Analysis and design charts for 3D active earth pressure in cohesive soils with cracks

The prediction of active earth pressure was generally implemented under the assumptions of two-dimensional conditions and cohesionless soils. However, in practice, the soils usually display a considerable level of cohesion, and the collapse of retained slopes exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) nature. Considering this fact, this paper intends to predict the 3D active earth pressure in cohesive soils based on the kinematic limit-analysis method and a 3D rotational collapse mechanism. The influence of cracks is considered, including a crack forming before the failure of retained soil masses (open crack) and a crack forming simultaneously with the failure (formation crack). The active earth pressure coefficient is estimated based on the work-energy balance principle. In order to facilitate direct application, several design charts are provided. It is shown that accounting for soil cohesion and 3D effects results in a notable decrease in the active earth pressure, whereas considering the existence of cracks would increase the pressure value. This paper develops the studies on active earth pressure, which considers the presence of cohesion, cracks, and 3D effects together for the first time. The results of this paper can offer references in designs of retaining structures for cohesive slopes.

     

考虑抗拉强度的黏性填土挡土墙主动土压力计算

挡土墙后黏性土处于主动土压力状态时,墙顶一定深度范围内会产生裂缝,使其较大范围形成零压力区即开裂深度,关于开裂深度问题一直没有得到很好解决。针对变分法求解黏性填土主动土压力中未考虑裂缝的情况,通过一个算例说明了黏性填土表面在主动土压力状态下会产生裂缝。采用折线简化摩尔?库仑强度包络线,利用实际的土体抗拉强度推导了墙背土体开裂深度的计算公式。根据滑裂面上端点的应力边界状态和几何边界条件,对土压力变分计算方法进行了改进,使主动土压力的不确定问题变成了确定性问题。分析了填土内摩擦角、黏聚力、抗拉强度对开裂深度的影响,结果表明,随着内摩擦角和内聚力的增大,土体开裂深度逐渐增加,滑裂面向墙背方法偏移,土压力减小;随着土体抗拉强度的增加,开裂深度逐渐减小,土压力减小,当抗拉强度大到足以抵抗土体的开裂破坏,墙后土体开裂深度为0,这时土压力不再受抗拉强度的影响。     

黏性土的非极限主动土压力计算方法研究

经典土压力理论只能计算挡土墙位移达到极限状态时的土压力。为了更贴近工程实际,需要发展非极性土压力理论,但以往的研究仅限于砂土。对于黏性土的非极限主动土压力,在已有成果的基础上,从黏性土的应力莫尔圆出发,推导了介于初始状态和极限主动状态之间的中间状态时,黏性土的内摩擦角? 随墙体位移变化的关系公式;同时考虑了墙土接触面上外摩擦角? 和黏聚力cw的影响,根据黏性土应力莫尔圆的几何关系得到了土体黏聚力c与墙体位移的关系;最后应用水平分层法求得了非极限状态时黏性土的主动土压力计算公式。与模型试验数据的对比分析表明,理论计算值和试验实测值基本吻合。研究表明,计算方法对于计算黏性土在非极限状态时的主动土压力具有一定的理论意义,在实际工程中也具有相应的实用价值。     

放坡状态有限土体刚性挡土墙主动土压力研究

针对现有有限土体刚性挡土墙主动土压力研究大都集中于临近建筑物墙体或地下室外墙的狭窄土体,相邻基坑、路堤与切坡挡土墙形成放坡状态有限土体研究甚少,本文考虑填土黏聚力及墙土间黏结力、墙土间摩擦作用、墙背倾角及填土顶面竖向荷载等的影响,利用刚体极限平衡理论进行研究。根据相邻基坑与边坡挡土墙放坡状有限土体的工程特性,分析挡土墙平动位移模式下平面滑动破裂面的形成特征,建立放坡状态有限土体主动土压力计算模型,并利用数值计算方法可以求解。通过对放坡状有限土体主动土压力进行算例分析与参数分析,表明极限破裂角与宽高比、黏聚力、墙背倾角及墙土间外摩擦角为负相关,不同黏聚力下随着宽高比增大,极限破裂角趋近于考虑黏聚力作用库伦方法得到的极限破裂角值,不同黏聚力下有限土体宽度临界值亦是变化的;主动土压力随黏聚力、墙背倾角及墙土外摩擦角增大而减小,随着宽高比增大而增大并逐步趋近于库伦方法计算的土压力值。最后,通过模型试验验证表明按本文方法计算的极限破裂角与实测破裂角吻合,PIV系统测试得到的临界宽高比与库伦方法的结果一致。     

Analytical solutions for the earth pressure of narrow cohesive backfill with retaining walls rotating about the top

Currently, knowledge of the failure mechanisms of narrow backfills with retaining walls rotating about the top (RT mode) is still lacking which leads to inaccurate estimations of the earth pressure. Numerical simulations using finite element limit analysis find that under the effects of backfill geometries, interface strengths, and soil properties, the upper soil layer supported by soil arching retains its integrity and the lower soil layer is sheared by multiple curved sliding surfaces in the limit state. Based on the failure mechanisms of narrow backfills, a calculation model is established which considers the soil arching effect, curved sliding surface, and cohesive soils. Analytical solutions for the earth pressure of narrow cohesive backfills with retaining walls rotating about the top are derived by using the limit equilibrium horizontal slice method. Compared with previous studies, the present method predicts the earth pressure distribution with higher accuracy. Several extensive parametric studies have also been conducted. Thus, decreasing the aspect ratio of backfills, increasing the inclined angle of natural slopes, interface strengths, and soil cohesion are beneficial for maintaining backfill integrity and reducing earth pressure against retaining walls.

     

地震条件下挡墙后黏性土主动土压力研究

采用水平层分析法,得到了地震条件下挡墙后黏性土主动土压力合力和作用点位置、土压力强度分布以及临界破裂角的解析解。公式考虑了水平和垂直地震加速度、挡墙墙背倾角、填料黏聚力和内摩擦角、填料与墙背的黏结力和外摩擦角、均布超载等因素,并分析了这些因素对主动土压力的影响。结果表明,朗肯和库伦理论下的主动土压力公式以及Mononobe-Okabe主动土压力公式与地震条件下的主动土压力公式完全一致。地震条件下的主动土压力强度沿墙高呈非线性分布。水平地震加速度增大了主动土压力,垂直地震加速度使得主动土压力有所减小     

黏性土填料下考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法

不论挡土墙填料采用砂性土,还是黏性土,其墙背主动土压力与墙体倾角和位移关系存在较大的联系,因而研究黏性土填料下的非极限主动土压力计算理论具有重要意义。通过应力状态分析给出了非极限状态下考虑土拱效应的侧向主动土压力系数,然后采用水平微分层析法给出了倾斜墙下非极限主动土压力解析解。通过与室内模拟试验及已有理论进行对比,验证了该方法的合理性。最后研究了相关参数包括位移比?,墙土摩擦角与内摩擦角之比? /?,墙体倾角?,黏聚力c等对主动土压力分布及其作用点高度的影响。结果表明：土体由静止状态向极限主动土压力状态发展时,土拱效应的影响会越来越大。随着? /?的不断增大,土压力分布曲线非线性强度会不断增强,土压力合力作用点高度呈上升趋势,并且? /?对土压力的影响会随着位移比? 的增大而增大。随着挡土墙墙背倾斜角度? 的不断增大,土拱效应对非极限主动土压力的影响减小。随着土体填料黏聚力的不断增大,上部张拉裂缝高度也会随之增加,且土压力合力作用点越低。给出的考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法对于丰富挡土墙土压力计算理论具有重要意义。     

高应力状态下的黄土抗剪强度特性研究

土体抗剪强度包络线在一定的应力范围内可近似看做直线, 一般工程中直剪试验正应力和三轴试验围压常为0～400kPa, 试验可得出以黏聚力c和内摩擦角确定的强度。在黄土地区, 人工和自然边坡可超百米, 坡内应力自低到很高变化范围大, 对该类高边坡需考虑强度参数随应力状态的变化。本文先通过线弹性有限元模拟一黄土高边坡应力场。以潜在滑面上关键点的应力为固结应力进行三轴压缩试验(NCTC)。为了对比分析, 又进行了100kPa、200kPa、300kPa、400kPa围压下的三轴压缩试验(CTC)。结果表明, 考虑黄土高边坡应力状态时, 由总应力莫尔圆得到的强度包络线为曲线, 直线型莫尔-库伦强度准则不适用; 而有效应力莫尔圆的到的强度包络线可为直线, 其有效强度参数高于CTC试验。在-应力空间中, NCTC试验总强度包络线和有效包线均位于CTC试验强度包线之上, 抗剪强度高, 这同固结应力高且为偏压固结有关。     

Three-dimensional reliability analysis of earth slopes

Reliability of cohesive soil slopes is assessed using a three-dimensional (3D) probabilistic stability analysis algorithm. Spatial variability of soil properties is represented by an anisotropic random field. Parametric studies are performed for a typical earth structure. The influence of the model parameters, including expected value, variance and correlation distance of soil shear strength, on the reliability associated to particular failure mechanisms is evaluated. The effect on reliability of the dimensions and shape of potential slip surfaces for a given random field is also assessed. It is shown that the mechanisms that contribute most significantly to global probability of failure of the slope may be quite different from those identified as critical by standard deterministic evaluations assuming soil homogeneity. Some practical implications of this fact are discussed.     

多级支挡结构地震主动土压力的极限分析

多级组合支挡结构形式在高边坡防护工程中得到了广泛采用,但现有研究却较少涉及这种支挡结构形式的地震土压力计算问题。应用拟静力法和塑性极限分析上限定理,并且基于强度折减技术,推导了重力式挡墙与两级锚杆挡墙组合支挡结构形式的地震主动土压力及其系数的上限解。该上限解考虑了水平和竖向地震系数、墙背倾角、坡面形式及多级支护方式、土体黏聚力、土体与墙背的黏附力等诸多因素。二级锚杆挡墙实例分析表明：静力条件下主动土压力计算值与现有相关方法的计算结果一致,土的抗剪强度折减系数、上挡墙锚杆轴力等参数,对下挡墙地震主动土压力影响显著。二级组合支挡结构地震主动土压力影响参数敏感性分析表明：水平地震系数以及重力式挡墙墙高和倾角的敏感性较大,上挡墙锚杆的轴力和倾角等参数的敏感性相对较小     

地震条件下黏性土挡土墙土压力分析

Mononobe-Okabe理论是现阶段计算地震土压力的常用方法,但Mononobe-Okabe理论的诸多假设使其具有一定的局限性。针对Mononobe-Okabe理论的不足,考虑到地震作用下挡土墙偏转对土压力的影响,采用斜向条分法推导了复杂条件下黏性土地震土压力强度分布、土压力合力及其作用点位置公式,并利用图解法给出了临界破裂角的解析解。研究表明：填土黏聚力和地震系数对土压力影响显著;忽略黏性填土表面开裂与地震作用对均布超载及开裂填土等效超载的影响将使主动土压力计算结果偏小,其误差随着填土黏聚力和均布超载的增大而增大;在不同水平地震系数下土压力沿墙高呈非线性分布;所提公式适用范围更广,有效完善了Mononobe-Okabe理论。     

挡土墙库仑土压力的遗传算法求解分析

在对破裂面上滑动土体静力极限平衡分析的基础上,建立了基于优化方法求解无黏性土、黏性土库仑土压力的自变量取值区间和目标函数模型,并采用遗传进化方法进行了实例求解分析。研究结果表明,遗传算法在计算挡土墙库仑主动土压力的过程中,收敛速度快、用时短,并具有较高的计算精度。算例1中5组无黏性土挡土墙的主动土压力的计算结果与经典库仑解析解非常接近,平均误差为1.748 %,平均进化代数为15代。算例2中8组黏性土挡土墙的主动土压力计算结果与文献的解答非常吻合,平均误差仅为0.017 %,平均进化代数为17.125代。遗传算法具有良好的适应性和强大的搜索性能,非常适合求解岩土工程优化问题。     

库仑土压力的变分法研究

以滑动体静力平衡的两个力平衡方程为基础,引入拉氏乘子,将土压力问题以变分学观点来描述,转化为确定含有两个函数自变量的泛函极值问题。依据泛函取极值时必须满足的欧拉方程,得出了主动土压力和被动土压力在取极值时,墙后土体的破坏是沿平面滑动。然后,将土压力的泛函极值问题进一步转化为带有约束的函数极值问题。这种函数极值可利用M atlab6.1优化工具箱提供的fm incon函数进行求解。当土体的粘聚力等于0时,土压力计算结果与库仑土压力理论解完全一致;而当土体的粘聚力不等于0时,归纳给出了相应的土压力计算公式。     

基于混合粒子群算法和能量法主动土压力计算

假定挡土墙后填土滑动面为通过墙踵的对数螺线滑动面,基于能量法,推导出了墙背倾斜、粗糙、墙后填土向上倾斜,适用于砂性土与黏性土的主动土压力上限解。以对数螺线通过斜坡的旋入角? 0和旋出角? h为变量,使用基于自然选择的混合粒子群优化算法对最危险滑动面进行全局搜索,从而获得主动土压力最优解。对于砂性土,将土压力系数与经典的极限分析上限解相比,发现在墙面倾角较小时两者基本一致,但当墙面倾角大于30°时,经典解明显偏小,而文中解与基于最优性原理的极限平衡解较接近。至于黏性土,对一工程实例进行计算,计算结果与实测值的相对误差为5.4%。     

Reliability bearing capacity analysis of footings on cohesive soil slopes using RFEM

Reliability analysis of bearing capacity of a strip footing at the crest of a simple slope with cohesive soil was carried out using the random finite element method (RFEM). Analyses showed that the coefficient of variation and the spatial correlation length of soil cohesion can have a large influence on footing bearing capacity, particularly for slopes with large height to footing width ratios. The paper demonstrates cases where a footing satisfies a deterministic design factor of safety of 3 but the probability of design failure is unacceptably high. Isotropic and anisotropic spatial variability of the soil strength was also considered.     

地震条件下挡土墙主动土压力及其分布的新分析法

采用旋转挡土墙计算模型的变换法,将在地震和拟静力法条件下主动土压力的求解问题转化为在静力条件下主动土压力的求解问题。根据在静力条件下水平层分析法的主动土压力推导结果,直接获得在地震条件下主动土压力强度分布、土压力合力及其作用点位置的表达式,并运用图解法得到了临界破裂角的解析解。公式可考虑水平和垂直地震加速度、不同墙背倾角、墙背和坡面倾角与填料存在黏结力和外摩擦角、存在均布超载等诸多因素的影响,公式可以适用于在常用边界和地震条件下黏性土的主动土压力计算。旋转地震角法是将在地震和拟静力法条件下挡土墙计算模型旋转为在静力条件下挡土墙计算模型,但旋转挡土墙计算模型并不改变挡土墙和墙后填土的应力状态,按在静力条件下挡土墙主动土压力求解方法求解在地震和拟静力法条件下主动土压力,该方法大大简化了在地震和拟静力法条件下的主动土压力计算公式推导过程,统一了在拟静力法条件下的地震土压力求解,理论更加完善。     

条形荷载下黏性土主动土压力计算

依据库仑土压力理论假设,挡土墙土压力由墙后填土在极限平衡状态下出现滑动楔体产生,推导出考虑滑裂面上填土的黏聚力、墙土间黏聚力、黏性土表面出现张拉裂缝、条形荷载下的黏性土主动土压力计算式,并给出临界破裂角的显式解答。当墙后作用有连续均布荷载或不考虑黏性填土表面出现裂缝时,只需取条形荷载到墙顶的距离或计算的裂缝深度为0即可按相同的方法求解。研究表明,由于未考虑条形荷载对临界破裂角的影响,规范方法得到土压力值偏小。该公式适用范围广,尤其对于条形荷载作用墙后任意位置时均可应用,对实际工程中挡土墙的设计计算具有一定应用价值。     

临近边坡的条形基础地基极限承载力数值分析

建筑物或构筑物基础临近边坡置放的情况在实际工程中十分普遍,但目前对于临近边坡基础的地基承载力及破坏模式尚缺乏深入研究。采用不连续布局优化（DLO）极限分析法建立数值模型,分析边坡几何尺寸、土体参数和基础位置对临坡条形基础的极限承载力和边坡破坏模式的影响,并对国内外现行规范推荐的计算方法进行评价。结果表明：极限承载力随边坡高度和边坡倾斜角的增大而减小,当坡高超过临界高度后,极限承载力将不受其影响;极限承载力随土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的增大而提高,滑动面随黏聚力的增大而变浅,随内摩擦角的增大而变深;极限承载力随基础与坡肩相对距离的增大而提高,当基础置放位置超过某临界距离后极限承载力不受边坡影响。在土体强度高、坡角较大时,《建筑地基基础设计规范》规定的临坡基础最小置放距离偏于危险,设计时仍需考虑边坡对承载力的减损作用;在土体强度较低、坡角较小时,规范规定值偏于保守。美国AASHTO规范对边坡地基极限承载力的取值在砂土边坡时较为可靠,但其仅适用于坡面破坏模式的情况;饱和黏土边坡的承载力曲线有悖于理论解,对临界距离的规定同样存在低估。     

基于双剪强度理论土拱效应的基坑支护桩间距分析

在分析桩间土拱效应形成机理的基础上,以圆形支护桩为研究对象,利用合理拱轴线和起拱点土体破坏面等几何特征,建立抛物线土拱分析模型,通过桩间土拱静力平衡条件和双剪强度理论来确定桩间距,推导出圆形支护桩的合理桩间距计算公式,桩间净距随桩后土体粘聚力或内摩擦角的增大而增大,却随着桩后主动土压力或中主应力参数m的增大而减小,且随着参数m的增大,桩后主动土压力是逐渐增大的.最后通过工程实例计算支护桩间距,并与有限元法和规范法计算结果进行比较,验证了基于双剪强度理论土拱效应的基坑支护桩间距计算结果的合理性和安全性.     

Role of apparent cohesion in the stability of Dominician allophane soil slopes

This study examines the effect of loss of apparent cohesion from rainwater infiltration upon the stability of partly saturated, allophanic soil slopes of Dominica (West Indies). The parent material of the Dominican allophanic soils are the andesitic and dacitic volcanic rocks from ten volcanic centres of mainly Pleistocene age. Although simplifying assumptions are made to assess the depth of wetting front and magnitudes of true and apparent cohesion values of the partly saturated allophanic soils, certain inferences of practical significance emerge from the study.

Matric suction contributes to the effective stress of unsaturated soils and increases the shear strength of these soils by imparting them an apparent cohesion strength component. This apparent cohesion strength component of the partly saturated Dominician allophanic soils is considered to be related to the matric suction term (u_a−u_w) by a parabolic relationship.

The partly saturated allophanic soil slopes of Dominica would invariably fail from loss of apparent cohesion upon saturation of the soil mantle by the infiltrating water front only if (a) the average slope angle (β) is greater than or equal to the drained shear strength parameter of the unsaturated soil (Φ_d) (slopes with β ≥ Φ_d are referred to as category 1 slopes in this study) and (b) the drained cohesion parameter (c_d) belonging to the partly saturated soil of the category 1 slope is mainly contributed by matric suction induced apparent cohesion (c_app) and contribution from true cohesion (c′) is absent. However, the possibility of the category 1 slopes (for the case 1 situation) failing in the saturated condition from effective stress reduction due to rise in ground water table is shown to be an unfeasible proposition. In contrast, for the case 1 situation, the partly saturated category 2 slopes (β < Φ_d) are insusceptible to failure from reduction in effective stress due to loss of matric suction but fail in the saturated condition from effective stress reduction due to rise in ground water table. If the allophanic soils were to possess a sufficient magnitude of true cohesion (c′), even the partly saturated category 1 slopes possessing slope angles (β) much in excess of their Φ_d values (β − Φ_d = 15.1°) would remain stable upon total elimination of the matric suction induced cohesion. However, partly saturated category 1 slopes possessing a true cohesion component and insusceptible to failure from reduction in effective stress upon loss of matric suction, invariably fail in the saturated condition from reduction in effective stress due to rise in ground water table.

Using the methodology developed in this study, two previously reported case histories pertaining to rain induced translational landslides in the residual soil areas of Brazil are re-examined and the results obtained in this study are found to be in agreement with the findings of the previous researchers.