铅同位素示踪在大气降尘重金属污染来源解析中的应用

为了分析大气降尘中铅的污染来源,解析各污染源对大气降尘铅的相对贡献值,在厦门市不同功能区采集了29个大气降尘样品。用热电质谱仪测定了大气降尘的总铅同位素组成,用ICP-MS测定样品酸可溶相铅同位素组成。结果表明,厦门市大气降尘铅同位素²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值变化较大,为1.111 9~1.173 8;酸可溶相铅²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值与福建土壤残渣相²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值相差较大,表明厦门市大气降尘受人类活动来源铅的影响较大;酸可溶相铅²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值明显小于总量铅²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值。铅同位素示踪表明,厦门市大气降尘铅主要来源是燃煤,其次是自然来源和汽车尾气。三元混合模型分析表明,燃煤、自然来源、汽车尾气对厦门市大气降尘总量铅的贡献率分别为48.57%、20.29%、31.14%。     

T-检验在杭州市不同环境介质中铅同位素组成及其来源判别中的应用

应用Microsoft Excel软件中"数据分析"工具之T-检验,对杭州地区不同环境介质的铅同位素组成(206Pb/207Pb比值)进行了均值相等假设检验。通过T-检验,揭示了杭州市哪些环境介质具有相似或不同的铅同位素组成。结果表明,汽车尾气铅具有独特的铅同位素组成而不同于其它环境介质;汽车尾气铅对环境的污染导致环境中铅同位素组成逐渐偏离原值,如城区表土污染最为严重,其206Pb/207Pb比值已与土壤的残渣显示有显著差异,西湖表层沉积淤泥也与深部沉积柱样品有明显的不同。大气和水与多个环境介质具有相似的铅同位素比值,说明大气与水在环境中能与多种环境介质进行同位素物质交换,对污染的扩散起了重要的作用;茶叶与大气有相似的铅同位素比值,说明大气(降尘)对茶叶铅有较大的贡献。而运河沉积物与城区表土铅同位素比值高度一致则说明运河沉积物可能就是来自城区流失的表土。通过实例,介绍了Excel中T-检验在地球化学研究中的应用。     

延吉市城市生态地球化学研究

本文对延吉市区及建成区范围内的不同城市功能区进行大气降尘采样,对采集到的污染源样品进行化学组分分析;以Al为参比元素,以中国土壤A层元素背景值进行大气降尘重金属元素富集特征分析;采用地积累指数评价土壤、大气降尘沉积物中重金属的污染状况。研究表明,延吉市的降尘具有多源性特征,降尘对表层土壤元素质量分数的影响小,土壤中重金属污染物检出种类较少、浓度低且呈点状污染、部分地区集中检出的分布特征。     

天津地区河流沉积物中中等分子量正构烷烃的分布特征

分析了天津地区几条具不同环境功能特征的河流沉积物中正构烷烃的组成，重点介绍了中低分子量正构烷烃的分布特征，并通过与表层土壤、大气降尘及TSP中正构烷烃的分布特征的对比，分析了中等分子量正构烷烃的成因。分析表明，天津地区主要河流沉积物和大气降尘中正构烷烃普遍具有正十七烷（nC17）明显优势的特征，nC17单体烃同位素值也相对偏低，与来源于化石燃料的正构烷烃化合物存在明显的差别。在土壤和TSP中不存在这一现象，表明正十七烷化合物来源水体中的低等水生生物体，推测主要来源于藻类生物。由于这类化合物含量明显高于其他化合物，具有环境地球化学意义。     

铅同位素分析技术在土壤铅污染源解析中的应用——以陕西凤翔长青工业园为例

土壤是产地环境的基本要素,良好的产地环境是确保食品安全的基础。铅在土壤中具有难以降解、持久性污染等特点[1-2],是土壤环境中具有潜在危害的污染物之一。研究土壤铅污染来源及各污染源的相对贡献率,对治理土壤铅污染,保障食品安全具有重要意义。铅(Pb)在自然界中存在四种稳定性同位素,208Pb、207Pb、206Pb,和204Pb,丰度分别为51.28%~56.21%、17.62%~22.1%、20.84%~27.48%,和1.04%~1.65%[3]。其中,前三种是232Th(钍)、235U(铀)和238U放射性衰变的终产物,为放射成因稳定性同位素;204Pb的半衰期为1.4×1017a,远大于地球的年龄(4.6×109a),可看作是稳定性同位素。铅同位素比率主要由地质形成初期铀和钍的相对含量及此后的衰变时间所决定,在地球化学上具有显著的区域化分异特征,但在同一区域相当一致[4]。因此,铅同位素比率可作为含铅物质的一种"指纹"来识别铅的来源[5]。铅同位素组成有多种表示方法。在地球化学领域、特别是环境科学领域通常用同位素比率来表示其组成,如206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb、208Pb/204Pb等。由于204Pb在自然界中丰度较低,测定精度较差,所以一般选择206Pb、207Pb和208Pb三者中任意二者的丰度比(比率)来研究铅的来源[6-9]。近几十年来,铅同位素比率分析技术已被广泛用于考古[10-14]、地球化学[7,15]、大气污染源解析[16-19]等方面。土壤铅污染源解析是产地环境评价和食物链铅来源分析的重要内容。本研究以陕西凤翔长青工业园为目标区域,采集污染源端元样品(矿石、燃煤)、大气降尘,耕层土壤和背景土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定铅元素含量及同位素比率值(206Pb/207Pb和208Pb/206Pb),结合二元混合模型和三元混合模型计算各污染源对耕层土壤铅的贡献率,旨在分析耕层土壤铅污染的程度和铅污染的来源,解析各污染源对土壤铅污染的相对贡献率,探讨土壤铅污染源解析方法。结果表明:污染端元介质——铅锌冶炼厂矿石206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1137±0.0027、2.1648±0.0033;焦化厂燃煤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.0938±0.0066、2.1290±0.0044;热电厂燃煤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1752±0.0035、2.0712±0.0111(详见表1);耕层土壤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1824±0.0088、2.0771±0.0078;背景土壤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.2214±0.0032、2.0384±0.0017;大气降尘206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1353±0.0049、2.1189±0.0035(详见表2)。该区域铅锌冶炼活动对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为18.43%,焦化厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为9.36%,热电厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为19.71%,背景土壤对耕层土壤的贡献率约为52.5%。该区域耕层土壤中的铅主要来源于背景土壤。本研究表明铅同位素解析技术是一种解析土壤铅污染来源的有效手段。     

土壤元素异常成因研究及生态风险评价

山区岩石与水系沉积物,对山前平原土壤物质组成具有控制作用。土壤地球化学调查,查明北京某地区土壤存在着大面积同心圆状的镉、铜、铅等多金属元素异常。研究表明,西北侧山区分布着种类繁多的岩浆岩、变质与沉积岩,但与山前土壤具有高度正相关的元素组合特征的主要是燕山期中酸性岩浆杂岩体,而且杂岩体周边及其下游的BY沟水系沉积物中的多金属元素也呈现出明显的高背景含量特征。同时,铅同位素组成亦指示山前平原土壤铅与山区岩浆岩铅、沉积岩铅具有一致的物质来源,从而证实山前土壤多金属元素异常主要来源于山区岩浆杂岩体。由于山前平原土壤呈现为碱性且农田仅种植旱地作物,故富含多金属的土壤对农作物生长的生态风险程度低下。     

长江上游水系沉积物锶-钕同位素组成及物源示踪

泥沙资料表明,现代长江干流沉积物主要源自上游地区。因此,长江上游干支流沉积物主控关系及其源汇过程在长江水系沉积物物源示踪研究中极为重要。为探讨上述过程,详细测定了上游水系沉积物Sr-Nd同位素组成。结果显示,金沙江及闽江沉积物具有较高的εNd(0)值,主要受控于流域内大面积分布的峨眉山玄武岩的高εNd(0)背景值;嘉陵江水系沉积物具有相对较低的εNd(0)值,反映了其流域内源岩对沉积物Nd同位素组成的控制;与Nd同位素组成相比,水系沉积物87Sr/86Sr值具有更大的变化范围,表明除源岩因素外,沉积物Sr同位素组成受更为复杂的因素制约。支流与干流沉积物Sr-Nd同位素组成对比表明,长江上游干流沉积物主要来源于金沙江流域内的源岩,金沙江流域内的表壳岩系主导了上游干流沉积物的Sr-Nd同位素组成。     

毛洋头铀（银,钼）矿床同位素地球化学研究

毛洋头铀矿床的（Ｈ、Ｏ）同位素特征表明：早期矿化热液主要为岩浆水，而晚期矿化热液则主要为大气降水。铅同位素组成反映该矿床中铅为不同来源的混合铅。Ｃ、Ｓ同位素组成变化范围小，且与火成岩的Ｃ、Ｓ同位素组成相当，说明矿床中的碳和硫主要淋取于火成围岩或源于地壳深部。     

南海表层沉积物铅的环境质量状况及其来源的铅同位素示踪

表层沉积物中的铅除主要在河流的入海口的浅海陆架区富集外,在深海的中央海盆区由于粒度效应亦有一定的富集,火山物质的加入不是富集的主要原因。南海表层沉积物铅的背景值计算表明,陆坡区铅背景值（2118×10-6±1264×10-6）与陆坡区柱样铅含量实测值接近,深海盆区背景值（2787×10-6±782×10-6)低于深海盆区柱样铅含量实测值。陆架区铅背景值（1957×10-6±1995×10-6）,低于中国海岸带铅背景值,全区铅背景值（2287×10-6±1454×10-6)与全球页岩铅的平均值接近,深海盆区的铅背景值（2 787×10-6±782×10-6)远低于现代深海粘土铅含量。南海沉积物铅的分布特征和背景值计算表明,南海沉积物铅含量变化总体处于自然变动范围内,除河流入海口出现异常外,大部分站位的铅含量均在正常范围内。地质累积指数法和富集因子计算结果表明,南海表层沉积物总体无铅污染,只是在近岸的珠江口区和台湾岛西南部浅海区沉积物受到了轻度的污染。南海表层沉积物的铅同位素在陆架区、陆坡区和深海盆变化趋势基本相同,指示南海不同海区沉积物中铅具有相似的主体来源。南海表层沉积物铅同位素继承了扬子块体的铅同位素组成特征,其铅同位素处于在红河和湄公河河流沉积物钾长石铅同位素值范围之内,指示红河、湄公河和珠江等河流将扬子块体的陆源铅输入到了南海沉积物中。     

河北邯邢铁矿区矿山环境生态地球化学评价

在河北邯邢西石门及周边铁矿区系统地采集了各类生态环境地球化学样品,包括土壤(n=242)、玉米(n=110)、地表水(n=37)、地下水(n=31)和水系沉积物(n=81)。通过对矿区各样品元素含量特征和元素富集程度的研究,利用区域地球化学基准值和地质累积指数定量评价了矿山污染扰动程度。研究表明,矿区土壤、玉米、地表水、地下水、水系沉积物中相对富集较高的与成矿作用有关的元素及主要的伴生元素,部分重金属元素超标,土壤和水系沉积物中Se、As、Cd、Cu、As、Cd、Cu、Co元素超标,玉米中F、Cr、Cd元素接近食品卫生限值,地表水和地下水部分指标浓度接近三类水质限值。研究表明,造成污染的主要来源是铁矿尾矿沙和煤矸石中的硫化物发生氧化作用,导致重金属淋滤转移,另一来源是燃煤降尘的积聚。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861