Anomalous geochemical signals from phosphatic Middle Cambrian rocks in the southern Georgina Basin, Australia

Middle Cambrian rocks of the Georgina Basin contain both phosphatic and organic-rich sediments, the former often occurring as commercially viable phosphate deposits, and the latter as minor oil shale occurrences. Both kinds of rocks occur in the Hay River Formation penetrated by Bureau of Mineral Resources (BMR) stratigraphic corehole Tobermory 14. Detailed sampling and analysis of this core has been undertaken to assess the chemostratigraphy of the Hay River Formation; to examine the possible use, as a palaeoceanographic tool, of changes in δ¹³C values of carbonates and kerogens; and to gain an understanding of phosphate deposition in this part of the basin. The Upper Hay River Formation was deposited in a normal marine environment characterized by oxic bottom conditions. It contains several episodes of significant trace metal enrichment which appear to indicate periodic replacement of the water body. The Lower Hay River Formation, however, was deposited in an abnormal marine environment low in sulphate and Mo and enriched in P. Its carbonate phase has positive δ¹³C values 1–1.5%₀ enriched over the accepted Cambrian marine carbonate value of -0.57 ± 0.17%₀. The very low sulphate concentration, Mo-depletion and spiking of carbonate δ¹⁸O values suggests there was an influx of deeper ocean water of sufficient volume to maintain prolonged stable anoxic bottom waters. These data support a previous suggestion that phosphogenesis in the Georgina Basin was related to ‘Oceanic Anoxic Events'.     

Submarine lobes and feeder channels of redeposited, temperate carbonate and mixed siliciclastic-carbonate platform deposits (Vera Basin, Almería, southern Spain)

Temperate carbonates and mixed siliciclastics-carbonates of Upper Tortonian age were deposited on a narrow platform along the southeastern margin of the Sierra de los Filabres on the western side of the Vera Basin. The temperate carbonates were unlithified or were only weakly lithified on the seafloor and so were easily prone to synsedimentary removal. Part of the shelf sediments were eroded, reworked and redeposited in submarine lobes, up to 40 m thick and 1 km wide. The lobes consist of turbiditic carbonates (calcarenites and calcirudites) and mixed siliciclastics-carbonates, which contain up to 30% siliciclasts, derived from the Sierra de los Filabres to the northwest, and abundant bioclasts of coralline algae, bivalves and bryozoans. In the inner platform, the feeder channels of the lobes cross-cut beach and shoal deposits, and are filled by strings of debris flow conglomerates (up to 3 m thick and a few metres wide). These channels presumably developed as the continuation of river courses entering the sea. Further towards the outer platform, they pass into large channels (up to several hundred metres wide and 20 m deep) steeply cutting into the horizontally bedded strata of the platform. Significant quantities of platform sediment were removed by erosion during their excavation. Once abandoned, they were filled by new platform sediments. Further towards the basin, the channels associated with the lobes exhibit lateral accretion and internal cut-and-fill structures, and are intercalated between hemipelagic deposits. The channel-filling sediments are in this latter case coarse-grained carbonates and mixed siliciclastics-carbonates. Lobe development concentrated first at Cortijo Grande on the western side of the study area, and then to the east at Mojácar. This migration may relate to the uplift of the Sierra Cabrera, a major high occurring immediately to the south of the channel and lobe outcrops.     

Palaeokarst in the Ordovician of the southern Great Basin, USA: implications for sea-level history

Abundant and regionally unique dolostone lithoclast breccias occur throughout the shallow-marine, Lower to Middle Ordovician Pogonip Group in the Nopah Range and adjacent ranges in eastern California and southern Nevada. Breccia bodies display sharply cross-cutting relationships with host dolostone bedrock stratigraphy. They also show stratigraphic variability in size, shape and dolostone clast composition, but similarity in breccia matrix composition and framework texture and fabric. These characteristics are consistent with a palaeokarst origin. Upsection changes in breccia clast lithology as well as multiple occurrences of associated quartz sand-filled grikes (solution-widened fissures) indicate multiple episodes of carbonate platform exposure and karstification. Repeated karstification is also indicated by stratiform bodies of quartz sand and thin terra rossa palaeosols that locally truncate breccias and grike systems, thus bracketing karstified exposure surfaces. Facies successions and stacking patterns between recognized exposure surfaces are developed as transgressive–regressive cycles and thus show depositional sequence architecture. Hence, these breccias and other associated palaeokarst features are related to a succession of disconformities that provide a sequence-stratigraphic framework for assessing Ordovician relative sea-level history of the south-western Cordilleran margin of Laurentia.     

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷寒武纪岩相古地理及其演化

冀中坳陷位于渤海湾盆地西部,是发育在华北地台之上的中新生代沉积坳陷,在寒武系主要发育海相碳酸盐岩。从寒武系露头剖面入手,结合钻井地层,建立露头和钻井之间的地层对比格架。对单井相、地震相、连井相的研究表明,冀中坳陷在寒武纪构造活动平缓,各区域的地层厚度差异小。通过野外露头剖面实测、岩心观察、样品分析以及各岩性含量的统计,识别出了台地、缓坡、陆棚等3种相类型。台地相中可以识别出潮坪、局限台地、开阔台地、鲕粒滩、竹叶状砾屑滩等5种类型。潮坪主要指潮上坪和潮间坪,并进一步识别出了潮上泥坪、潮上云坪、潮上云灰坪、潮间灰坪等类型。基于各沉积相类型的分析,建立了冀中坳陷寒武系的碳酸盐岩沉积相模式,并编制了9张岩相古地理图。对古地理的研究表明,冀中坳陷在府君山期开始海侵,发育了局限台地和潮坪;至馒头期、毛庄期海侵进一步发展,主要发育了潮上泥坪;到徐庄期以后,潮坪、鲕粒滩共存,并在张夏期海侵达到高潮。崮山期开始海退,潮坪沉积又开始出现。长山期、凤山期进一步海退,分别发育了竹叶状砾屑滩和潮上云坪、潮间灰坪等。     

Facies controlled synaeresis cracks in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of Middle Jurassic of Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India

Synaeresis cracks are observed at different stratigraphic levels in shallow marine mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Middle Jurassic rocks of the Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India. Cracks are preserved as cast or grooves in micritic sandstone of the Kuar bet member of Kaladongar Formation and sandy allochem limestone of the Raimalro Limestone member of Goradongar Formation. It bear distinct morphology of simple, straight to gently curved, spindle-shaped, irregular, unbranched to branched at acute angle; interconnected curlicue forms of non-orthogonal pattern. The X-radiography shows sharp margin and tapering twigs which support to nullify the possible biogenic origin. These cracks are developed at sediment-water interface and sediment-sediment interface in aqueous conditions, where partial dewatering of sediments causes reduction of sediment volume and loss of plasticity. Formation of cracks are also post-depositional phenomenon operated during initial phase of diagenesis where induced stress is generated due to compaction of sediments and neomorphism/recrystallisation of the susceptible carbonate grains.     

Quaternary coastal lithofacies,sequence development and stratigraphy in a passive margin setting,North Carolina and Virginia,USA

Lithofacies analysis is fundamental to unravelling the succession of depositional environments associated with sea‐level fluctuations. These successions and their timing are often poorly understood. This report defines lithofacies encountered within the north‐eastern North Carolina and south‐eastern Virginia Quaternary section, interprets their depositional environments, presents a model for coastal depositional sequence development in a passive margin setting and uses this understanding to develop the stratigraphy and Quaternary evolutionary history of the region. Data were obtained from numerous drill cores and outcrops. Chronology was based on age estimates acquired using optically stimulated luminescence, amino acid racemization, Uranium series and radiocarbon dating techniques. Geomorphic patterns were identified and interpreted using light detection and ranging imagery. Since lithofacies occurrence, distribution and stratigraphic patterns are different on interfluves than in palaeo‐valleys, this study focused on interfluves to obtain a record of highstand sea‐level cycles with minimal alteration by fluvial processes during subsequent lowstands. Nine primary lithofacies and four diagenetic facies were identified in outcrops and cores. The uppermost depositional sequence on interfluves exhibits an upward succession from shelly marine lithofacies to tidal estuarine lithofacies and is bounded below by a marine ravinement surface and above by the modern land surface. Older depositional sequences in the subsurface are typically bounded above and below by marine ravinement surfaces. Portions of seven depositional sequences were recognized and interpreted to represent deposition from late middle Pleistocene to present. Erosional processes associated with each successive depositional sequence removed portions of older depositional sequences. The stratigraphic record of the most recent sea‐level highstands (Marine Isotope Stage 5a and Marine Isotope Stage 3) is best preserved. Glacio‐isostatic adjustment has influenced depositional patterns so that deposits associated with late Quaternary sea‐level highstands (Marine Isotope Stages 5c, 5a and 3), which did not reach as high as present sea‐level according to equatorial eustatic records, are uplifted and emergent within the study area.     

Biostratigraphy of a Paleocene-Eocene Foreland Basin boundary in southern Tibet

<正>This study of the Paleocene—Eocene boundary within a foreland basin of southern Tibet, which was dominated by a carbonate ramp depositional environment,documents more complex environmental conditions than can be derived from studies of the deep oceanic environment.Extinction rates for larger foraminiferal species in the Zongpu-1 Section apply to up to 46%of the larger foraminiferal taxa. The extinction rate in southern Tibet is similar to rates elsewhere in the world,but it shows that the Paleocene fauna disappeared stepwise through the Late Paleocene,with Eocene taxa appearing abruptly above the boundary.A foraminifera turnover was identified between Members 3 and 4 of the Zongpu Formation—from the Miscellanea—Daviesina assemblage to an Orbitolites—Alveolina assemblage.The Paleocene and Eocene boundary is between the SBZ 4 and SBZ 5,where it is marked by the extinction of Miscellanea miscella and the first appearance of Alveolina ellipsodalis and a large number of Orbitolites. Chemostratigraphically,theδ~(13)C values from both the Zongpu-1 and Zongpu-2 Sections show three negative excursions in the transitional strata,one in Late Paleocene,one at the boundary,and one in the early Eocene.The second negative excursion ofδ~(13),which is located at the P—E boundary,coincides with larger foraminifera overturn.These faunal changes and the observedδ~(13)C negative excursions provide new evidence on environmental changes across the Paleocene—Eocene boundary in Tibet.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部中寒武统张夏组颗粒滩沉积特征及控制因素*

碳酸盐岩颗粒滩是一种十分重要的油气储集体。综合野外露头剖面、岩心、测井、录井及薄片资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区中寒武统张夏组颗粒滩沉积特征、分布规律及控制因素进行分析。结果表明:研究区张夏组碳酸盐岩颗粒滩沉积广泛发育,以鲕粒滩为典型代表的颗粒滩沉积占绝对优势;颗粒滩岩性主要为颗粒石灰岩、颗粒白云岩和晶粒白云岩3种,颗粒类型主要有鲕粒、生屑、砾屑和砂屑等;颗粒滩纵向上通常表现为下细上粗的反旋回序列,多期旋回垂向叠置,形成相当厚度规模的颗粒滩沉积。结合鄂尔多斯盆地寒武纪岩相古地理特征,认为研究区颗粒滩发育特征及平面展布规律受海平面相对变化、基底古地貌及构造活动综合控制,尤其是鄂尔多斯盆地南部寒武纪近北东向裂陷槽的发育,对张夏组台地边缘带鲕粒滩发育及分布的控制作用更为显著。     

Trace fossil assemblages in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic), Patcham Island,Kachchh, Western India

The Middle Jurassic rocks of the Kaladongar Formation well exposed in the Kaladongar Hill range of the Patcham Island and Kuar Bet of the Northern Kachchh comprises of ∼450 m thick sequence of mixed siliciclasticcarbonate sediments intercalated with shales. These Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments show wide variation in textural and mineralogical composition and represent genetically related six rock types: micritic sandstone, allochemic sandstone, sandy allochemic limestone, micrtic mudrock, sandy micrite and muddy micrite; which are highly bioturbated and show behaviourally diverse groups of trace fossils. Total 34 ichnogenera are identified, which includes, Arenicolites, Asterosoma, Beaconites, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Cochlichnus, Dactylophycus, Daedalus, Didymaulichnus, Diplocraterion, Gordia, Gyrochorte, Gyrolithes, Ichnocumulus, Laevicyclus, Lockeia, Margaritichnus, Monocraterion, Nereites, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Phoebichnus, Phycodes, Pilichnus, Planolites, Plug Shaped Form, Protovirgularia, Rhizocorallium, Scolicia, Skolithos, Taenidium, Teichichnus, Thalassinoides and Walcottia. These trace fossils are classified into six morphological groups namely, circular and elliptical structures; simple structures; branched structures; rosette structures; spreiten structures; and winding and meandering structures. These trace fossils are further group into eight assemblages which occurred together into mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments, include, Asterosoma assemblage, Gyrochorte assemblage, Rhizocorallium assemblage, Thalassinoides assemblage, Planolites-Palaeophycus assemblage, Phycodes assemblage, Ophiomorpha assemblage and Skolithos assemblage. The recurring pattern of these assemblages through the sequence displays the development of Skolithos and Cruziana ichnofacies and at places the mixed Skolithos-Cruziana ichnofacies which suggest a low wave and current energy conditions with intervening period of high wave and current energy conditions and an intermediate period of stressful environments, respectively. Sedimentological and ichnological data suggest that the deposition of the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Kaladongar Formation took place in the foreshore to offshore environment under fluctuating wave and current energy condition.     

四川盆地中寒武统膏盐岩特征与成因分析

四川盆地中寒武统高台组、石冷水组膏盐岩广泛分布。在野外剖面、钻井剖面、岩心观察等宏微观分析的基础上,探讨了中寒武统膏盐岩发育特征,并分析了膏盐岩的成因。首先以石膏、白云石和黏土矿物为端元,将膏盐岩分为含泥含云质石膏岩类、膏质白云岩类和膏质砂泥岩类3大类及10小类;其次按膏盐岩剖面基本组成和结构特征总结出了丁山型、宫深型、方深型、建深型及范店型5类典型膏盐岩剖面,查明中寒武世毛庄+徐庄期两大聚盐区分别位于川南—黔北和万县—忠县一带。结合膏盐岩发育的沉积环境,建立了膏盐岩成因模式,认为四川盆地中寒武统膏盐岩存在潮上蒸发和沙坝(滩)后局限盐湖两类成因机制。     

Depositional framework and controls on mixed carbonate-siliciclastic gravity flows: Pennsylvanian-Permian shelf to basin transect, south-western Great Basin, USA

Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediment gravity flow deposits of Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian age are exposed in the Death Valley - Owens Valley region of east-central California. The Mexican Spring unit constitutes the upper part of the Keeler Canyon Formation and is characterized by turbidites, debris flow deposits and megabreccias, all of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic composition. The mixed composition of the Keeler Canyon Formation provides an opportunity to link facies architecture to controls on depositional system development. Depositional relationships indicate that the deposits represent a non-channellized base of slope carbonate apron system with inner, outer and basinal facies associations. These gravity flow deposits are characterized by repeated stacked, small scale (<15 m) coarsening and thickening upward cycles with superimposed medium scale (>100 m) coarsening and thickening upward cycles. Contemporaneous outer shelf and upper slope deposits of the Tippipah Limestone are exposed at Syncline Ridge on the Nevada Test Site. The deposits consist of carbonate buildups directly overlain by cross bedded, quartz-rich sandstone and conglomerate which filled channels that traversed across the previously existing carbonate shelf. Detritus was transported to the west, down the upper slope by gully systems that fed the temporally persistent base of slope apron of the upper part of the Keeler Canyon Formation. This style of deposition differs from point-sourced siliciclastic submarine fan depositional systems. However, the Keeler Canyon system has lithofacies similar to some sandy siliciclastic turbidite systems, such as the delta-fed submarine ramp facies model, which is a line-sourced, shelf-fed system that is not supply limited. The mixed clastic apron systems of the Keeler Canyon Formation differ from classical carbonate aprons in that the former is characterized by an abundance of sedimentary cycles. Controls on the development of these cycles and of the facies distribution may have resulted from changes in type and rate of sediment supply, relative sea level changes and/or tectonic events. Interpretation of the data is focused on relative changes in sea level as the most significant control on development of the depositional system. Relative sea level changes serve two important functions: (1) they provide a mechanism for bringing coarse siliciclastic and bioclastic grains together on the outer shelf, and (2) shelf margin collapse may be initiated during relative lowstands allowing for transport of the sediment to the deep basin and development of deep basinal cycles. Therefore, an abundance of mixed clastic gravity flow deposits such as these in the rock record may be an indicator of periods of high frequency changes in relative sea level, which is a characteristic of Late Palaeozoic sea level history.     

江汉盆地海相探区中寒武统盐下层勘探潜力浅析

江汉海相探区内中寒武统覃家庙组膏盐岩盐下层系中发育有两套良好的生储盖组合.对盐下层系生、储、盖特点和分布规律的分析表明,上震旦统陡山沱组及下寒武统水井沱组发育页岩烃源岩,上震旦统灯影组碳酸盐岩和下寒武统石龙洞组碳酸盐岩有良好的储集条件,而覃家庙组的膏盐岩和下寒武统石牌组-天河组泥质岩又为盐下的油气聚集提供了区域性盖层条...     

塔里木盆地和田1井中寒武统膏岩层段发现原生白云石

岩石学与地球化学研究表明,塔里木盆地和田1井中寒武统膏岩层中白云石为原生白云石。岩石学特征上,白云石晶体微小,属隐晶—微晶(5μm),呈他形—次圆形,并且不含灰质前驱物。白云石与自生石膏有密切联系,根据其与石膏的关系及岩石学特征,可以将其分为两类:A类原生白云石,包裹在石膏内,晶体较大,一般大于3μm;B类原生白云石,石膏分散在其中,具有极好的长柱状晶形,白云石晶体较小,一般小于3μm。地球化学特征上,两类白云石差别也较明显。A类白云石具有高的n(Mg)/n(Ca)比,平均为0.96,接近化学计量白云石。Na_2O,Sr O,Fe O,Mn O平均含量分别为160μg/g,270μg/g,2250μg/g,120μg/g。δ~(13)C(PDB)与δ~(18)O(SMOW)平均值分别为0.3‰,24.6‰;与A类原生白云石相比,B类原生白云石n(Mg)/n(Ca)比较低,平均值为0.90。具有较高的Na_2O,Fe O,Mn O含量与稍低的Sr O含量,平均值分别为290μg/g,2540μg/g,200μg/g,200μg/g。δ~(13)C(PDB)与δ~(18)O(SMOW)变化不大,δ~(13)C稍低,平均值为-0.3‰,δ~(18)O值较高,平均值为25.2‰。研究表明,文中白云石为原生沉淀,而非交代前驱物灰岩形成,Mg的来源为强烈蒸发形成的高盐度咸水。微生物可能参与了白云石沉淀过程。     

四川盆地南部下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩沉积微相研究

页岩气是我国未来一个重要的且比较现实的非常规油气资源,加强该领域的基础研究对页岩气油气成藏理论创新、页岩气开采技术运用和资源量的准确计算都非常必要.因此,本文运用野外露头资料、钻取岩芯和测井资料,以及页岩有机地球化学分析化验结果等大量第一手资料,通过详细分析四川盆地南部下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩沉积微相特征及其含气性特征,并结合研究区沉积相标志和测井相特征,明确指出泥质深水陆棚微相是四川盆地南部下寒武统筇竹寺组优质页岩最有利沉积微相带.     

四川盆地震旦系灯影组地层厘定与岩相古地理特征*

埃迪卡拉(震旦)系是元古代第2次大氧化事件(NOE)后形成的具有良好生储盖条件的碳酸盐岩沉积组合,已在四川盆地获得原生气藏勘探重大突破,但德阳—安岳台内裂陷及周缘区灯影组划分对比尚不统一,制约了对台缘带丘滩体横向分布特征的认识。基于露头、钻井和地震资料,通过岩石学、电性和地球化学特征分析,开展了灯影组地层层序重新厘定,在此基础上对灯影组岩相古地理进行了重建,取得以下研究成果: (1)建立了宁强胡家坝灯影组典型剖面,明确了灯影组分段岩性组合特征,指出高石131X、中江2、蓬探1井原划分的灯二段应归属灯四段,台缘带灯四段具有三分性,特征明显,并构建了等时地层格架。 (2)明确了等时地层格架内丘滩体迁移规律,即德阳—安岳台内裂陷东段灯四段台缘丘滩体垂直相带展布方向呈由东向西进积、平行相带方向呈由南向北迁移特征,灯四下亚段丘滩体发育于南部的川中古隆起一带,灯四中亚段丘滩体发育于中部太和区块,灯四上亚段丘滩体则发育于北部的宁强区块。(3)根据灯四下、中、上亚段构造-岩相古地理特征,预测了德阳—安岳台内裂陷及周缘灯影组有利储集层展布,对指导天然气勘探具重要意义。川中古隆起、太和区块和宁强区块均位于震旦纪同一台缘带上,南部的川中古隆起已探明安岳万亿立方米大气田,中部的太和区块含气规模达万亿立方米的大气区已初步明朗,北部的宁强区块也具备形成万亿立方米大气区的有利条件。     

Controls on forearc basin architecture from seismic and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Great Valley Group,central Sacramento Basin,California

Seismic and sequence stratigraphic analysis of deep-marine forearc basin fill (Great Valley Group) in the central Sacramento Basin, California, reveals eight third-order sequence boundaries within the Cenomanian to mid-Campanian second-order sequences. The third-order sequence boundaries are of two types: Bevelling Type, a relationship between underlying strata and onlapping high-density turbidites; and Entrenching Type, a significantly incised surface marked by deep channels and canyons carved during sediment bypass down-slope. Condensed sections of hemipelagic strata draping bathymetric highs and onlapped by turbidites form a third important type of sequence-bounding element, Onlapped Drapes. Five tectonic and sedimentary processes explain this stratigraphic architecture: (1) subduction-related tectonic tilting and deformation of the basin; (2) avulsion of principal loci of submarine fan sedimentation in response to basin tilting; (3) deep incision and sediment bypass; (4) erosive grading and bevelling of tectonically modified topography by sand-rich, high-density turbidite systems; and (5) background hemipelagic sedimentation. The basin-fill architecture supports a model of subduction-related flexure as the principal driver of forearc subsidence and uplift during the Late Cretaceous. Subduction-related tilting of the forearc and growth of the accretionary wedge largely controlled whether and where the Great Valley turbiditic sediments accumulated in the basin. Deeply incised surfaces of erosion, including submarine canyons and channels, indicate periods of turbidity current bypass to deeper parts of the forearc basin or the trench. Fluctuations in sediment supply likely also played an important role in evolution of basin fill, but effects of eustatic fluctuations were overwhelmed by the impact of basin tectonics and sediment supply and capture. Eventual filling and shoaling of the Great Valley forearc during early Campanian time, coupled with dramatically reduced subsidence, correlate with a change in plate convergence, presumed flat-slab subduction, cessation of Sierran arc volcanism, and onset of Laramide orogeny in the retroarc.     

四川盆地震旦系灯影组地层厘定与岩相古地理特征*

埃迪卡拉(震旦)系是元古代第2次大氧化事件(NOE)后形成的具有良好生储盖条件的碳酸盐岩沉积组合,已在四川盆地获得原生气藏勘探重大突破,但德阳—安岳台内裂陷及周缘区灯影组划分对比尚不统一,制约了对台缘带丘滩体横向分布特征的认识。基于露头、钻井和地震资料,通过岩石学、电性和地球化学特征分析,开展了灯影组地层层序重新厘定,在此基础上对灯影组岩相古地理进行了重建,取得以下研究成果: (1)建立了宁强胡家坝灯影组典型剖面,明确了灯影组分段岩性组合特征,指出高石131X、中江2、蓬探1井原划分的灯二段应归属灯四段,台缘带灯四段具有三分性,特征明显,并构建了等时地层格架。 (2)明确了等时地层格架内丘滩体迁移规律,即德阳—安岳台内裂陷东段灯四段台缘丘滩体垂直相带展布方向呈由东向西进积、平行相带方向呈由南向北迁移特征,灯四下亚段丘滩体发育于南部的川中古隆起一带,灯四中亚段丘滩体发育于中部太和区块,灯四上亚段丘滩体则发育于北部的宁强区块。(3)根据灯四下、中、上亚段构造-岩相古地理特征,预测了德阳—安岳台内裂陷及周缘灯影组有利储集层展布,对指导天然气勘探具重要意义。川中古隆起、太和区块和宁强区块均位于震旦纪同一台缘带上,南部的川中古隆起已探明安岳万亿立方米大气田,中部的太和区块含气规模达万亿立方米的大气区已初步明朗,北部的宁强区块也具备形成万亿立方米大气区的有利条件。     

Architecture of a distal pre-vegetation braidplain: Cambrian middle member of the Wood Canyon Formation,southern Marble Mountains,California, USA

Architectural element analysis and detailed mapping of a 300 m along-strike exposure of the middle member Wood Canyon Formation, southern Marble Mountains, California, USA, provides new evidence for extensive braided–fluvial channel-belt deposits with adjacent overbank environments. Three-dimensional models constructed using ‘Structure from Motion’ techniques, combined with field-based observations, allowed interpretation of outcrop-scale trends, barforms, channel fills and fine-scale features. The ca 80 m thick member is divisible into five distinct units, including units M1 to M3 that form the bulk of the stratigraphy. Units are defined by stacking patterns of three facies associations (Facies Association 1 to Facies Association 3), each representing the product of a subenvironment within the fluvial system. In Facies Association 1, stacked cosets, interpreted as low-relief fluvial bars and channel fills, preserve vertical-accretion and downstream-accretion elements under unimodal north-north-west palaeoflow, with minor lateral accretion near bar edges. Deposits of Facies Association 2 to Facies Association 3, linked to overbank environments, are found only in unit M2, in the middle 27 m of the middle member. Floodplains, represented by Facies Association 2, include crumbly red-orange intervals of fine to medium-grained sandstone and thinner sets of cross-bedding than Facies Association 1, interbedded with thicker cross-stratification indicative of overbank splay or overland flow aggradation from adjacent channel belts during flood stage. Possible aeolian beds of Facies Association 3 preserve broad festooned trough cross-strata that average 23 cm in thickness; their small size, medium-grained sandstone and iron oxide cement suggest a high water table. The diverse assemblage of interpreted subenvironments, paired with bedform and facies patterns, implies a perennial fluvial system that gradually built large sand bars as the channel belt migrated and avulsed across an unconfined braided–fluvial reach, leaving the overbank area on its flanks subject to weathering and aeolian transport. Despite the occurrence of strata deposited in low-energy and ponded settings, and a marine influence proposed for nearby sections of middle member, no ichnofossils were encountered.     

四川盆地南部中-上寒武统储层成岩作用

四川盆地南部中—上寒武统(洗象池群)储层为一套碳酸盐岩局限台地沉积,其岩性为粗粉晶—细晶白云岩、砾屑白云岩、砂屑白云岩、鲕粒白云岩等。成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结作用、白云石化作用、岩溶作用、破裂作用等,白云石化作用和岩溶作用是形成优质储层的关键。白云石化的机理为混合水白云石化。岩溶作用具有多期性,包括沉积期岩溶、风化期岩溶、埋藏期古岩溶和褶皱期古岩溶等,以风化期岩溶为主。压实作用和胶结作用破坏了大量的原生孔隙和次生孔隙。压实作用主要发生在浅埋藏期,它与埋藏期胶结一同作用使孔隙度由原来的15%左右骤降至2%～3%左右。随着后来的岩溶作用和破裂作用等,部分储层的孔隙度又扩大到4%～5%左右,以晶间孔和晶间溶孔为主要储集空间类型。     

A thick lens of fresh groundwater in the southern Lihue Basin,Kauai, Hawaii,USA

A thick lens of fresh groundwater exists in a large region of low permeability in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA. The conventional conceptual model for groundwater occurrence in Hawaii and other shield-volcano islands does not account for such a thick freshwater lens. In the conventional conceptual model, the lava-flow accumulations of which most shield volcanoes are built form large regions of relatively high permeability and thin freshwater lenses. In the southern Lihue Basin, basin-filling lavas and sediments form a large region of low regional hydraulic conductivity, which, in the moist climate of the basin, is saturated nearly to the land surface and water tables are hundreds of meters above sea level within a few kilometers from the coast. Such high water levels in shield-volcano islands were previously thought to exist only under perched or dike-impounded conditions, but in the southern Lihue Basin, high water levels exist in an apparently dike-free, fully saturated aquifer. A new conceptual model of groundwater occurrence in shield-volcano islands is needed to explain conditions in the southern Lihue Basin. Electronic Publication