlement behaviour were compared with that obtained from FEM software, PLAXIS 3D. The results indicated significant improvement in ultimate load intensity and stiffness of treated ground due to inclusion of geosynthetic.     

Can the diffuse double layer theory describe changes in hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays?

Observations related to modifications of the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soils as a consequence of intentional compositional variation of the percolating fluid are often attributed vaguely to calculated changes in double layer thickness. The same calculated decrease or increase in double layer thickness is interpreted differently, depending on which (unconsciously held) boundary conditions authors take into account. The interpretations of different authors seem to be paradoxical only if the boundary conditions have not been mentioned. On the basis of a literature survey and own previously published test results the different boundary conditions have been grouped and divided into classes. With this division the interpretation of changes in double layer thickness will lead to unique interpretations and predictions of changes in hydraulic conductivity.     

Geochemistry of rare-earth elements in thermal waters of Uzon-Geyzernaya hydrothermal system (Kamchatka)

Precisional analyses of the abundances of La, Ce, and major elements in thermal waters and rocks of the Uzon-Geyzernaya volcanotectonic depression, supplemented by published data on a number of modern high-temperature hydrothermal systems of Kamchatka and two other areas of the world, allowed defining genetically important patterns of rare-earth elements (REE) distribution. The La and Ce abundances positively correlate with silica contents both in fresh igneous rocks of the study areas and in the products formed by hydrothermal processes.All studied hydrothermal clays are enriched in La and Ce. The general enrichment trend is similar to the pattern of positive correlation between the La and Ce abundances. Geothermal waters display a strong relationship between REE enrichment and pH. Enhanced REE enrichment trend is observed in thermal waters with abundant SO₄^2 ? and K. The REE versus Cl and B diagrams show two individual fields reflecting the level of acidity-alkalinity of thermal waters. These data demonstrate that La and Ce concentrations in the products of modern hydrothermal systems (in fluids and secondary mineral phases) are governed by wallrock composition, anionic water composition, and pH/Eh-dependent adsorption processes.     

填料对地热井固井材料导热性能的影响

在地热井固井水泥中加入导热填料能够明显改善水泥石导热性能,提升地热井取热效果。在总结导热路径理论和紧密堆积理论的基础上,通过试验研究不同填料种类、粒径及掺量对固井水泥导热性能的影响。试验结果表明：较其他种类填料,石墨对水泥石导热性能提升效果最好;石墨粒径越大对应水泥石导热系数越高。不同粒径的石墨混合,较单一粒径石墨对水泥石导热性能的提升效果更好,其最优混合配比为：石墨粒径为150 μm与100 μm,质量比为2：1。随着石墨掺量增加,固井材料的导热系数逐渐增大,但流动度和48 h抗压强度逐渐降低。参照固井相关规范,提出固井材料中石墨掺量应控制在9%左右为宜。研究成果为地热井高导热固井材料的制备提供借鉴。移动阅读     

热交换桩的作用机制及其应用

将常规桩与地源热泵技术结合起来形成了一种新型基桩--热交换桩。首先介绍了热交换桩的概念和工作机制,并对其进行了总结和分类。桩体中埋设换热器并与地表管路连接,通过换热器中的交换液体与桩体、桩周土-地基土及地下水系统进行热交换,形成封闭的地源热泵的地热交换器,使得热交换桩具有常规基桩和地源热泵预成孔直接埋设换热器的双重作用。最后分析了热交换桩目前国内外的应用现状,指出了实际应用关键技术问题及其研究的方向。分析后可以看出,热交换桩是一种经济、环保、节能的新技术,值得推广使用。     

A new method to calculate end-member thermodynamic properties of minerals from their constituent polyhedra II: heat capacity, compressibility and thermal expansion

Thermodynamic calculations in petrology are generally performed at pressures and temperatures beyond the standard state conditions. Accurate prediction of mineral equilibria therefore requires knowledge of the heat capacity, thermal expansion and compressibility for the minerals involved. Unfortunately, such data are not always available. In this contribution we present a data set to estimate the heat capacity, thermal expansion and compressibility of mineral end‐members from their constituent polyhedra, based on the premise that the thermodynamic properties of minerals can be described by a linear combination of the fractional properties of their constituents. As such, only the crystallography of the phase of interest needs to be known. This approach is especially powerful for hypothetical mineral end‐members and for minerals, for which the experimental determination of their thermodynamic properties is difficult. The data set consists of the properties for 35 polyhedra in the system K–Na–Ca–Li–Be–Mg–Mn–Fe–Co–Ni–Zn–Al–Ti–Si–H, determined by multiple linear regression analysis on a data set of 111 published end‐member thermodynamic properties. The large number of polyhedra determined allows calculation of a much larger variety of phases than was previously possible, and the choice of constituents together with the large number of thermodynamic input data results in estimates with associated uncertainty of generally <5%. The quality of the data appears to be sufficiently accurate for thermodynamic modelling as demonstrated by modelling the stability of margarite in the CASH system and the position of the talc–staurolite–chloritoid–pyrope absent invariant point in the KMASH system. In both cases, our results overlap within error with published equivalents.     

能量平衡融雪模型在乌鲁木齐河源区的应用

山区融雪是内陆河流域重要的径流补给来源,融雪径流模拟是干旱区水文预报的研究热点。针对山区积雪消融的不确定性过程,根据能量平衡原理,以乌鲁木齐河源区融雪性洪水多发期为研究时段(2010年3月14日~4月12日),结合MODIS积雪产品和气象观测数据,采用GIS空间分析平台,阐述了融雪过程中能量平衡各收支通量变化的计算过程,并分析了融雪水量空间分布特征。模拟计算结果表明:乌鲁木齐河源区显热通量和潜热通量的日空间变化波动相似,但方向相反;日融雪量数值波动不大,但日融雪量空间分布不均,日平均融雪水量约为8.6 kg/m~2;融雪产流模拟结果和同期出山口水文站监测结果相吻合,Nash-Sutcliffe系数(R~2)和径流体积差分析(D_v)分别为0.76和6.72%,满足精度要求。该研究结果对干旱区内陆河流域融雪型洪水预报具有参考意义。     

祁连山七一冰川消融期间的能量平衡特征

冰川表面的能量平衡可以描述冰雪消融与气候响应之间的物理机制,利用2006年6月9日至9月28日在祁连山七一冰川消融区中部自动气象站(AWS)的观测资料,对七一冰川表面的能量平衡进行了估算.结果显示:在冰川消融期,净辐射、湍流热通量和冰川消融耗热是能量平衡的主要组成部分,能量收入方面主要是净辐射和感热通量,分别约占总能量收入的82.4%和17.6%;而支出方面主要是冰雪消融耗热和潜热释放,分别约占总能量支出的87.2%和12.8%.2006年7月31日至8月6日进行了为期近7 d的冰面径流场观测,基于能量平衡原理,对冰川表面的消融进行了模拟,模拟的消融速率和实测的冰面消融数据吻合的较好.     

成层Gibson地基中单桩沉降的非线性分析

针对成层Gibson地基模型,研究了轴向荷载作用下单桩的非线性沉降响应。利用最小势能原理求得桩土体系的控制方程,获得了土体位移的解析解及桩身沉降的差分方程式。将土体看作线弹性理想塑性材料,分析了土体的非线性对桩身位移的影响,提出了考虑非线性的单桩沉降响应计算方法,利用Maple编制了相应的分析程序。通过算例研究了土性参数及桩长径比对端承单桩沉降的影响。将研究结果应用于桩基静载荷试验成果的分析,结果表明,两者吻合较好,证明了该方法的合理性。     

安徽省岩浆岩放射性生热率特征研究

安徽省位于中国东南部,岩浆活动频繁,燕山期岩浆活动最为发育,岩浆岩出露面积超过13 000 km~2,不同类型、不同成因的岩石均有发育,并以大别山、长江中下游和皖南地区较为集中。本研究在安徽省不同岩浆岩带共采集159块样品开展岩石密度和放射性生热元素含量测试,结合前人对安徽省岩浆岩放射性生热元素的测试结果,首次对安徽省岩浆岩开展了系统的放射性生热元素统计研究。结果表明：安徽省岩浆岩总体上U、Th、K平均含量相差较大,花岗质岩石及中酸性火山岩的U、Th、K含量较高,基性岩浆岩的U、Th、K含量较低;不同类型的岩浆岩放射性生热率相差较大,花岗质岩石和中酸性火山岩生热率相对较高且变化范围较宽,基性岩浆岩生热率较低且变化范围较窄;金寨和长江中下游地区部分花岗岩生热率超过5μW/m~3,为高产热花岗岩;岩浆岩的热贡献主要来自于U和Th的放射性衰变热,K的衰变热贡献相对较低,一般不超过10%。通过本文研究,结合前人对安徽省地质地热等方面的研究成果,发现岩浆岩放射性生热对安徽省温泉分布、干热岩勘探和U矿床勘探等具有重要的意义,可为安徽省后续地热资源勘查开发研究提供支撑。     

接触变质带中冷凝收缩缝裂缝参数定量研究

模拟岩浆侵入时期的温度场及应力场获取围岩中温度及应力的分布,综合应用应变能及表面能理论,建立热应力与冷凝收缩缝参数之间的定量关系,对裂缝参数作出定量预测,进而总结变质带中冷凝收缩缝的发育规律。对GY凹陷北斜坡接触变质带研究发现：变质带厚度随侵入岩厚度增大而增大,侵入岩厚度小于20 m时无变质带;热应力随着距离侵入岩距离的增大而减小。冷凝收缩缝主要靠近侵入岩体分布,裂缝线密度最大值约为13条/m;远离侵入岩体裂缝线密度迅速变小,至变质带外边缘,裂缝线密度降为3～6条/m。整体上,上变质带孔渗性能稍好于下变质带孔渗性能。冷凝收缩缝孔隙度最大值位于侵入岩厚度最大部位;短轴方向裂缝渗透率与铅直方向渗透率分布相似,两者值均大于长轴方向渗透率。岩心统计资料验证了模拟计算结果的可靠性。     

小尺度含水层热量运移试验研究及热弥散效应评估

将小尺度含水层热机械弥散系数模型应用于对流弥散传热过程中,推导了该条件下对流弥散热量运移的解析解,结合试验进行验证,对含水层热弥散效应进行评估,结果表明,热机械弥散系数等于1×10-2 W/(m?°C)可以作为热弥散对温度场影响的临界点,从而将热机械弥散系数的分布划分为不可忽略的三角区域和可以忽略的多边形区域;明确了自然含水层结构条件下纵向热弥散度范围,从小尺度的热弥散研究结果来看,纵向热弥散度最大值为厘米数量级,它与野外大尺度条件下热弥散度的研究成果有着显著差异,表明热弥散尺度效应的存在,这将是进一步开展研究工作的方向。