华北平原地下水脆弱性评价

针对华北平原地域广阔,地貌和水文地质条件复杂、地下水开发利用程度高,地下水位埋深、包气带和含水层岩性差异性大等特点,基于大量钻孔和地下水位监测资料,厘定了包气带岩性和地下水位埋深变化对脆弱性评价影响,进而建立适宜华北平原的DRITC评价指标体系,并应用于华北平原地下水脆弱性评价。评价中,根据华北平原水文地质条件,划分4评价分区,剖分2 km×2 km单元34 253个,采用地下水位埋深、净补给量、包气带岩性、含水层累积厚度和渗透系数5个因子作为评价指标,求得地下水脆弱性综合指数及脆弱性分布图。结果表明,华北平原山前冲洪积扇和古黄河冲洪积平原的现代黄河影响带地下水脆弱性高或较高。野外采样7 472组地下水有机污染测试分析结果佐证,脆弱性高或较高区有机污染检出项数多,其他地区较少,由此验证评价结果的客观性。     

海河流域典型区地下水回补适宜性评价

大清河流域是海河流域地下水超采最为突出的地区,为了解决地下水超采问题,本研究开展了流域内山区-平原一体化地下水回补适宜性评价。选取地下水位埋深、渗透系数、距离南水北调中线干渠距离、距离水库距离、降水入渗系数、有效储水空间、坡度和地表高程构建GIS-AHP决策模型得到研究区回补适宜性分区图,并使用数值模拟评估回补效果。研究表明：回补适宜区主要分布在拒马河、青龙河、唐河、磁河的近山前河段,占总评价区域的4.5%;同时,根据回补适宜评价结果对河道分段精细化补水,能大大减缓地下水储变量下降速度,回补最佳。因此,基于GIS与数值模拟结合的流域地下水回补适宜评价,有助于大幅提高区内水资源利用效率,提供最优超采治理方案。     

华北平原地下水资源空间信息系统的构建

华北平原地下水资源空间信息系统综合运用地理信息系统技术、数据库技术及水资源评价技术,结合华北平原地下水资源调查评价的实际工作进行设计和开发,实用性强、功能较全面、集成度高,实现了空间数据库、GIS技术与地下水资源数学模型的有机结合与统一,为实现地下水环境管理的信息化、现代化作出了有益的尝试.     

陕西省地下水现状及超采区评价分析

地下水是陕西省工农业生产和生活用水的主要水源,科学、有序的开发利用地下水资源,在保障人民生活、促进经济和社会发展和维系区域生态环境等方面发挥着重要作用。陕西省地下水历史超采情况较为严重,经过近年来的治理,超采情况得到有效控制,但区域超采情况依然存在。为了严格保护地下水资源,指导地下水资源的合理开发利用,2012年,对全省地下水超采情况进行了新的评价,评价期2001~2013年,评价范围为陕西省平原区埋深200 m以内的潜水和浅层承压水。地下水超采区划定方法以水位动态法为主,以开采系数法和引发问题法为补充,同时充分考虑区域历史超采情况。共划定地下水超采区15处,总面积1 427.4 km~2,年均超采量0.51亿m~3。在划定地下水超采区的基础上划定15处地下水管理保护区,其中禁采区1处,限采区14处。     

50年来华北平原降水入渗补给量时空分布特征研究

针对华北平原水文地质条件复杂,地下水开发利用程度高,地下水位埋深和包气带岩性在时间和空间上差异大的特点,基于大量钻孔和地下水位监测资料,将华北平原划分为4个水文地质单元,以埋深7 m作为降水入渗稳定点,根据各分区的水文地质条件对钻孔岩层赋予入渗系数值,应用加权平均法求得华北平原20世纪60年代、80年代和21世纪初的降水入渗系数分布图.利用华北平原1956-2008年水资源四级区逐月降水量数据,求得华北平原20世纪60年代、80年代和21世纪初各分区单元的降水入渗量.结果表明,50多年来华北平原降水量呈减少的趋势,降水入渗系数呈增加的趋势,降水入渗量呈增加的趋势.3个年代的降水入渗量分别是118.86×108,147.91× 108和174.33×108 m3.     

ModfloW在华北平原区地下水库模拟中的应用

通过分析华北平原地下水系统的动态特征及其含水层的分布特点，应用Modflow软件，建立了华北平原地下水系统数学模型。根据对该模型的识别分析结果，得出华北平原由于地下水超采，地下水位降低，增加包气带的厚度，从而腾出了地下水库容。据此提出充分利用含水层的地下空间，修建地下水库，调蓄外来水资源的设想。     

天津地面沉降区地下水资源超采和涵养恢复阈值的讨论

天津市地面沉降属于典型的水资源短缺型地面沉降,发育范围广,沉降程度高,灾害损失大,有效防治天津市地面沉降的主要手段是严格控制地下水资源超采、涵养恢复地下水含水系统。从地下水流动系统和地面沉降的发育特点出发,综合分析讨论,认为天津沉降区整体上地下水已经超采,仅研究小区域地下水是否超采,存在“以小论大”的误区,宜以水文地质单元为单位来开展超采情况评价,地下水资源实现有效涵养恢复的阈值是要求地下水位恢复至地面沉降临界水位以上。     

不同气候条件下华北粮食主产区地下水保障能力时空特征与机制

华北平原是我国小麦、玉米等粮食作物主产区, 粮食产量占全国的10.6%。同时, 该平原也是我国地下水超采最为严重地区之一, 在13.92万km2的国土面积上分布着石家庄漏斗、保定漏斗和邯郸漏斗等地下水位降落漏斗群, 漏斗面积超过9 700 km2。该灌溉农业以开采地下水为主要供给水源, 农业开采量占华北平原地下水总开采量的65%以上。2009年12月《科学时报》刊发文章指出, 华北平原地下水危机影响我国的粮食安全。农业灌溉用水及其开采地下水的强度和超采程度, 与气候变化密切相关。气候变化不仅影响粮食作物灌溉需水量变化, 而且, 还显著影响农业开采量和地下水补给量变化, 尤其连年降水枯水或连年降水丰水, 对粮食主产井灌区地下水流场及其保障能力影响十分明显, 是一个重要研究课题。深入开展该课题研究, 对华北平原农业区地下水资源合理开发利用和提高粮食安全保障能力具有重要意义。     

单县地下水超采综合治理项目评价模型主题化指标库建立方法浅析

为量化超采治理效果,发现治理过程中的问题,就需要通过对地下水超采治理效果进行评价,来提高投入资金效益和治理实际效益,为治理工作长期有效的推进提供保障。基于此,本文主要对单县地下水超采治理效果的过程化评价进行研究,根据过程化评价模式的特点,构建适用于单县超采区地下水治理效果的主题评价指标体系,为地下水超采治理工作,提供在线评价以及决策服务,完成对地下水资源和治理工作的监管。     

天津市地面沉降区地下水开采指标综合评定方法研究

实行地面沉降控制和地下水资源的统一管理,是天津市地面沉降防治工作的特色。本文针对地下水超采是影响天津市地面沉降主要因素的现状,通过对多年地面沉降监测以及地下水资源开发利用数据的分析,首先在全市范围内初步确定各乡镇2007年地下水开采指标或维持2005年实际开采水平,或选用一元回归分析方法建立地面沉降预测模型。在建模过程中,应用地质系统科学理论,综合考虑2001～2005年各年度地面沉降和地下水水位动态,将天津市划分为若干个子系统,每一子系统作为一个回归分析单元。为了将各计算单元的预测结果具体到各乡镇地下水资源开采指标制定中,结合各乡镇地面沉降现状和地下水替换水源条件,并根据计算单元内各乡镇地下水开采强度、地下水超采程度、沉降敏感度以及地下水位超限程度等因素进行压采规模的综合分级。这一方法已得到我市相关水资源管理部门的认同,并取得了较好的实践效果。     

Primary study on evaluation index system for groundwater exploitation potentiality based on the niche theories

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

Quality evaluation of groundwater in the North China Plain

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

华北平原地下水补给量计算分析

采用溴示踪法研究华北平原山前冲积平原和中部平原有灌溉和无灌溉区域的地下水补给,得到研究区平均地下水补给量为126.10 mm,平均补给系数为0.185 2,有灌溉实验点的补给量和补给系数大于无灌溉实验点。同时对示踪剂运移深度和含水量分布、降雨灌溉量和地下水埋深等影响因素进行分析。将各实验点计算结果与国内有关学者采用示踪剂法所得到的补给系数进行对比分析,论证了研究结果的可靠性,此研究成果可为华北平原地下水资源分析提供重要参考。     

华北平原地下水人工补给模式研究

地下水人工补给是防止地下水资源持续匮乏、维护地下水系统活力的重要举措.在华北地区,按照水文地质条件、补给水源条件、地下水环境问题等的不同,组合筛选出五大代表性区域:山前浅层超采区、中东部平原深层超采区、山东半岛滨海海水入侵区、农业灌溉区和城市地区.针对不同区域,分别阐述了储水空间条件、补给水源条件及实施人工补给的首要目...     

华北平原地下水演化及预测

华北平原近４０年来大规模地下水开采已导致一系列严重的环境问题,不利于当地经济可持续发展。本文根据地下水演化主要取决于自然因素和人类活动本着抓主要矛盾且易于操作的原理,主要研究降雨及开采地下水这一对主要供需预矛盾,利用水均衡方法并结合数理统计方法,建立地下水演化模型并预测该区主要地区和城市的水资源盈亏情况,为该区地下水合理开发利用及环境保护提供科学依据。     

哈尔滨市地下水开采安全警戒量的研究

明确了地下水开采安全警戒量的概念，建立了哈尔滨市地下水开采安全警戒量评价指标体系。以地下水过量开采所带来的环境负效应作为评价指标，对这些环境指标进行了量化分级、加权。运用GIS空间叠加手段，建立了研究区每个栅格的地下水开采安全警戒量评价体系，求出了哈尔滨市地下水开采安全警戒量。     

Evaluation of groundwater potential and eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province

Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province has become an important commodity grain base in our country after the construction of more than a century. Groundwater is the main water source for industrial and agricultural production and daily life in the area. With the large-scale development and construction in this area, there are a series of ecological and environmental geological problems, such as the reduction of groundwater resources, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of local agriculture and society as well as economy. Based on the characteristics of three-dimensional flowof groundwater in Sanjiang Plain, this paper adopts the simulation software Visual MODFLOW to evaluate groundwater exploitation potential. The results show that overall there is a certain exploitation potential of Sanjiang Plain groundwater but it is unevenly distributed, and overdraft phenomenon exists in seven farms such as Baoquanling and Chuangye. Based on analytic hierarchy process, the evaluation result of eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain shows that 94.5% of the region features good geological environment quality, medium stability and medium bearing capacity. The study can provide geological evidence for optimal allocation of water resources, land planning and regulation, and the high and stable yield of the commodity grain base in Sanjiang Plain.     

华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源

基于水资源可持续利用理念,从水资源承载能力演化周期性、经济社会需用水规模难变性和未来水资源供需关系入手,介绍近60年以来华北平原水资源情势,特别是该平原水资源量、实际用水量和地下水开采量变化特征,并结合未来10到30年区域经济社会发展需用水量趋势,识别和诊断华北平原水资源紧缺因源。结果表明：由于降水量减少导致华北平原缺水（自然资源性缺水）占该平原总缺水量的15.1%~16.4%;因管理缺陷导致水资源浪费的缺水（管理性缺水）占22.1%~24.2%;人口数量和经济社会发展规模过大导致用水量超过区域水资源承载力的缺水（政策性缺水）占59.3%~62.5%。自然资源性、管理性以及政策性缺水的解决对策不同：自然资源性缺水是不依人的意志为转移的,惟有从外域适量调水才能解决;管理性缺水可通过社会文明进步和科技进步不断修正;政策性缺水宜因势利导进行经济社会布局和产业结构调整,特别是限制高耗低效用水产业。即使南水北调工程70.3×108m3/a水进入华北平原,该平原地下水超采情势也难以得到根本性扭转。有新增水源调入或华北平原严控生活和工业用水量,同时大幅压减农业用水量,因势利导优化和逐步调整经济社会布局和产业结构,特别是灌溉农业进行规模化减蒸、降耗、节水的改造,将是缓解华北平原地下水超采和水资源紧缺的根本所在。     

华北平原地面沉降调查与监测

华北平原是世界上超采地下水最严重的地区,也是地面沉降面积最大的地区。大约有70,000 km2的地下水水位低于海平面。随着近"# 年来的经济快速发展、城市化进程的加快、地表水污染程度的增加、高层建筑的施工以及对地下水的需求与日俱增,华北平原地面沉降呈现加剧的趋势。对华北平原地面沉降调查与监测提出了一套探索性的工作思路,并在基础监测设施的建设以及综合分析研究方面取得一些积极成果。     

Groundwater Flow Simulation and its Application in Groundwater Resource Evaluation in the North China Plain,China

The purpose of this study is to establish a 3D groundwater flow modelling for evaluating groundwater resources of the North China Plain.First,the North China Plain was divided into three aquifers vertically through a characterization of hydrogeological conditions.Groundwater model software GMS was used for modeling to divide the area of simulation into a regular network of 164 rows and 148 lines.This model was verified through fitting of the observed and the simulated groundwater flow fields at deep and shallow layers and comparison between the observed and simulated hydrographs at 64 typical observation wells.Furthermore,water budget analysis was also performed during the simulation period(2002-2003).Results of the established groundwater flow model showed that the average annual groundwater recharge of the North China Plain during 1991 to 2003 was 256.68×10~8 m~3/yr with safe yield of groundwater resources up to 213.49×10~8 m~3/yr,in which safe yield of shallow groundwater and that of deep groundwater was up to 191.65×10~8 m~3/yr and 22.64×10~8 m~3/yr respectively.Finally,this model was integrated with proposal for groundwater withdrawal in the study area after commencement of water supply by South-North Water Transfer Project,aiming to predict the changing trend of groundwater regime.As indicated by prediction results,South-North Water Transfer Project,which is favorable for effective control of expansion and intensification of existing depression cone,would play a positive role in alleviation of short supply of groundwater in the North China Plain as well as maintenance and protection of groundwater.