矿渣胶凝材料固化软土的力学性状及机制

利用矿渣胶凝材料固化软土,既可利用工业废渣,又能减少水泥的用量。以矿渣胶凝材料固化黏土、砂土二种软土。发现矿渣胶凝材料加固软土的效果远好于水泥、石灰,其9 %掺量的固化土28 d的无侧限强度达到2.0 MPa以上,普遍高于15 %掺量的水泥固化土,且其28 d固化土的软化系数普遍高于90 %以上,固化黏土后CBR值远高于同掺量的石灰固化土。X衍射结构分析表明,矿渣胶凝材料水化时产生的高强难溶的矿物晶体是其固化软土效果好的主要原因。因此,矿渣胶凝材料是一种性能优异的软土加固材料。     

湖泊底泥改性固化的强度特性和微观结构

将灰渣胶凝材料作为改性剂应用于湖泊环境疏浚底泥的固化处理,研究了改性淤泥的强度特性,探讨灰渣胶凝材料对淤泥的改性机理。改性淤泥的抗压强度试验结果表明,当灰渣胶凝材料质量掺入比为5 %时,能够显著提高改性淤泥的各个龄期强度;当掺入质量比为12.5 %时,28天强度可以达到1.55 MPa。改性淤泥的早期强度较高,后期强度能持续增长,同时具有良好的耐水浸泡性能。SEM分析表明,灰渣胶凝材料能与底泥颗粒中的活性物质发生火山灰反应,形成高强难溶的胶结物,使改性淤泥中大孔隙数量减少,改善了淤泥土颗粒之间的胶结性能。这说明灰渣胶凝材料是一种性能优异的底泥改性材料。     

A two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating rock hydraulic fracturing

Within the framework of our discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure algorithm, this paper presents a two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating the rock hydraulic fracturing process. In the proposed approach, based on the generated joint network, the calculation of fluid mechanics is performed first to obtain the seepage pressure near the tips of existing cracks, and then the fluid pressure is treated as linearly distributed loads on corresponding block boundaries. The contribution of the hydraulic pressure to the initiation/propagation of the cracks is considered by adding the components of these blocks into the force matrix of the global equilibrium equation. Finally, failure criteria are applied at the crack tips to determine the occurrence of cracking events. Several verification examples are simulated, and the results show that this newly proposed numerical model can simulate the hydraulic fracturing process correctly and effectively. Although the numerical and experimental verifications focus on one unique preexisting crack, because of the capability of discontinuous deformation analysis in simulating block‐like structures, the proposed approach is capable of modeling rock hydraulic fracturing processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

文克尔地基模型下液化土桩基水平振动响应分析

在桩基顶部承受竖向荷载作用的条件下,将完全液化后的上层土体视为流体,将桩基等效为欧拉-伯努利梁模型,探讨了桩底嵌固时桩基顶部的水平振动阻抗。运用流体动力方程模拟顶部液化土层的运动,运用文克尔地基模拟下部非液化分层土的运动。结合传递矩阵法,利用液化土与非液化分层土交界面处的位移、转角和内力连续条件,得到桩基顶部和底部的相关位移?内力表达关系式。根据桩基底部的嵌固条件,求得桩顶阻抗的表达式。与已有文献解进行对比,验证了分析过程的正确性。对阻抗影响条件进行参数分析,表明液化深度、轴力和流体密度大小对桩顶阻抗有不同的影响。     

数值流形法在处理强奇异性问题时的网格无关性

数值流形方法（NMM）的最大优势在于可以统一地处理岩土力学中的连续和非连续变形问题。它在求解断裂力学问题时无需强制裂纹与数学网格保持一致,非常适合应用于岩土工程中由连续到非连续的破坏过程模拟。在裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹与数学网格的相对位置将会是任意的,如裂纹尖端可能落在网格内部、网格节点上或网格边上等。因此,对同一条裂纹,通过旋转和移动数学网格构造了它们之间的这种相对位置关系以及一些可能对计算结果产生影响的极端情况,并以应力强度因子作为衡量标准,研究了NMM在处理线弹性断裂力学问题时的网格依赖性。研究表明,NMM即使在处理强奇异性问题时依然有着很好的网格无关性,进一步证实了它在模拟裂纹扩展问题时的鲁棒性。     

岩溶区地下水数值模拟研究进展

岩溶含水介质的不均一性导致岩溶地下水流动、溶质运移和热量迁移的数学模拟研究成为地下水模拟的难点。本文综述了岩溶区地下水流模拟的几种方法,重点阐述了等效多孔介质法、双重连续介质法和三重介质法的定义、发展过程和适用范围,并回顾了这几种方法的研究成果。从等效多孔介质法到三重介质法,模拟精度不断提高,适用范围也逐渐由大区域实际问题向小区域理论研究过渡。介绍了溶质运移模拟和热迁移模拟的研究方法及实例。溶质运移模拟以对流弥散方程为基础,其中尺度效应是溶质运移模拟的重点研究问题;热量迁移模拟应考虑地下热水密度变化对地下热水运动的影响。溶质运移模拟和热量迁移模拟往往是将迁移模型和已经调试成功的地下水流动模型相耦合,从而达到模拟溶质及热量迁移的目的。由于溶质运移和热量迁移的复杂性,现阶段水流模型多数处于等效多孔介质模型阶段。综合理论及实际应用,指出精确刻画裂隙及管道和注重基础数学算法是岩溶水数值模拟进步的关键。      

地下水系统中的驱动力场分析和污染质运移模拟

本文介绍了地下水系统的概念和地下水系统分析方法,讨论了地下水系统模拟的驱动力场方法,推演出地下水驱动力方程和速度方程,建立了水流系统和污染质运移系统的模拟模型,并求得了它们的有限差分解,最后进行了实例模拟计算。     

Modeling of dynamic cohesive fracture propagation in porous saturated media

In this paper, a mathematical model is presented for the analysis of dynamic fracture propagation in the saturated porous media. The solid behavior incorporates a discrete cohesive fracture model, coupled with the flow in porous media through the fracture network. The double‐nodded zero‐thickness cohesive interface element is employed for the mixed mode fracture behavior in tension and contact behavior in compression. The crack is automatically detected and propagated perpendicular to the maximum effective stress. The spatial discretization is continuously updated during the crack propagation. Numerical examples from the hydraulic fracturing test and the concrete gravity dam show the capability of the model to simulate dynamic fracture propagation. The comparison is performed between the quasi‐static and fully dynamic solutions, and the performance of two analyses is investigated on the values of crack length and crack mouth opening. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤中可挥发污染物抽气清除法的数值模拟

抽气清除法(SVE)是最常用的清除土壤非饱和区中可挥发污染物的方法之一。介绍和分析了该法的基本原理和工艺过程,建立了描述该法中气体渗流场、污染物相间交换以及污染物随气流场运移3个主要过程的物理模型。分别采用Galerkin法和Laplace变换Galerkin法推导了模拟气体渗流场和污染物随气流运移过程的有限元数值模型,编制了三维有限元程序,给出了1个典型的三维计算实例。     

Influence of subsurface fractures on surface deformation of an elastic half-space

The paper presents a solution for calculation of the surface uplift field of a semi-infinite elastic solid embedded with a pressurized elliptical crack oriented at any angle, and at any depth. The results presented are those for a uniform pressure loading on the crack face, simulating a static pressurized hydraulic fracture, but the mathematical technique developed can be extended directly to non-uniform normal loads or general shear loads in the form of a polynomial up to the third order. The result of a special case of the new solution, where the crack is penny shaped and parallel to the free surface, is compared with results from Sun's solution and from experiments which were designed and performed by the authors. The experiments involved pressurization of a penny-shaped crack in a polyurethane material which is linear elastic under low stresses, and measurement of surface deformation by holographic interferometry and Fizeau interferometry. The correspondence between theory and experiment is excellent.     

表面喷洒SH固土剂的泥石流堆积土的抗雨蚀性能

降雨对堆积土的径流冲刷和入渗软化,是引发泥石流的关键因素。选取甘肃张掖泥石流现场堆积土为研究对象,借助人工模拟降雨试验,研究100 mm·h-1的降水强度下表面喷洒SH固土剂的泥石流堆积土的抗雨蚀性能。试验结果表明,未喷SH固土剂的堆积土,表面雨蚀严重,形成数条冲刷沟,且伴有大量泥沙流失;喷洒SH固土剂后,SH固土剂与表层土颗粒胶结形成高强黏结性的塑性胶膜,堆积土表面无明显冲痕,冲刷量少,抗雨蚀性能强;随SH固土剂喷量增加,固化土的抗雨蚀性能先增大后趋稳定;SH固土剂与粉土和砂土颗粒形成结构稳定的"镶嵌式"土膜混合层,整体上优于碎石土"漂浮式"土膜混合层的抗雨蚀性能;SH固土剂喷量和堆积土土质类型共同影响着固化土抗雨蚀性能。综合考虑费用、抗雨蚀效果等因素,建议对粉土和砂土类的堆积土,SH固土剂喷洒量为1.0 kg·m-2,对碎石土类,应适当增加喷洒量。     

高掺量粉煤灰固结材料的矿物组成及微观结构研究

采用化学成分、X衍射和电子显微镜分析等方法研究了高掺量粉煤灰固结材料的矿物组成及微观结构。结果表明 ,其矿物组成主要是 3Al2 O3 ·2SiO2 和硅铝酸盐的胶凝物相 ,具有较大孔径的多孔结构特征 ,与水泥混凝土的矿物组成和微观结构有较大不同 ;粉煤灰的掺量、养护龄期对水化产物的生成量有直接影响 ;固结剂掺量大于 2 0 %时 ,粉煤灰和固结剂全部反应形成多孔状的胶凝体水化产物     

流态地聚物固化土强度特性及其强度预测

地聚物胶凝材料能够替代水泥基胶凝材料作为固化剂应用于狭窄肥槽回填等工程问题中,有效降低水泥生产过程中的污染及能耗,但目前对于流态地聚物固化土胶凝材料的研究较少。采用3种新型绿色胶凝材料联合碱激发剂固化工程渣土形成流态地聚物固化土,通过对比其无侧限抗压强度,探究每种胶凝材料对于固化土强度特性的影响,同时建立强度预测模型,分析不同因素对于强度的影响程度。研究结果表明：固化土的强度随着碱激发剂模数的增加先提高后降低;固化土强度随着高炉矿渣（GGBS）、粉煤灰、稻壳灰掺量的增加均呈上升趋势,随着稻壳灰粒径的增长呈下降趋势;碱激发剂模数增至1.2、GGBS掺量增至10%、粉煤灰掺量增至8%和稻壳灰掺量增至11%时,固化土强度提升最为显著;强度预测模型预测结果的平均相对误差仅为5.57%,预测结果较为精准;预测模型中各层权值的计算结果表明养护龄期对于固化土强度影响最大,稻壳灰粒径影响程度最小。研究结果可以为固化土在实际工程的应用提供理论支持。     

Interface and embedded joint methods for modeling dynamic fracture opening by explosive products

Two computational approaches are proposed in the paper to model dynamic fracture opening by explosive products. The first method assumes that the fractures may be modeled using flow elements embedded along the mesh lines. This method models crack opening in a straightforward way by splitting the nodes of the computational grid. It can account for crack branching; however, the crack directions are constrained by existing mesh faces, which may lead to mesh dependence. Also, the stress in flow elements is calculated explicitly separate from the surrounding solid elements that can impose additional limits on the time step stability condition for explicit integration. The second approach uses embedded flow elements to model the cracks. Typical thickness of the cracks is much smaller than the element size. Therefore, gas pressure in the cracks is assumed to be in stress equilibrium with the element stress. To achieve this, the crack thickness and the state of the gas is updated simultaneously with the state of the solid element which contains the crack. Therefore, the time step is controlled by the explicit solver applied for the solid and does not depend on the thickness of the crack. The main disadvantage of the second approach is due to the complexity of modeling multiple intersecting cracks, which go through the same element. We discuss the areas of possible applications of these 2 methods and the ways to improve and enhance them for future practical applications.     

An Approach for Modeling Rock Discontinuous Mechanical Behavior Under Multiphase Fluid Flow Conditions

In this paper, the two computer codes TOUGH2 and RDCA (for “rock discontinuous cellular automaton”) are integrated for coupled hydromechanical analysis of multiphase fluid flow and discontinuous mechanical behavior in heterogeneous rock. TOUGH2 is a well-established code for geohydrological analysis involving multiphase, multicomponent fluid flow and heat transport; RDCA is a numerical model developed for simulating the nonlinear and discontinuous geomechanical behavior of rock. The RDCA incorporates the discontinuity of a fracture independently of the mesh, such that the fracture can be arbitrarily located within an element, while the fluid pressure calculated by TOUGH2 can be conveniently applied to fracture surfaces. We verify and demonstrate the coupled TOUGH–RDCA simulator by modeling a number of simulation examples related to coupled multiphase flow and geomechanical processes associated with the deep geological storage of carbon dioxide—including modeling of ground surface uplift, stress-dependent permeability, and the coupled multiphase flow and geomechanical behavior of fractures intersecting the caprock.     

Two－Dimensional Model of Hydraulic Fracturing in Geosciences：Effects of Fluid Buoyancy

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岩体结构拉裂的块体单元法模拟

基于阶谱块体单元法,提出了二次覆盖的概念和一种分析岩石块体受拉开裂破坏的方法。该方法将块体及其一次覆盖在概念上细分为许多个积分子域,即二次覆盖。在二次覆盖上引入模糊裂纹模型,并把裂缝的形成视为一个粘塑性屈服流动过程,将开裂后产生的不平衡力进行转移,通过迭代使结构重新达到平衡。该方法既能考虑结构本身的不连续性,又能有效地模拟块体受拉开裂和裂纹扩展的现象。数值算例表明,计算结果基本合理。     

多裂纹扩展的扩展有限元法分析

建立了求解多裂纹扩展的扩展有限元法。引入裂纹交叉汇合加强函数以分析多裂纹交叉汇合过程;在裂纹附近区域使用广义形函数,并引入线增函数消除混合单元,可有效地提高裂纹附近的精度;用砂浆法（线段-线段接触法）结合增广型Lagrange乘子法处理裂纹段的接触条件,可以精确地模拟裂纹面约束,并方便地求解控制方程。算例分析了两方面内容：（1）计算交叉裂纹体的应力强度因子,结果表明提出的方法精度高;（2）模拟多裂纹扩展及交叉汇合过程,模拟的裂纹扩展路径与试验结果吻合得较好,表明了方法的可靠性。     

Multiphase SPH modeling of free surface flow in porous media with variable porosity

This paper presents a numerical model for simulating free surface flow in porous media with spatially varying porosity. The governing equations are based on the mixture theory. The resistance forces between solid and fluid is assumed to be nonlinear. A multiphase SPH approach is presented to solve the governing equations. In the multiphase SPH, water is modeled as a weakly compressible fluid, and solid phase is discretized by fixed solid particles carrying information of porosity. The model is validated by several numerical examples including seepage through specimen, fast flow through rockfill dam and wave interaction with porous structure. Good agreements between numerical results and experimental data are obtained in terms of flow rate and evolution of free surface. Parameter study shows that (1) the nonlinear resistance law provides more accurate results; (2) particle size and porosity have significant influence on the porous flow.     

Investigation of Cement–Bentonite Slurry Samples Containing PFA in the UCS and Triaxial Apparatus

Three mixtures of cement–bentonite slurry containing 28, 36 and 44 % PFA (as a proportion of cementitious materials) were tested using the unconfined compressive strength and triaxial apparatus to determine the stress–strain and shear strength relationships for samples cured for various periods. The samples were batched using 4 % bentonite and 20 % cementitious materials (by mass of water) and allowed to cure underwater once extruded from sealed moulds. Curing periods of 14, 28 and 90 days were selected to investigate the changes in behaviour at durations commonly specified (28 and 90 days) as well as providing insight into changing behaviour with curing (additional curing periods of 7 and 60 days were investigated on a smaller number of samples to increase understanding). Two rates of displacement were used (1.0 and 1.3 mm/min) and four confining pressures (0, 50, 100 and 200 kPa). Shear strength and strain at peak deviator stress of the samples do not appear to vary considerably with confining pressure. For samples containing 28 % PFA, the majority of physical properties exhibited by the cement–bentonite samples change with curing period up to 60 days, where after the properties become similar to those cured for 90 days.