汪荣江博士获雷博伊尔-帕斯维茨奖

<正>2015年3月23日,德国地球物理学会授予德国地学研究中心(GFZ)华人科学家汪荣江博士"恩斯特·冯·雷博伊尔-帕斯维茨奖"(Ernst von Rebeur-Paschwitz Price),以表彰他在地球物理学与地震学研究领域作出的杰出贡献。恩斯特·冯·雷博伊尔-帕斯维茨是德国天文学家和地球物理学家,是现代地震学研究的开创者之一。2004年,德国地球物理学会设立了以他的名字命名的奖项,评选     

中国地震局地震预报代表团赴法国、德国进行学术访问

２０００年８月,以中国地震局分析预报中心主任陈建民为团长的中国地震局地震预报代表团一行９人赴法国和德国进行学术交流和访问,代表团在访问期间,先后参观了法国格勒诺布尔的多曼纳大学地球内部物理和构造物理实验研究室、斯特拉斯堡的地球物理研究所,德国波茨坦的地球科学研究中心,汉诺威的地球科学和自然资源联邦研究所,并与两国有关专家进行了学术交流和讨论。     

综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）发现诱发地震断层演变过程新证据

在2009年8月16日的网络版《自然-地球科学》（Nature Geosciences）上刊登了来自德国不莱梅大学的Michael Strasser与来自美国、日本、中国、法国和德国的研究者合作撰写的一篇有关地震诱发机制的论文。     

科学家介绍日本大地震研究的最新成果

2012年4月22-27日在维也纳召开的欧洲地球科学联盟( European GeosciencesUnion,EGU)2012年会上,来自瑞士、德国和日本科学家的研究成果,可能会对未来的风险评估工作产生重大影响.     

汉斯·贝克海默(1926-2014)

<正>著名地球物理学家、地震学家汉斯·贝克海默(Hans Berckhemer)教授于2014年7月21日逝世。贝克海默出生在德国斯图加特,他在那里长大并在斯图加特大学接受大学教育——1951年获得物理学学位,1954年获得哲学博士学位(德国自然科学博士学位)。他的科学生涯以斯图加特地球物理状态研究所的副研究员开始(1951—1963),重     

南非将建地球动力学观测站

20 0 2年 1 2月 2日南非宣布 ,南非和德国将在南部城市萨特兰特建造地球动力学观测站 ,这标志着南非和德国在地球动力学领域开始全面合作。据悉 ,即将建造的这个地球动力学观测站是南非大陆唯一的观测站 ,类似的观测站南半球仅有 4个 ,全球也才有 1 7个。据了解 ,在南非建造地球物理观测站的主要目的是监测地球内部动力学变化 ,从而有助于人类了解地震、潮汐、大陆漂移、海洋和大气变化所导致的重力变化及地球内部发生的各种变化。这个地球动力学观测站将由德国提供全套监测设备 ,南非负责设备运行和维护。该观测站将装备目前世界最先进的超…     

两起有关地球物理方面的会议在欧洲召开

德国地质学会第74届年会、德国地球物理学会第44届年会和德国矿物学会地球化学分会春季会议于1984年2月在联邦德国的美因茨(Mainz)联合召开了有关“地球、月球及其邻近行星的起源和演化”的专题讨论会。这次讨论会是由国际地质科学联合会倡议发起的。上述各学会联合会议的发言概要包括以下四个部分:第一部分为该会议的主题:讨论有关行星的演化,地球的早期历史和演化,以及矿床的     

废水注入引发的地震占美国地震的20%

2014年8月1日,德国地球科学研究中心(GFZ)通过其页岩气信息平台SHIP发表德国著名能源技术公司HarbourDom总裁、德国地球物理学学会理事会成员Horst Rüter博士的评论文章,对近期引起广泛关注的美国康奈尔大学的Keranen等发表的题为"2008年以来大量废水注入导致俄克拉荷马州中部的地震急剧增加"的文章予以评述,本文将摘其要点予以介绍。     

空中的“绿色廊道” 访世界屋顶绿化协会副主席王仙民

世界屋顶绿化协会副主席王仙民对《地球》记者讲述了一个他自己在德国见到的现象,一位住在德国黑森林边上的老妇人在自己家的屋顶上做了绿化,有人问她:"住在离森林这么近的地方,还有做绿化的必要吗?"她回答:"我的房子破坏了地球,我要给地球母亲赔理道歉,做一个补偿。"     

中国地球物理学会第15届年会在合肥召开

1999年 1 0月 2 0～ 2 4日中国地球物理学会第 1 5届年会在安徽省合肥市隆重召开。来自地质矿产部、中国气象局、中国科学院、中国地震局、石油天然气总公司和水利、国土资源、有关高等院校等部门的专家、教授、学者共 393人参加了会议。本届年会主题是面向 2 1世纪的中国地球物理。大会开幕式由中国科学院院士陈禺页主持 ,中国科学院院士、中国地球物理学会理事长刘光鼎致开幕词 ,并作了“2 1世纪中国地球物理的研究”的报告。德国地球物理研究中心鲍曼教授作了“研究中心在德国地球物理研究中的作用”的报告 ,美国纽约州立大学黄庭芳教授…     

Recent trends of extreme precipitation indices in the Iberian Peninsula using observations and WRF model results

Spatial and temporal distributions of the trends of extreme precipitation indices were analysed between 1986 and 2005, over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The knowledge of the patterns of extreme precipitation is important for impacts assessment, development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. As such, there is a growing need for a more detailed knowledge of precipitation climate change.This analysis was performed for Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and results performed by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Extreme precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices were computed, by year and season. Then, annual and seasonal trends of the indices were estimated by Theil-Sen method and their significance was tested by the Mann-Kendal test. Additionally, a second simulation forced by the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM), was considered. This second modelling configuration was created in order to assess its performance when simulating extremes of precipitation.The annual trends estimated for the 1986–2005, from the observational datasets and from the ERA-driven simulation reveal: 1) negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index in the Galicia and in the centre of the IP; 2) positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index over the south of the IP and negative statistically significant trends in Galicia, north and centre of Portugal; 3) positive statistically significant trends of the R75p index in some regions of the north of the IP; 4) positive statistically significant trends in the R95pTOT index in the Central Mountains Chain, Leon Mountains and in the north of Portugal.Seasonally, negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index were found in Galicia, in winter and in the south of the IP, in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CWD index were identified in the Leon Mountains, in spring, and in Galicia, in autumn. For the CDD index, negative statistically significant trends were seen in Valencia, in the spring, and, in Galicia and Portugal (north and centre), in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index were found: in the east of the IP, in the winter; in the Cantabrian Mountain, in the spring; and, in the south of the IP, in summer. Regarding to the R75p index, negative statistically significant trends were found in Galicia, in winter and positive statistically significant trends in the north of Portugal, in spring and in the Central Mountains Chain and north of Portugal, in autumn. For the R95pTOT index, negative statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cuenca and Sierra Cazorla, in winter and positive statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cebollera, in winter and in Castile-la Mancha region, in spring.The results of the annual and seasonal trends of the extreme precipitation indices performed for observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim, are similar. The results obtained for the simulation forced by MPI-ESM are not satisfactory, and can be a source of criticism for the use of simulation forced by MPI-ESM in this type of climate change studies. Even for the relatively short period used, the WRF model, when properly forced is a useful tool due to the similar results of Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim.     

中国特有种大型桡足类舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)在广东水库中的分布特征

舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)是我国特有的大型哲水蚤,主要分布在我国华南地区.根据2000年对广东省19座典型大中型水库的2次采样和2002年对流溪河水库和新丰江水库的5次采样,重点测定了流溪河水库、新丰江水库和鹤地水库等3座大型水库中舌状叶镖水蚤个体体长及形态参数,分析了广东省大中型水库中舌状叶镖水蚤的种群与个体大小的分布特征.在对19座水库的2次采样中,11座水库发现该种成体,其中5座水库在丰水期没有出现该种的成体,6座水库在丰水期和枯水期都有该种类成体的出现.丰水期与枯水期舌状叶镖水蚤的平均丰度分别为0.465ind./L和0.996ind./L.舌状叶镖水蚤主要出现在大型水库中,特别是贫营养的大型水库,其丰度主要由食物数量、质量与捕食压力所决定.2002年,流溪河水库丰度和新丰江水库舌状叶镖水蚤全年的平均值为1.308ind./L和0.294ind./L,丰水期高于枯水期.在个体大小和形态特征上,2座贫营养水体——流溪河水库、新丰江水库的舌状叶镖水蚤的体长与第一触角长度均大于中营养水体——鹤地水库,这种形态上的差异是由鱼类捕食方式(滤食或选择性捕食)所决定.     

淮河流域焦岗湖水质参数时空变化及影响因素

焦岗湖是淮河左岸一个天然湖泊,集防洪、灌溉、养殖、旅游等多种功能于一体.利用焦岗湖4个季节水质监测数据,运用Kriging方法,分析焦岗湖水质参数的时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:由于受水文季节变化过程及人类活动等综合影响,焦岗湖水质参数在时间及空间上均存在一定差异.从时间变化来看,夏季透明度较低、秋季较高;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季显著高于夏、秋季;总氮、总磷浓度与高锰酸盐指数均表现为夏季最高、秋季最低.从空间变化来看,4个季节的透明度空间差异较为显著;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季空间分布较为均匀,夏季呈现中心高周围低的变化趋势,秋季则表现为西高东低;总磷浓度春季分布较为均匀,夏、秋及冬季则呈西高东低之势;高锰酸盐指数在春、秋季节呈现东高西低之势,夏季高浓度主要集中在湖区北部,冬季浓度变化不大.     

富营养化湖泊围隔中重建水生植被及其生态效应

水体富营养化导致水生植被衰退、蓝藻水华暴发、水质恶化和水生生态系统崩溃.恢复水生植被被认为是改善受损水体水质和提高其生态系统稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过构建大型围隔,根据水生植物的耐污程度及其对水质和底质等条件的需求,选取几种适宜的水生植物在围隔内进行移栽与群落构建,并以不移栽水生植物的围隔和围隔外水体作为对照.实验期间(2011年4月至2012年6月),围隔内移栽的几种水生植物全部存活,并建立了相对稳定的群落.同时还跟踪监测了3个处理组的水质情况,结果显示,移栽水生植物的围隔内水质明显优于围隔外,与未移栽水生植物围隔相比,也有很大程度的改善,其中移栽水生植物围隔内水体的总氮、铵态氮、总磷、水下消光系数相比于围隔外水体分别低30.55%、44.09%、36.04%和42.13%,相比于未移栽水生植物围隔内水体分别低5.96%、13.40%、6.70%和7.60%,透明度分别比围隔外水体和未移栽水生植物围隔水体高74.59%和8.70%,浮游植物生物量也大大低于围隔外,而浮游动物生物量却明显高于后者.此外,实验后移栽水生植物围隔内沉积物氮、磷含量及其间隙水总氮、总磷、铵态氮浓度明显低于围隔外和未移栽水生植物围隔.研究表明,在富营养化浅水湖泊中通过建立围隔进行合理的群落配置,进而逐步恢复水生植物是完全可行的,而水生植物恢复后加强对其管理和维护至关重要.     

Characteristics of China’s oil and gas pool formation in latest geological history

The structural activities took place extensively in the Asia continent during the Cenozoic era owing to the strong continent-to-continent collision and continuous compression between the India Plate and the Eurasia Plate. Huang Jiqing called such structural activities Himalayan movement. China’s sedimentary basins developed and took shape mainly during the Himalayan movement period. It is also the main period for formation and development of the oil and gas reservoirs. Of 366 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields currently found in China, 212 reservoirs were formed in the Neogene-Quaternary period. The proportion is as high as 68.2%. The oil and gas migration and accumulation in the latest geological period, which were controlled by the times, properties, styles and strength of the Himalayan movement, took place mainly in eight regions, such as the low uplift area of Bohai Sea, the onshore faulted sag area of Bohai Bay, anticlinorium zone in Daqing, the foreland fold-and-thrust belt in West China, the tilted structural zone in West China, the cratonic palaeohigh in the Tarim Basin, the zone of fault and fold belt in the East Sichuan Basin, and the biological gas zone in the East Qaidam Basin. The oil and gas pool formations in those regions have their own characteristics. With the great potential and broad prospect, those regions are the main exploration areas in China in the future.     

大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体重金属的水平及其生态评价

于2005年11月采集了大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水和水生生物样品,并测定了水和水生生物样品中重金属(Cd、Pb、Hg、As)的含量,并对湖区生物体重金属进行了污染评价.研究结果表明,大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水中重金属含量较小,绝大部分采样点水质都属于国家Ⅰ类水标准;水生生物体内CD、Pb含量为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的含量为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的含量为螺＞虾＞鱼;而鱼类重金属含量则为底栖鱼类＞中上层鱼类,肉食性鱼类＞植食性鱼类.大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体中CD、Pb的污染指数为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的污染指数则为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的污染指数则为螺＞虾＞鱼.     

Hydrological trends and the evolution of catchment research in the Alptal valley,central Switzerland

When the observation of small headwater catchments in the pre-Alpine Alptal valley (central Switzerland) started in the late 1960s, the researchers were mainly interested in questions related to floods and forest management. Investigations of geomorphological processes in the steep torrent channels followed in the 1980s, along with detailed observations of biogeochemical and ecohydrological processes in individual forest stands. More recently, research in the Alptal has addressed the impacts of climate change on water supply and runoff generation. In this article, we describe, for the first time, the evolution of catchment research at Alptal, and present new analyses of long-term trends and short-term hydrologic behaviour. Hydrometeorological time series from the past 50 years show substantial interannual variability, but only minimal long-term trends, except for the ~2°C increase in mean annual air temperature over the 50-year period, and a corresponding shift towards earlier snowmelt. Similar to previous studies in larger Alpine catchments, the decadal variations in mean annual runoff in Alptal's small research catchments reflect the long-term variability in annual precipitation. In the Alptal valley, the most evident hydrological trends were observed in late spring and are related to the substantial change in the duration of the snow cover. Streamflow and water quality are highly variable within and between hydrological events, suggesting rapid shifts in flow pathways and mixing, as well as changing connectivity of runoff-generating areas. This overview illustrates how catchment research in the Alptal has evolved in response to changing societal concerns and emerging scientific questions.     

三峡水库长江干流及其支流枯水期浮游植物多样性与水质

2010年4月对长江干流和26条支流未淹没区与回水区的浮游植物进行调查.结果表明,硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻共占浮游植物种类的93.33%～93.88%.干流优势种类有1门1种、未淹没区有3门6种、回水区有5门6种,出现率分别为15.38%、9.23%和25.00%.回水区现存量平均值最高、未淹没区其次、干流最低.现存量组成在干流、未淹没区和回水区之间有差异,绿藻所占比例干流最高,硅藻所占比例未淹没区最高,隐藻、蓝藻和甲藻所占比例均在回水区最高.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)和Pielou均匀性指数(J),未淹没区最高、干流次之、回水区最低.17条支流回水区H’和8条支流回水区J均低于未淹没区.水质评价显示,轻或无污染断面(采样点)的比例,干流为76.92%,未淹没区为84.62%,回水区为47.06%.19条(73.08%)支流回水区出现中污染或重污染,7条(26.92%)支流未淹没区出现中污染或重污染.三峡工程蓄水对回水区浮游植物与水质影响比长江干流更大.     

丹江口水库浮游植物群落时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

研究丹江口水库在完成高水位蓄水期间浮游植物群落的时空动态特征可为丹江口水库的水质保护与生态系统结构优化及健康管理提供一定科学依据。本研究基于2018—2020年的水库浮游植物监测数据,结合同期水库水体的理化参数,分析了丹江口水库浮游植物在不同年度、季度及空间的变化特征,以及影响浮游植物群落结构变化的主要环境因子。结果显示该区域共检测出浮游植物7个门类,其中蓝藻门、硅藻门、绿藻门、隐藻门为优势类群。2018—2020年浮游植物年均密度分别为1.96×10⁶、2.55×10⁶和5.07×10⁶ cells/L,呈现出逐年增高趋势。浮游植物季度密度表现为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,在夏秋季节蓝藻门和绿藻门占优势,春冬季节硅藻门和隐藻门占优势,同时硅藻门在四季中均占据生长优势。空间上库区浮游植物密度明显高于支流,且汉江库区浮游植物密度高于丹江库区,其中蓝藻门和绿藻门主要在库区大量出现,而支流则以硅藻门和隐藻门为主。RDA分析显示,影响丹江口水库浮游植物的主要环境因子是水温,其次为化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷。在不同季节和...