美丽中国建设——人地和谐共生理论与评估指标体系及应用

The Beautiful China Initiative(BCI)is a plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation as well as for China to fulfill the United Nations’2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The Chinese government’s“five-in-one”approach provides strategic arrangements for developing the BCI,and President Xi Jinping proposed a timetable and“road map”for the BCI at the National Conference on Ecological and Environmental Protection.Nevertheless,the theoretical basis,evaluation index system,evaluation criteria and effectiveness of the BCI are currently unclear.This paper begins by exploring the basic content of the BCI from narrow and broad perspectives.It regards the theory of human-nature harmonious coexistence and the five-in-one beauty theory as the core theoretical bases of the BCI and constructs a five-element BCI evaluation index system(ecological environment,green development,social harmony,system perfection and cultural heritage)and utilizes the assessment method of the United Nations’Human Development Index to assess scientifically the effectiveness of the BCI in 341 prefecture-level cities.The results show the average BCI index(the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beauty Index)score to be 0.28,which is quite low,while the average scores for the individual element indexes of the ecological environment index,green development index,social harmony index,system perfection index and cultural heritage index are 0.6,0.22,0.29,0.22 and 0.07,respectively.All of these are relatively low values,with relatively large discrepancies in regional development,indicating that progress in the BCI is generally slow and unbalanced.To realize the BCI’s timetable and roadmap to a high quality and high standard,it is suggested that a common system for evaluating the progress of the BCI is developed and promulgated so that dynamic monitoring and phased evaluations can take place;BCI technical assessment standards are compiled and published;BCI comprehensive zoning is undertaken;pilot projects adapted to local conditions are launched in BCI sample areas;and BCI results are incorporated into performance indicators at all levels of government.     

Assessment and analysis of ecosystem services value along the Yangtze River under the background of the Yangtze River protection strategy

The Yangtze River is the third largest river in the world and the longest and largest river in China.China has adopted a national strategy to protect the Yangtze River.A better understanding of the ecosystem services value along the Yangtze River would provide support for the Yangtze River protection strategy.Using Costanza’s method to estimate the ecosystem services value,the value of 10 ecosystem services was estimated within 1 km and 2 km from the Yangtze River in 2017.These 10 services were derived from the four established groupings of provisioning,regulating,supporting,and cultural services.This study compared and analyzed the changes in the ecosystem services value in the upper,middle,and lower reaches of the river,and in provinces,cities,and villages along the Yangtze River.The total ecosystem services value within 1 km and 2 km from the river was 37.208 and 43.769 billion yuan,respectively.Within 1 km,the ecosystem services value in the middle reaches was 12.93 billion yuan,while the next highest value was in the upper reaches at 12.45 billion yuan,and the downstream area had the smallest value of 11.855 billion yuan.Within 2 km,the value of upstream ecosystem services was the highest at 16.31 billion yuan,while the second highest value was in the middle reaches at 14.376 billion yuan,and the smallest value was in the downstream area at 13.083 billion yuan.In the Yangtze River Basin,regulating services played a leading role,accounting for 81.6%and 78.9%of the ecosystem services value within 1 km and 2 km from the river,respectively.Among the 10 ecosystem services,hydrological regulation was the most important,while the value of raw material production made the smallest contribution.Among the provinces and cities along the Yangtze River,the highest ecosystem services value was in Hubei Province,while the lowest values were in Shanghai and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.If villages within 1 km and 2 km from the river were to be relocated,the total regional ecological value would increase by 527 and 975 million yuan,respectively.     

Rural resident household food consumption patterns in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city: an analysis based on ELES Model

Demand for food plays an important role in the adjustment of prices for agricultural products and for adjusting agricultural structure.By using the extended linear expenditure system(ELES),we analyzed the food consumption structure of rural residents in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city,and determined the basic food-consumption demand,the marginal propensity of consumption,the income elasticities of demand,and the own-price and cross-price elasticities of local rural residents,all of which illustrate the influencing factors on food consumption of rural residents and for forecasting the food-consumption structure.Those analyses show the following:the rural residents’ expenditure on household basic food consumption reaches about 7,050.35 Yuan;the marginal propensities of consumption of fruits and vegetables are relatively high(0.062 and 0.106,respectively),followed by meat(0.044);the demands for various foods are increasing as income increases,with the largest income elasticity of demand corresponding to fruits(1.354) and the lowest to cereal(0.310);fruits and vegetables have relatively high own-price elasticities(respectively-0.879 and-0.442),with the cereal having the lowest one(-0.184).An increase in cereal prices would greatly affect demand for other products;with the rising size of rural households,the consumption for meat is decreasing whereas it is increasing for cereal.The improvement of household education levels will lead to the increase of fruit consumption(E = 0.297),which indicates that people will pay more attention to diet and nutrition structure with the improvement of education.Further,although the amount of cereal expenditure is continually growing,the share will be declining with the increase of household income in 2006-2012.For all these reasons,therefore,the government should encourage the cultivation of economic crops and guide the development of stockbreeding to ensure the stability of cereal output.In order to attain the balance between supply and demand,it is important to rationally a     

滇中高原火后更新森林植物和土壤水分含量的时空格局（英文）

Plant moisture content(PMC) is used as an indicator of forest flammability, which is assumed to be affected by climate drought. However, the fire-induced drought stress on PMC and its spatial and temporal variations are unclear. Based on a parallel monitoring experiment from 2014 to 2015, this study compared the PMCs and soil moisture contents(SMC) at five post-fire sites in central Yunnan Plateau, Southwest China. The number of years since last fire(YSF), season, topographic position, plant species and tissue type(leaf and branch) were selected as causal factors of the variations in PMC and SMC. A whole year parallel monitoring and sampling in the post-fire communities of 1, 2, 5, 11 and 30 YSF indicated that drought stress in surface soils was the strongest in spring within the first 5 years after burning, and the SMC was regulated by topography, with 64.6% variation in soil moisture accounted for by YSF(25.7%), slope position(22.1%) and season(10.8%). The temporal variations of PMC and SMC differed at both interannual and seasonal scales, but the patterns were consistent across topographic positions. PMC differed significantly between leaves and branches, and among three growth-forms. The mean PMC was lower in broad-leaved evergreen species and higher in conifer species. Season and soil temperature were the primary determinants of PMC, accounting for 19.1% and 8.3% of variation in PMC, respectively. This indicated phenology-related growth rather than drought stress in soil as the primary driver of seasonal changes in PMC. The significant variations of PMC among growth forms and species revealed that seasonal soil temperature change and dominant species in forest communities are useful indicators of fire risk assessment in this region.     

基于垂直带谱的南北过渡带1:5万植被类型图遥感制图研究——以太白山为例

The compilation of 1:250,000 vegetation type map in the North-South transitional zone and 1:50,000 vegetation type maps in typical mountainous areas is one of the main tasks of Integrated Scientific Investigation of the North-South Transitional Zone of China.In the past,vegetation type maps were compiled by a large number of ground field surveys.Although the field survey method is accurate,it is not only time-consuming,but also only covers a small area due to the limitations of physical environment conditions.Remote sensing data can make up for the limitation of field survey because of its full coverage.However,there are still some difficulties and bottlenecks in the extraction of remote sensing information of vegetation types,especially in the automatic extraction.As an example of the compilation of 1:50,000 vegetation type map,this paper explores and studies the remote sensing extraction and mapping methods of vegetation type with medium and large scales based on mountain altitudinal belts of Taibai Mountain,using multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data,previous vegetation type map and forest survey data.The results show that:1)mountain altitudinal belts can effectively support remote sensing classification and mapping of 1:50,000 vegetation type map in mountain areas.Terrain constraint factors with mountain altitudinal belt information can be generated by mountain altitudinal belts and 1:10,000 Digital Surface Model(DSM)data of Taibai Mountain.Combining the terrain constraint factors with multi-temporal and high-resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data and previous small-scale vegetation type map data,the vegetation types at all levels can be extracted effectively.2)The basic remote sensing interpretation and mapping process for typical mountains is interpretation of vegetation type-groups→interpretation of vegetation formation groups,formations and subformations→interpretation and classification of vegetation types&subtypes,which is a combination method of top-down method and bottom-up method,not the top-down or the bottom-up classification according to the level of mapping units.The results of this study provide a demonstration and scientific basis for the compilation of large and medium scale vegetation type maps.     

珠江三角洲地区城镇化与生态韧性的耦合协调研究

Urban resilience is an emerging research topic of urban studies, and its essence is described by the ability of cities to resist, recover, and adapt to uncertain disturbances. This paper constructs a "Size-Density-Morphology" urban ecological resilience evaluation system, uses a coupling coordination degree model to measure the degree of coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta from 2000 to 2015, and conducts an in-depth discussion on its spatiotemporal characteristics. The results show the following.(1) From 2000 to 2015, the urbanization level of cities in the study area generally increased while the level of ecological resilience declined. The coupling coordination degree between the two systems decreased from basic coordination to basic imbalance.(2) In terms of spatial distribution, the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and ecological resilience of cities presented a circular pattern that centered on the cities at the estuary of the Pearl River and increased toward the periphery.(3) Ecological resilience sub-systems played variable roles in the coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience. Specifically, size resilience mainly played a reverse blocking role;the influence of morphology resilience was generally positive and continued to increase over time;the effect of density resilience was positive and continued to decline and further became negative after falling below zero. The main pathways for achieving coordinated and sustainable development of future urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta include: leading the coordinated development of regions with new urbanization, improving ecological resilience by strictly observing the three areas and three lines, adapting to ecological carrying capacity, and rationally arranging urban green spaces.     

长三角地区产业转型的大气污染效应——基于空间溢出视角

The Yangtze River Delta(YRD) is a region in China with a serious contradiction between economic growth and environmental pollution. Exploring the spatiotemporal effects and influencing factors of air pollution in the region is highly important for formulating policies to promote the high-quality development of urban industries. This study uses the spatial Durbin model(SDM) to analyze the local direct and spatial spillover effects of industrial transformation on air pollution and quantifies the contribution of each factor. From 2008 to 2018, there was a significant spatial agglomeration of industrial sulfur dioxide emissions(ISDE) in the YRD, and every 1% increase in ISDE led to a synchronous increase of 0.603% in the ISDE in adjacent cities. The industrial scale index(ISCI) and industrial structure index(ISTI), as the core factors of industrial transformation, significantly affect the emissions of sulfur dioxide in the YRD, and the elastic coefficients are 0.677 and-0.368, respectively. The order of the direct effect of the explanatory variables on local ISDE is ISCI>ISTI>foreign direct investment(FDI)>enterprise technological innovation(ETI)>environmental regulation(ER)> per capita GDP(PGDP). Similarly, the order of the spatial spillover effect of all variables on ISDE in adjacent cities is ISCI>PGDP>FDI>ETI>ISTI>ER, and the coefficients of the ISCI and ISTI are 1.531 and 0.113, respectively. This study contributes to the existing research that verifies the environmental Kuznets curve in the YRD, denies the pollution heaven hypothesis, indicates the Porter hypothesis, and provides empirical evidence for the formation mechanism of regional environmental pollution from a spatial spillover perspective.     

Spatiotemporal evolution of urban carbon emission performance in China and prediction of future trends

Climate change resulting from CO_2 emissions has become an important global environmental issue in recent years.Improving carbon emission performance is one way to reduce carbon emissions.Although carbon emission performance has been discussed at the national and industrial levels,city-level studies are lacking due to the limited availability of statistics on energy consumption.In this study,based on city-level remote sensing data on carbon emissions in China from 1992–2013,we used the slacks-based measure of super-efficiency to evaluate urban carbon emission performance.The traditional Markov probability transfer matrix and spatial Markov probability transfer matrix were constructed to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of urban carbon emission performance in China for the first time and predict long-term trends in carbon emission performance.The results show that urban carbon emission performance in China steadily increased during the study period with some fluctuations.However,the overall level of carbon emission performance remains low,indicating great potential for improvements in energy conservation and emission reduction.The spatial pattern of urban carbon emission performance in China can be described as"high in the south and low in the north,"and significant differences in carbon emission performance were found between cities.The spatial Markov probabilistic transfer matrix results indicate that the transfer of carbon emission performance in Chinese cities is stable,resulting in a"club convergence"phenomenon.Furthermore,neighborhood backgrounds play an important role in the transfer between carbon emission performance types.Based on the prediction of long-term trends in carbon emission performance,carbon emission performance is expected to improve gradually over time.Therefore,China should continue to strengthen research and development aimed at improving urban carbon emission performance and achieving the national energy conservation and emission reduction goals.Meanwhile,neighboring cities with different neighborhood backgrounds should pursue cooperative economic strategies that balance economic growth,energy conservation,and emission reductions to realize low-carbon construction and sustainable development.     

SCAR-COMMNAP南极数据管理联合委员会第11届大会在罗马召开

2007年9月3—8日,SCAR-COMMNAP南极数据管理联合委员会第11届大会(JCADM-11)在意大利罗马举行,来自荷兰、英国、美国、意大利、法国、南非、比利时、德国、新西兰、挪威、澳大利亚、阿根廷、马来西亚、韩国和中国等20个国家的代表出席了本次会议,GCMD(全球变化主目录)也派特约代表出席了会议,本次大会是历届会议中出席代表最多的一次。首先,JCADM主席回顾了过去一年所做的工作。取得的进展有:在数据管理方面,数据目录从2006年的3000余条增加到目前的4300多条;中国南北极数据中心在2006年—2007年7月期间向AMD(南极主目录)提交元…     

自然保护地旅游人地关系演进过程研究——以博格达为例

Protected areas have a double mandate of both "protection" and "use." Naturebased tourism is considered an effective tool in terms of environmental conservation. Understanding the causes and consequences of a spatiotemporal succession of tourism construction is an important channel to explore the changes of tourism-environment interaction in the protected area. To analyze the spatio-temporal variations in tourism construction lands, we adopted Mt. Bogda as an example. We systematically quantified the interaction between these changes and environmental variables and explored the evolution process of tourism-environment interaction of the mountainous protected area in the northwest arid region. Our results revealed the following:(1) In the Bogda protected area, the proportion of tourism construction lands first appeared to be increasing, then decreasing dramatically, and finally growing slowly. The spatial expansion of tourism construction lands followed the "core-periphery" pattern, respectively showing shapely infilling, reasonable agglomeration, barycenter shift, and outlying growth from 1990 to 2018 as the stages of concentrating on the core.(2) The higher land-use intensity of tourism construction drove the changes of landscape fragmentation, diversity, stability, primitive, and nature degree in the protected area. The coupling coordination between tourism and the environment in the Bogda area decreased at first, and then slowly increased. Meanwhile, tourism did not cause irreversible damage to the natural environment, and the coupling coordination degree between tourism and the environment was still in the state of balanced development. It expressed the states of original balanced, development exceeds environment and barely balanced, and superiorly balanced. The historical evolution of tourism-environment interaction in Bogda reflects the pattern of periodic changes in China’s protected areas to a certain extent.     

Age and genesis of the Danxia landform on Jianglang Mountain, Zhejiang Province

Jianglang Mountain is situated at the transitional zone of South China fold-system, Jiangshan–Shaoxing deep fracture zone and Baoan–Xiakou–Zhangcun fracture zone. The forming of the Xiakou basin was attributed to the pull-apart fault depression by the above fractures in earlier Cretaceous, afterward, series deposits such as Guantou formation (K1g), Chaochuan formation (K1c) and Fangyan formation (K1f) which belong to Yongkang group, the lower Cretaceous layer accumulated in the Xiakou basin. In late Cretaceous, the above fractures occurred to extrude and the basin began to uplift, meanwhile, amounts of tension fissures and joints were produced since Cenozoic, which accelerated water-dicing into bed-rock. Consequently, landform-building processing: weathering, eroding and collapsing etc. were prevalent as finally to develop the so-called Danxia landform. The Jianglang Mountain landscape zone of the Danxia landform to apply for world natural relics are relying on unique and unparalleled peak, sky-split valley with vivid stones and reviving of platform. What is more, there is significance of study at lithology, stratigraphy and paleo-biology. According to dating for specimen of ophitic vein through-crossing the Yongkang group of Yafeng Peak by K-Ar method, this article revealed the uplift age of red-bed basin to be 77.89±2.6 MaBP (K2) i.e. late Cretaceous, and it is the first chronological datum of Danxia landform research in China.     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌发育的年代与成因

江郎山位于华南褶皱系、江山-绍兴深断裂和保安-峡口-张村断裂带之间.白垩纪早期这两大断裂的拉张断陷导致峡口盆地的形成,随之主要有下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)在盆地中的沉积.白垩纪晚期上述两大断裂发生强烈挤压活动,峡口盆地逐渐隆升.新生代以来,峡口盆地在构造抬升中,产生大量张断裂和节理,加速了对岩体的切割,以及岩体被切割后的崩塌,导致了丹霞地貌的发育.江郎山丹霞地貌申报世界自然遗产的主要依据是其特有的壮观而独特的老年期孤峰-巷谷以及生动而逼真的象形石丹霞地貌特征、独特的地台活化现象与重要的岩石学科学研究意义以及该区特有的重要事件地层学和古生物学研究的科学意义.本文根据对江郎山亚峰垂直贯穿于丹霞地貌岩层永康群中辉绿岩脉标本K-Ar法的测年,揭示了当地峡口红层盆地抬升的时代为晚白垩世77.89±2.6Ma BP(K2),这也是我国目前丹霞地貌研究中所测得的可靠年代学数据.     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

According to the study of some local scholars (Peng Hua et al., 2000), over 400 sites of Danxia landform have been already discovered in China. Chen Guoda (1935), Zeng Zhaoxuan et al. (1978), Huang Jin et al. (1992; 1994; 1996) and Peng Hua et al. (1998; …     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

齐云山丹霞地貌主要发育于中白垩统小岩组K₂x¹红色砂砾岩层中, 该区地貌发育主要受景德镇-祁门断裂带、江湾-街口挤压破裂带和开化-淳安褶断带三大断裂带控制。在白垩世该区经历了地块沉降, 成为陆上的断陷湖盆, 由此接受了巨厚的白垩系红层堆积。在新构造运动中, 该区经历了隆升过程, 巨厚的白垩系沉积物变成了海拔500~600 m的山体。白垩系红色砂砾岩在经历了垂直节理发育、风化破坏阶段及剥蚀搬运阶段后, 同时受岩性本身砂岩与砾岩在组分和结构上的影响, 差异性风化剥蚀显著, 因此形成了壮观的峰林、崖、洞、方山、城堡及天生桥景观。该区585 m、400 m和150 m处的三级裂点, 大致反映了该区新构造运动中三次主要的抬升过程。     

Danxia landform genesis of the Qiyun Mountain, Anhui Province

The Danxia landform of Qiyun Mountain is mainly developed on the red granule conglomerates named Xiaoyan Group (K2x1) of middle Cretaceous series, which is controlled mainly by three faulted zones, namely, Jingdezhen-Qimen faulted zone, Jiangwan-Jiekou compressional faulted zone and Kaihua-Chun’an folding faulted zone. During the Cretaceous period, this area firstly experienced massif subsidence to become a continental faulted basin, then having thick Cretaceous red sediments accumulated on it. In the supervened neotectonism, this area experienced an uplifting process, which made the thick Cretaceous sediments into a mountain with an altitude of 500-600 m. After undergoing the processes of vertical joint development, weathering, denudation and transportation, as well as evidently differential weathering and denudation influenced by lithology and structure between sandstone and conglomerate, the grand Danxia landscape consisting of peak forests, steep cliffs, caves, mesas, castellated peaks, natural bridges and so on formed. The three nick points located respectively at 585 m, 400 m and 150 m generally reflect the three dominated uplifting processes during the neotectonism.     

国内外红层与丹霞地貌研究述评

在中国丹霞地貌走向世界,开始一个新的发展阶段的时候,回顾并评述国内外红层和丹霞地貌的研究进展十分必要。国内在该领域的研究长期集中在红层特性、工程地质、丹霞地貌特征及发育的基本问题等方面,但对红层的地质和地貌融合研究不足,对不同红层的岩性差异及其在外动力条件下的地貌表现和地貌发育过程缺乏深度研究;国外还没有红层地貌和丹霞地貌的专门研究,学者们主要关注红层形成的地质背景,有关红层地貌的研究多分散在砂岩地貌中,但其在微观、定量、实验研究方面值得借鉴。本文认为当前有关红层和丹霞地貌的研究大多为单因子研究,缺乏系统的思想方法,各学科研究存在多张皮的问题。提出应明确红层和丹霞地貌的学科归属,深化基础研究,加强各学科之间的融合,并推动国际交流和对比研究。     

火星风沙地貌研究进展

作为最活跃的地貌塑造外营力,风力作用在火星表面塑造了各种各样的地貌形态。对火星风沙活动及风沙地貌的认识是随着观测和探测技术的进步而逐渐明确的。火星沙丘在北极地区连绵成带状分布,在其他地区分布比较零散,且主要与撞击坑、河谷和山谷相伴分布。火星风沙地貌与地球上相应的地貌类型形态相似而规模更大,表明两个星球上塑造风沙地貌的动力系统具有一定的相似性。火星沙丘主要由玄武岩质（北极部分沙丘为石膏质）颗粒堆积而成,沉积物粒度比地球粗,主要是由中沙和粗纱组成。随着获取影像时空分辨率的提高和着陆器在火星近表面的观测,发现火星上部分区域的沙丘和沙波纹比较活跃。同地球一样,火星风沙地貌也可指示火星气候的变化。     

雁荡山流纹岩地貌景观特征及其形成发育规律

流纹岩地貌有其独有的特色和发育规律。本文根据大量的实地调查数据, 对雁荡山流 纹岩地貌景观进行了类型、空间分布规律和时间发育规律的分析研究。研究结果表明: 区域 流纹岩地貌景观可分为2 个大类, 6 个亚类, 16 个类型单元; 受区域断裂构造的控制, 区内 沟谷和岩嶂在平面上的发育延伸主要沿NE、NW 和EW 三个方向; 在新构造运动和岩性差异 的控制下, 区内峰、嶂、瀑在垂向上的分布具有分带性; 区域现代地貌的发育肇始于晚第三 纪区域一级夷平面的分裂解体, 自此以后的区内地貌演化经历了四个不同发育阶段, 每个阶 段的地貌景观组合各具特色。     

丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌旅游景观之比较研究

对丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌的旅游景观进行系统比较,揭示两者在发育条件及分布特点、自然及人文旅游景观方面的相似性与差异性.在发育条件上,两者的岩性、构造环境和主要外营力均存在显著差异;另一方面,两者的发育又都依赖于一定的水热条件和密集的节理裂隙.在空间分布上,两者发育最典型的地区均在我国南方亚热带、热带湿润区;其中,东南地区尤以丹霞景观见长,西南地区更以岩溶景观取胜.自然景观方面,丹霞景观与岩溶景观在类型、外形、组合上有较多相似之处;两相比较,岩溶风景胜在山奇洞奥,而丹霞风景则胜在赤壁丹崖.人文景观方面,丹霞地貌     

陕北黄土高原地貌景观资源化探讨

黄土高原地貌类型多样,景观优美,具有极大的观赏价值。以往对这种地质遗迹资源的旅游价值认识不足。现提出黄土高原地貌景观是一种旅游资源,对其进行开发是当地脱贫致富的新途径。为此,论述了黄土地貌景观的旅游资源属性、美学价值以及向旅游资源转化的可行性和景观开发利用思路,并提出了建立黄土地貌世界地质公园的建议。