Geochronology and petrogenesis of Cretaceous A-type granites from the NE Jiangnan Orogen,SE China

The Jiangnan Orogen is located at a key tectonic position along the junction between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. We obtained detailed major and trace elements, whole-rock Nd + zircon Hf isotope data, and U–Pb age data from several Mesozoic granites, including the Fuling (FL), Taiping–Huangshan (TH), Lingshan (LS), Sanqingshan (SQS), and Baijuhuajian intrusions in order to investigate their sources and petrogeneses related to extension in South China. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of zircon from the FL, TH, SQS, and LS bodies yield Early Cretaceous ages of 124–135 Ma. These plutons are alkali-feldspar granites to syenogranites–monzogranites, and show A-type affinities. They have high K₂O and total alkali contents, and are enriched in rare earth elements (except for Eu), Zr, and other high-field-strength elements as well as high Ga/Al ratios, and are depleted in Ba and Sr. These granites are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous (ACNK from 0.81 to 1.27). The whole-rock ?Nd(T) values of??5.34 to??0.96 are coupled with zircon ?Hf(T) values (from??5.3 to +4.24), and all samples plot along the mantle array. Field observations, geochronology, geochemistry, Nd isotopic, and zircon Hf isotopic compositions suggest that they formed by the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic metamorphic basement, with input from juvenile, mantle-derived materials in the shallow (<30 km) crust at high temperatures (756–965°C). These melts underwent crystal fractionation of biotite, plagioclase, and K-feldspar. The upwelling of asthenosphere triggered partial melting of the metamorphic protolith in a back-arc or intra-arc rift setting, reflecting rollback of the Pacific plate. Our research adds new geochronologic constraints on Cretaceous (135–120 Ma) A-type granites from the NE sector of the Jiangnan Orogen. Combined with previous research, we suggest that three main episodes of late Mesozoic extensional tectonism took place in South China: (1) 190–170 Ma (mainly inland), (2) 165–120 Ma (including 165–150 Ma in SE Shi-Hang, 135–120 Ma in NE Shi-Hang, and ～125 Ma in the Lower Yangtze River Belt), and (3) 100–90 Ma (coastal area), showing an oceanwards younging trend due to the subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate.     

Early Cretaceous A-type Granites in the Dandong Area,NE China and its Geodynamical Implications

A-type granites, as an important petrologic sign to build up environmental recognition, were mainly formed in extensional tectonic settings. A biotite syenogranite from the Fenghuangshan pluton in Dandong, Liaoning Province gave SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of 122.5 ± 1.6 Ma, 124.9 ± 1.7 Ma and 126.9 ± 1.1 Ma. The monzogranites have SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of 118.2 ± 1.6 Ma, 128.1 ± 1.7 Ma and 131.6 ± 1.9 Ma, giving an emplacement age for the pluton in the Early Cretaceous. SiO2 is 65.48–74.49 wt%, whereas that of K2O is 4.16–6.44 wt%, and that of Na2O is 2.99–4.70 wt%. They also contain 13.24–15.76 wt% of Al2O3, with an A/CNK ratio of 0.92–1.10, averaging 1.02. The alkalinity rate (AR) ranges from 2.68 to 5.12, and this range is within the AR of peraluminous type rocks. The granites of Fenghuangshan pluton are characterized by high contents of Na and K and low contents of Ca (thermophile element) and Mg, which are features of A-type granites. The (Na2O + K2O) ? Fe2O3* × 5 ? (CaO + MgO) × 5 discrimination diagram also shows that Fenghuangshan pluton is an A2-type granite. The above granite has zircon εHf(t) values ranging from ?17.06 to ?9.09, with single-stage Hf model ages (TDM) of 1141 Ma to 1498 Ma and two-stage Hf crustal model ages (TDMC) of 1762 Ma to 2263 Ma. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the Fenghuangshan pluton might have been formed from the lithospheric-plate sliding during the late stages of evolution of hot rift structures and might have been closely associated with the tectonic settings of Mesozoic Eurasia and the ancient Pacific Plate.     

中国东南沿海与南岭内陆A型花岗岩的对比及其构造意义

中国东南部广泛发育中生代A型花岗岩,按其空间展布,可区分为东南沿海和南岭内陆两个岩带。东南沿海A型花岗岩主要形成于晚白垩世（92～103Ma）,时间跨度不大,而南岭内陆A型花岗岩起始时间早,延续时间长（186～124Ma）,自早侏罗世至早白垩世均有发育。东南沿海A型花岗岩可区分为过碱性和铝质两种类型,但南岭内陆A型花岗岩基本均属铝质类型。与南岭内陆A型花岗岩相比,东南沿海A型花岗岩相对富SiO2,富Na2O,而K20,Rb,Sr,Ba含量及FeO＊／（FeO＊＋MgO）比值则相对偏低。Nd同位素示踪指示两带A型花岗岩均为壳幔混熔岩浆经高度分异演化结晶的产物,但不同地区A型花岗岩因区域引张程度不同,导致幔壳物质混熔比例存在差异。通过对两带A型花岗岩共生岩石组合及产出构造背景的综合分析,认为东南沿海A型花岗岩形成于与古太平洋板块西向俯冲有关的弧后伸展引张环境,而南岭内陆A型花岗岩的产出则主要受板内裂谷环境控制,可能与古特提斯及古太平洋构造域的联合制约有关。     

江绍断裂带晚中生代镁铁质火山岩成因及其深部过程意义

本文对沿江绍断裂带的江山和浦江两地区中生代镁铁质火山岩进行了Ar-Ar年代学、岩石学和元素-同位素地球化学研究。Ar-Ar年代学结果显示,江山玄武岩的形成年龄约为99Ma,为晚白垩世喷发产物;浦江玄武岩和玄武质安山岩的喷发时间为111～112Ma,属于早白垩世。两区中生代镁铁质火山岩都为中钾钙碱性系列,根据其地球化学指标可划分为三组:第1组为江山OIB型玄武岩,在微量元素组成上无Nb-Ta亏损和Pb负异常,高ε_(Nd)(t)和低(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值,总体上显示出类似洋岛玄武岩的元素-同位素组成特征;第2组为高钛磷玄武岩,Nb-Ta弱负异常和明显Pb正异常,中等ε_(Nd)(t)和(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值;第3组为低钛磷玄武岩,强烈Nb-Ta负异常和中等Pb正异常,低ε_(Nd)(t)(-6.0～-3.7)和高(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i为特征。三组镁铁质火山岩相互之间缺乏分异演化关系,也不是同一母岩浆经历地壳混染作用的结果。对比三组镁铁质火山岩的La/Nb、Ba/Nb、Zr/Ba比值和Sr-Nd同位素模拟结果,我们认为江绍断裂带晚中生代玄武岩为软流圈-岩石圈相互作用的产物,从早期(111～112Ma)到晚期(99Ma)镁铁质岩浆地幔源区软流圈组分的比例越来越多而岩石圈成份逐渐减少的趋势。考虑到该区晚中生代的盆岭构造格局与邻区郴州-临武断裂带同时期镁铁质岩浆的产出特点,华南地区在早白垩世晚期到晚白垩世期间发生了强烈的岩石圈伸展-减薄作用。     

中国东南沿海晚白垩世长屿火山的活动过程与古环境意义SCIEI北大核心CSCD

火山是唯一能够直接反映地球深部存在岩浆的地球动力学现象,对于地球气候演变和宜居性具有重要影响。相比年轻火山,古老火山因其活动过程完整、且可能剥蚀出露多阶段火山喷发产物及岩浆通道、岩浆房等,从而为揭示火山岩浆系统演化和火山活动过程提供重要的研究窗口。本文选择中国东南沿海晚白垩世长屿破火山为研究对象,对其开展火山地质、岩石学、年代学及地球化学研究,以期揭示其火山活动历史及其对中国东南沿海白垩纪古环境的启示意义。长屿火山出露面积约100km^(2),呈近圆形分布,具有较厚的火山地层厚度(总厚度约570m),类似于破火山内的火山堆积特点。由早至晚三个喷发阶段形成的流纹质角砾凝灰岩都显示了典型的火山碎屑流相的特点,发育典型的条纹斑状结构,但表现出不同的晶屑、玻屑及岩屑含量以及熔结程度等岩相学特征,反映火山喷发从初始到高峰、再到减弱的过程,最后岩浆沿火山通道侵出形成流纹斑岩穹隆,标志着火山活动的结束。长屿火山的火山碎屑流式喷发伴随着快速的岩浆房塌陷,以及缺少普林尼式空落堆积,反映了火山活动发生在伸展的构造背景。系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究获得了不同阶段火山岩一致的形成年龄(97~96Ma),暗示它们具有较短的形成时限,是由同期火山岩浆活动先后喷发形成的。长屿火山岩高的SiO_(2)含量(67%~76%)以及分异的锆石微量元素地球化学特征,表明喷发岩浆来自晶粥提取的熔体,并有晶粥来源晶体的混入。此外,我们在长屿火山岩中发现了南洋杉型丝炭化木(贝壳杉型木属),暗示晚白垩世中国东南沿海地区可能为温暖湿润的亚热带山地气候环境,表明中国东南沿海白垩纪大规模火山活动,在古武夷山脉以东地区形成了地形高耸的海岸山脉。     

东南沿海晚白垩世火山岩浆活动特征及其构造背景

东南沿海晚白垩世火山岩浆活动微弱,研究程度不高,但构造意义重要。对浙闽沿海晚白垩世小雄组和石牛山组火山岩及其共生侵入岩类进行了较系统研究。测得小雄破火山中央侵入相正长斑岩和石牛山破火山中央侵入相正长花岗斑岩的锆石年龄分别为87.9±1.2Ma和93.8±1.3Ma;岩石学和地球化学特征表明,小雄组和石牛山组火山岩及其共生侵入岩类均属后造山A型花岗质岩类,它们是在东南沿海巨型白垩纪A型花岗岩带主体形成之后、岩石圈进一步强烈伸展的背景下形成的,是区域中生代最晚期的酸性火山岩浆活动产物,标志着燕山造山过程最终结束于约90Ma。     

闽西武夷山建宁—泰宁地区白垩纪火山-沉积序列:对华南东部晚中生代构造演化的制约

闽西武夷山建宁—泰宁地区发育2套白垩纪火山-沉积序列,构成2个火山-沉积旋回,每套序列由下部火山岩和上部沉积岩地层组成.锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学分析显示,早期中酸性火山岩喷发时代为早白垩世141～135 Ma,具有陆缘火山弧的地球化学亲缘性,并富集Hf同位素(-20.2～1.9);而晚期火山岩活动集中在早、晚白垩世...     

华南腹地白垩纪A型花岗岩类或碱性侵入岩年代学及其对华南晚中生代构造演化的制约

华南腹地存在多个白垩纪的A型花岗岩类或碱性侵入岩,如安徽花山霓辉石钠闪石花岗岩、福建大沅村霓辉石钠铁闪石花岗岩、广东恶鸡脑霞石方钠石正长岩以及浙江大和山辉石石英正长斑岩、苏村晶洞钾长花岗岩。锆石SHRIMP和矿物的^40Ar-^39Ar年代学研究表明,这些岩石主要形成于137～86Ma。以本文的年代学研究为基础,并结合前人大量研究成果,将华南晚中生代的A型花岗岩类或碱性侵入岩大致分成三期：（1）侏罗纪（184～152Ma）A型花岗岩类或碱性侵入岩,主要沿“十一杭裂谷带”南段分布,在赣南也有分布,可能与古太平洋板块低速斜向俯冲或平移所导致的走滑伸展或与不受古太平洋板块运动影响的岩石圈伸展有关;（2）早白垩世（139～123Ma）A型花岗岩类或碱性侵入岩,分布于政和一大埔断裂带以西,可能与古太平洋板块快速斜向俯冲所导致的弧后伸展或岩石圈减薄有关;（3）晚白垩世（101～86Ma）A型花岗岩类或碱性侵入岩,主要沿闽浙沿海地区分布,同时在华南腹地也有零星分布,可能与大陆边缘弧的塌陷（collapse）或俯冲洋壳反转（rollback）后的岩石圈伸展有关．     

海南屯昌早白垩世晚期埃达克质侵入岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学与岩石成因

海南岛屯昌地区侵入岩由花岗闪长岩、花岗岩及少量辉绿-闪长玢岩（脉）、镁铁质包体组成。本文报道了这些侵入岩的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb 定年结果和地球化学组成, 定年结果显示岩石形成于早白垩世晚期（~107 Ma）。地球化学特征显示, 花岗闪长岩和花岗岩具有高的SiO2、Al2O3 含量以及高的Sr 含量和Sr/Y 比值, 低的Y 和Yb 含量, Eu 异常不明显等, 属于埃达克质岩。屯昌埃达克质岩具有比较均一的Sr、Nd 同位素组成（ISr＝0.7082~ 0.7096, εNd（t）＝？6.55~ ？3.85）。镁铁质岩脉和包体则显示了稍低的ISr （0.7064~0.7086）和变化的εNd（t） （？5.10~ ＋0.13）。埃达克质岩的锆石原位Hf 同位素组成为： （176Hf/177Hf）i = 0.28257~0.28277, εHf（t）= ？4.86~ ＋2.09, 相应的两阶段模式年龄TDM2 变化于1.09 Ga 和1.54 Ga 之间。闪长玢岩脉的（176Hf/177Hf）i = 0.28257~0.28264, εHf（t） = ？4.94~ ？2.42, TDM2＝1.38~1.55 Ga, 类似于埃达克质岩。屯昌埃达克质岩很可能由新底侵的玄武质下地壳物质部分熔融所形成, 俯冲的古太平洋板块在早白垩世晚期（约107 Ma）的后撤作用所 导致的软流圈上涌为地壳熔融提供了热源。     

浙东南地区晚中生代“祝村组”的解体:相关火山岩形成时代及岩石成因

浙东南沿海小雄盆地中"祝村组"火山岩的年代学研究表明,其形成时代(128Ma)不仅老于其上覆的上火山岩系(110~88Ma),还老于本应在其下伏的九里坪组(122~120Ma)而与区域内西山头组时代相同(130~128Ma)。"祝村组"火山岩的锆石Hf同位素组成表现出富集的特征并具有古元古代的地壳模式年龄(εHf(t)=-16.4~-13.6,tDM2=2.01~2.09Ga),同样与磨石山群下部地层如西山头组相似。结合火山碎屑岩-流纹岩的岩石组合以及区域地质特征,本研究认为"祝村组"的建组理由不充分,建议将其解体。同时,"祝村组"火山岩富集的Hf同位素组成表明其源区为较为纯粹的古元古代地壳基底物质,进一步暗示相对内陆地区的下岩系早期火山岩形成过程中已有较明显的亏损幔源物质参与,这是以往研究中未明确识别出的。浙东南地区晚中生代火山岩岩石成因中底侵幔源物质贡献比例的升高和火山碎屑岩-流纹岩-双峰式火山岩岩石组合均暗示了逐渐增强的岩石圈伸展应力环境,这可能与古太平洋俯冲板片的后撤作用密切相关。     

西藏拉萨地块北部晚白垩世晚期基性岩墙的成因:来自锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学的制约

拉萨地块北部阿索地区新发现的晚白垩世晚期基性岩墙对于讨论班公湖-怒江洋盆闭合后的碰撞过程具有重要研究意义。本文报道了阿索地区目思基性岩墙的全岩地球化学组成和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄。研究表明,目思基性岩墙中一组最年轻锆石的U-Pb加权平均年龄为74Ma。岩墙内的辉绿玢岩SiO2含量介于51.90%~53.55%之间,MgO含量介于3.98%~4.97%之间,Mg^#为50.0~57.5,低Cr(51.30×10^-6~79.48×10^-6)和Ni(55.94×10^-6~74.17×10^-6)含量。岩墙具有轻稀土元素富集的特征,明显的负Eu异常。在微量元素方面,富集Ba、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素富集,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,并具有Pb的正异常。La/Sm-Sm/Yb投图结果显示基性岩墙来自于尖晶石+石榴石二辉橄榄岩地幔源区1%~5%的部分熔融,并在演化过程中发生了橄榄石、单斜辉石及斜长石的结晶分异,同时在岩浆上升过程中受到地壳混染。结合区域地质背景,拉萨地块与羌塘地块碰撞后下地壳增厚并发生榴辉岩化,导致拆沉作用。目思基性岩墙的锆石U-Pb年龄表明拆沉作用持续到晚白垩世晚期。     

Two–stage Cretaceous Exhumation of Hengshan Complex in Hunan Province,SE China: Constraints Arising from ~(40)Ar–~(39)Ar Geochronology and Cretaceous Tectonic Implications

The Hengshan complex is located in the central part of SE China, which underwent rapid tectonic uplift in the Cretaceous just like many other complexes on the continent. (40)~Ar–(39)~Ar geochronological data from the Hengshan complex suggest that two episodes of crustal cooling/extension took place in this part of the continent during the Cretaceous time. The first stage of exhumation was active during ca. 136–125 Ma, with a cooling rate of 10 °C/Ma. The second stage of exhumation happened at ca. 98–93 Ma, with a cooling rate of 10 °C/Ma. Considering the folding in the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and the regional unconformity underneath the Upper Cretaceous red beds, it is believed that the Cretaceous crustal extension in SE China was interrupted by a compressional event. The reversion to extension, shortly after this middle Cretaceous compression, led to the rapid cooling/exhumation of the Hengshan complex at ca. 98–93 Ma. The Cretaceous tectonic processes in the hinterland of SE China could be controlled by interactions between the continental margin and the Paleo–pacific plate.     

Early Cretaceous adakitic rocks in the Anqing region,southeastern China: constraints on petrogenesis and metallogenic significance

ABSTRACT

The Anqing region in Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt is one of the important Cu polymetal producers in China. The origin of Cu polymetallic deposits in the region is closely related to Early Cretaceous adakitic intrusions. To constrain the petrogenetic and metallogenic significance of the adakitic rocks, a detailed geochronological, geochemical, and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic study was performed. The Anqing adakitic rocks (SiO₂ = 57.4–64.2 wt.%) consist mainly of quartz monzodiorite, formed at 138.2 ± 1.7 Ma (Mean Standard Weighted Deviation (MSWD) = 0.61). They have high MgO, Al₂O₃, Sr, and low Rb, Y, Yb contents, together with high Sr/Y (50.5–222) and La/Yb (31.9–46.9) ratios. They also show negative whole-rock ε_Nd(t) (?9.8 to ?8.5) and zircon ε_Hf(t) (?10.0 to ?5.4), and high oxygen fugacity (mainly ?17.0 to ?8.01) values and radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions with (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 17.692–17.884, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 15.413–15.511, and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 37.611–37.943. Coupled with negative Nb–Ta anomalies, low K₂O/Na₂O ratios (0.39–0.62), and high Mg# values (0.44–0.71), these data suggest the adakitic rocks and associated large-scale Cu–Au mineralization of the Anqing region resulted from partial melting of the high oxidized subducted oceanic crust. Addition of mantle-derived magmas and assimilation of crustal materials during emplacement are also possible.     

论玄武岩底侵作用与长英质火成岩形成的关系--以华东南花岗质火山-侵入杂岩为例

地球层圈热结构特征表明,大陆地壳位于力学边界层（MBL）范围内,其热传递效应受地壳岩石热传导率制约。本文根据热传导理论,采用与前人相同的热物理参数,计算得出1200℃、500m厚玄武岩浆侵位于初始温度为500℃的地壳岩石中,由底侵作用引起地壳部分熔融产生的长英质岩浆（850℃）厚度≤250m,且产生长英质岩浆的时间限制在玄武岩侵位到地壳中后短暂的2700年内。江西南部龙南县临江地区中侏罗世余田群菖蒲组双峰式火山岩地质-地球化学特征及同位素年代学研究证实,该火山岩组合中的流纹质火山岩是拉班玄武质岩浆底侵作用的产物,符合上述数量比例和时间条件。我国东南部中生代陆壳（厚度≤50km）位于热传导起主导作用的MBL层内,由玄武岩浆底侵作用产生的长英质火成岩,在形成的时间及数量上应受地壳岩石热传导机制制约。但在我国东南部大面积出露的中生代火成岩中,花岗岩、流纹质火山岩类占90％以上,而玄武岩仅有局部零星分布,两者在数量上不匹配,在形成时间上也不一致,因而,我国东南部大面积出露的长英质火成岩可能并不是玄武岩浆底侵作用产物,其形成的热动力学背景和机制有待进一步研究。     

The Yanshanian Orogeny and Two Kinds of Yanshanides in Eastern-Central China

The Tan-Lu Fault was once a transform fault in the Paleotethys, west of which was the Qinling-Dabie Ocean separating the Yangtze Craton from the North China Craton, and east of which was the Su-Lu Ocean separating the Su-Wan Block from the Jiao-Liao Craton. The Qinling-Dabie Ocean closed in the Indosinian orogeny, which created the China-Southeast Asia Subcontinent, with the Tan-Lu Fault becoming a marginal shear zone along the newly-formed amalgamated subcontinent. The Su-Lu Ocean subducted partly in the Indosinian.orogeny, but not closed. In the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the Su-Wan Block drifted northwards with subduction of the Su-Lu Ocean and moved westwards to converge the subcontinent by sinistral sheafing of the ENE-striking fractures. The Su-Lu Ocean finally closed and the Su-Wan Block collided with the Jiao-Liao Craton in the Early Cretaceous, which constituted a part of the magnificent interplate Yanshanides. The interplate orogeny rejuvenated the fossil sutures and deep fractures, as well as the Indosinian orogen, and the intraplate （intracontinental） Yanshanian orogeny occurred in the subcontinent. The East Asia Yanshanides, consisting of the interplate orogens in the outer side and the intraplate orogens in the inner side, collapsed quickly in the latest Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous. The eastern China area entered a tensile period from the Eogene, and the tectonic differentiation between the central and eastern China areas since the Jurassic was further strengthened.     

Geochemistry of Cretaceous mafic rocks from the Lower Yangtze region, eastern China: Characteristics and evolution of the lithospheric mantle

Geochemical and isotopic data for Cretaceous mafic rocks (basalt, gabbro, and diorite) from the Lower Yangtze region, northern Yangtze block, constrain the evolution of the lithospheric mantle. The mafic rocks, separated into the northeast and southwest groups, are alkaline and evolved, with low Mg# values (44–58) and variable SiO₂ contents (47.6–57.4 wt%). Enriched LREEs, LILEs, and Pb, together with depleted Nb, Zr, and Ti, suggest that the mantle sources were metasomatized by slab-derived fluid/melt. All samples show high radiogenic ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t) (15.41–15.65) and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t) (37.66–38.51) ratios at given ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t) (17.65–19.00) ratios, consistent with the mantle sources having been metasomatized by ancient slab-derived material. Mafic rocks of the southwest group show enriched Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics, with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t) ranging from 0.7056 to 0.7071 and ε_Nd(t) ranging from −5.3 to −8.3, indicating an origin from enriched lithospheric mantle. Mafic rocks of the northeast group, which record ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t) ratios of between 0.7044 and 0.7050 and ε_Nd(t) of −2.8 to −0.7, possibly formed by the mixing of melts from isotopically enriched lithospheric mantle and isotopically depleted asthenospheric mantle. Taking into consideration the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of Cretaceous mafic rocks, Cenozoic basalts, and basalt-hosted peridotite xenoliths from the Lower Yangtze region, we propose that an isotopically enriched, subduction-modified lithospheric mantle was replaced by or transformed into an isotopically depleted “oceanic-type” mantle. Such a process appears to have occurred in the eastern North China Craton as well as the eastern Yangtze block, probably in response to subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate beneath East Asia.     

华北晚侏罗世—早白垩世风成砂沉积及其古地理和古生态学意义*

华北晚侏罗世—早白垩世风成砂主要分布于鲁西蒙阴盆地上侏罗统三台组、辽西金—羊盆地上侏罗统—下白垩统土城子组、冀西北尚义盆地上侏罗统—下白垩统土城子组/后城组（原阎家窑组）、鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群和甘肃下白垩统河口群。各地风成砂岩均具高角度大型—巨型板状、楔状交错层理及平行层理,分选较好—好,磨圆次棱角状—次圆状等沉积特征。对华北晚侏罗世—早白垩世风成砂赋存层位以及风成砂岩形成时代进行了对比,将风成砂主要划分为3个时期,即基末利期—贝利阿斯期、凡兰吟期—欧特里夫期和欧特里夫期—阿普特期,且从鲁西到甘肃风成砂岩形成时代逐渐变新。通过上述5个地区风成砂的古风向研究发现,当时西北风盛行,古地磁研究显示风成砂岩发育于N25°—N45°之间区域。根据当前全球风带分布特征,认为华北晚侏罗世—早白垩世处于西风带上,为行星风系所控制。通过对比南半球同期风成砂岩古风向研究,提出全球南北半球中纬度地区均处于西风带上。结合风成砂及相应层位沉积特征、沉积环境的研究,初步推测晚侏罗世—早白垩世,华北N30°以北地区为干旱寒冷气候,而N30°以南地区则干旱炎热,华北北部整体处于海拔较高的山地环境,山间盆地发育,火山活动频发。燕辽生物群与热河生物群的演替过程与风成砂沉积相耦合,体现了古地理、古环境对生物群发展的制约作用。     

Late Cretaceous basalts and rhyolites from Shimaoshan Group in eastern Fujian Province,SE China: age,petrogenesis, and tectonic implications

ABSTRACT

Southeastern China is characterized by an extensive Late Mesozoic (Yanshanian) tectono-magmatic-metallogenic event. Although Late Cretaceous volcanism gradually weakened during the epilogue of the Yanshanian event, its petrogenesis and geodynamic processes remain unclear. In this study, we present new zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic, whole-rock elemental, and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions data, for volcanic rocks from the Zhaixia Formation of the Shimaoshan Group in Fujian Province. The lower member of the Zhaixia Formation consists of basalts and rhyolites, and the upper member is only rhyolites. These volcanic rocks erupted in the early stage of Late Cretaceous, with basalts erupting earlier (ca. 99–98 Ma) than rhyolites (ca. 98–94 Ma). These basalts record high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic, light rare earth element (LREE)- and LILE-enrichment, high field strength element (HFSE)depletion with negligible Eu anomalies, and uniform whole-rock ε_Nd(t) (–3 to –6) and zircon ε_Hf(t) (–3.3 to –14.1) values. The overlying rhyolites record peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline characteristics, LREE- and LILE-enrichment with negative Eu anomalies, and Nb–Ta depletion. The whole-rock ε_Nd(t) and zircon ε_Hf(t) values of these rhyolites both increase from the lower member (ε_Nd(t), –1.5 to –4.7; ε_Hf(t), –5.1 to –16.1) to the upper member (ε_Nd(t), –0.5 to 0.1; ε_Hf(t), –0.3 to –4.3). The features imply that these basalts were derived from the partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle and the overlying rhyolites from the melting of the crustal components, respectively. Data from the rhyolites in the upper member indicate that more juvenile, Nd–Hf isotopically depleted materials were injected into their source. During the Late Cretaceous, the new, fast rollback of the subducting slab triggered lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling beneath the coastal regions, which induced the melting of lithospheric mantle and crustal components. As continued, the new round of basaltic underplating provided necessary heat to cause partial melting of the deep crust, including the younger, juvenile, and isotopically depleted crustal components.     

华南长城岭晚白垩世斜斑玄武岩的岩浆作用过程与岩石成因制约

斜斑玄武岩能较好地记录岩浆作用过程、动力学机制和构造环境。本文对华南南岭中段晚白垩世长城岭斜斑玄武岩的斜长石环带结构进行了详细研究,以制约其岩浆作用过程和岩石成因机制。长城岭斜斑玄武岩富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb-Ta,具强烈Pb正异常和轻微Ti正异常;其全岩~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr较高且较均匀(0.7088~0.7089),较低(-0.95~-0.94),而斜长石斑晶原位~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr变化相对较大(0.706~0.710)。斜长石斑晶普遍显示反环带结构,从核部到边部的An组分以及MgO、FeO、TiO_2含量明显升高而K_2O含量降低;另外,反环带结构斜长石斑晶的核部An含量不均匀,但边部成分一致,指示岩浆补给作用。总体上,斜长石斑晶的边部相对较窄,指示补给岩浆在岩浆房中的驻留时间较短,补给岩浆的加入造成了玄武岩浆的快速喷发。斜长石斑晶的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值与Sr含量呈负相关关系,表明岩浆房演化过程中存在地壳物质的同化混染作用。~(39)Ar-~(40)Ar定年结果显示,由基质斜长石获得的坪年龄(83.45±0.44Ma)略老于由斜长石斑晶获得的坪年龄(79.02±0.43Ma),为驻留时间较短的补给岩浆受地壳混染作用影响而具有偏低的初始~(39)Ar/~(40)Ar的结果。长城岭斜斑玄武岩在2Nb-Zr/4-Y图解中落在板内拉斑玄武岩区域内,并具有与板内拉斑玄武岩相似的斜长石An(60~70),应形成于板内拉张环境。华南地区晚白垩世基性岩浆活动,包括沿海地区的永泰玄武岩(~85Ma)和内陆地区的长城岭斜斑玄武岩(~79Ma)、衡阳玄武岩(~70Ma)及禾埠玄武岩(~63Ma)等,显示逐渐从岛弧玄武岩转变为板内碱性玄武岩的趋势,其Sr-Nd同位素也显示逐渐亏损的特征;它们的时空分布特征表明,华南内陆在晚白垩世期间经历了持续的拉张作用,可能与古太平洋板块后撤有关。     

华北克拉通南缘泌阳春水燕山期铝质A型花岗岩类:年代学、地球化学及其启示

出露于华北克拉通南缘泌阳春水及其附近的黄山、祖师顶和角子山三个花岗岩体主要侵位于汝阳群和新元古代花岗岩中,本文采用锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年方法,获得三个岩体的主体岩性黑云母二长花岗岩的岩浆锆石年龄分别为132.8±0.8Ma、131.9±1.1Ma和120.9±0.8Ma,代表岩体的结晶年龄.三个岩体的岩性虽有差异,但主体岩性均为黑云母二长花岗岩,主要矿物为微斜条纹长石,暗色矿物为黑云母.三个岩体的地球化学特征均表现为高硅、高钾、贫Mg、贫Ca、高碱度率、高FeO*/MgO比,和相对富集高场强元素Ta、zr、Hf以及总体亏损不相容元素Ba、P、Sr、Ti和Nb等特征.SiO2含量较高且变化范围较宽,K2O/Na2O比较高,主要属高钾钙碱性系列,A/CNK在1.023～1.094之间,属弱过铝质,MgO和CaO含量较低.微量(包括稀土)元素特征总体相似,∑REE含量总体较低,LREE相对HREE元素富集.具弱.中等负铕异常,(La/Yb)N比9.32～42.43,Ga/Al(104Ga/Al)比、Nb/Ta比、Rb/Nb比均与A型花岗岩的类似;t2DM约为2.0Ga,εNd(t)值在-12.4～-13.5之间,与秦岭群负片麻岩的相似,(87Sr/86Sr);初始比值在0.70648～0.70823之间,表明物源来源于壳源.综合分析表明,三个岩体的花岗岩均为壳源铝质A2型(PA型)花岗岩,岩浆主要来源于早期俯冲进入华北克拉通南缘下部地壳中的北秦岭古老基底秦岭群负片麻岩的部分熔融以及分异作用,源岩熔融的热量主要由拆沉作用诱发的软流圈上涌物质的底侵作用提供.黄山、祖师顶和角子山三个花岗岩体形成于燕山期古太平洋板块对欧亚板块俯冲引起的岩石圈伸展环境.